CC BY
79
UDC 631.158:35.088.2.001.76
IMPROVEMENT OF LABOR CONDITIONS AS A FACTOR OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE WTO CONDITIONS
Rodimcev S.A.*, Doctor of Technical Sciences Timokhin O.V., Patrin E.I., Shapenkova A.A., Kulakova E.V., Researchers Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia *E-mail: rodimcew@yandex.ru
ABSTRACT
The necessity of preventive measures aimed at improvement of labor conditions in Agro Industrial Complex and its strategic branch - agriculture under the conditions of Russia membership in the WTO is proved. Innovative organizational and technical solutions providing the correspondence of working process flow environment to the sanitary hygienic standards and labor protection requirements for operators of small-capacity threshing devices and boom sprayers of barrow type are suggested on the ground of study of complex system of mechanization of selected and seed breeding process and utilized machine complex.
KEY WORDS
Membership in the WTO, labor protection, selected and seed breeding process, industrial injuries, noise, threshers, sprayers.
Russia's entry into the WTO presupposes labor protection system transition from compensation model to professional risks management system. Domination of principles of response only to accomplished facts of work safety violations (often - at realized hazardous and harmful production factors) becomes a thing of the past. The WTO membership stimulates the state to implement the legislative mechanisms, for a long time and successfully used in the EU countries. First of all they are aimed at organization of the preventive measures, including measures based on realization of maximum safe industrial processes, renovation, and improvement of mechanical means of technological operations.
In these conditions, safety inhibition and improvement of employee labor activity conditions is an important ground of production efficiency in market relations. Prevention of injury and occupational illness, connected with unfavorable labor conditions, is one of the most important problems for Agro Industrial Complex enterprises and its strategic branch -agriculture.
Agriculture is among the most dangerous types of economic activity according to the levels of industrial injuries and occupational illness, occupying the second place after processing industries. To decrease injury risk, occupational illness and improvement of labor conditions of employees being engaged in «large-scale mechanization», long-term methodical work is being done. However in point of «small-scale mechanization» means, engineering designs in this area are rather a rear case, but of importance.
Considerable part of compact machines of agricultural application is utilized in selected and seed breeding work, at breeding new varieties. Labor conditions in technological processes of selection and primary seed breeding differ from labor conditions in main production of Agro Industrial Complex. Basically, it is connected with specific character of machine and technological complex formation, based on definite job priority. Machines being used in selected and seed breeding process (SSP), in many cases, are aimed at performing technological operations in the fields as well as in premises. This determines different requirements to one and the same manes and trademarks of machines under labor conditions.
It is noteworthy of stressing that low batch size of experimental material condition the necessity of their processing in closed laboratory environment, applying simple technical
facilities. This is connected with high risk of occupational diseases, for example, at seed treatment works realization.
Finally, it is necessary to mention that unlike main production, in SSP women-operator's labor is often used. But at present the effect of these machines on women organism is studied insufficiently.
Selected and seed breeding machines significantly differ from analogical equipment of general industrial designation. To a large extend selection machines characteristics are dictated by schemes and rest sowing acreages.
One of the basic harmful effects of physical character on employees from small-scale mechanization side is acoustic noise. The result of noise effect on man auditory analyzer is development of sensorineural bradyacuasia (deafness). At long-term effect of noise on the central nervous system rapid fatigability, memory weakness, impaired concentration, loss of capacity for work, hyperirritability, sleep disturbance, general weakness and others can be observed. Noise causes obvious changes in heart vascular system work. Functional status of vestibular analyzer is changed. Intensive noise negatively effects endocrine system of a man.
According to the Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Rights Control Service data [1], in the country in whole noise occupies the second place by percent of discrepancy to the hygienic standards. In agricultural production 83,6% and more of working places do not correspond to the hygienic standards by noise [2].
One of the noisiest processes in Agro Industrial Complex is cereal mass threshing. Impact and abrasive effect on mass being threshed of the tools of thresh and separating equipment, vibrations of units and elements of threshing machines, weak acoustic protection and high surface velocities of driving elements determine higher level of acoustic impact. To a great extent it is referred to technological operation of bundle material threshing by stationary threshing machines in SSP. There noise level can reach in equivalent value 156 dBA and more. It exceeds by several times the tolerance limit, specified for working places in laboratories premises with noisy equipment.
Technical characteristics and ergonomic indicators of selective threshing machines differ considerably in types and depending on the processed material state and exploitation conditions. At the same time it should be stressed that unlike «large scale industry» machines used in SSP are understudied yet in relation to correspondence to the hygienic standards of operators working places.
To control correspondence of actual noise levels at working places admitted according to current standards. Measurements results are presented in the form of a protocol, where in the form of a table or a graphic form, numeric sound pressure levels for corresponding octave bands are displayed. At that the comparative visual analysis by broken curves graph, formed with points of permitted and actual values of acoustic pressure octave levels is favorite.
Further choice of individual protection means of auditory organs is provided by the acoustic pressure volume and noise characteristics.
In definite situations (for example, in some conditions compared by cofactors or at evaluation of similar noise indicators of equipment in different modes), auditory organs protective effectiveness can be provided by taking common decision on form and type of the suggested individual protection means (IPM).
This approach complexity is determined by considerable variation of numeric values of numeric sound pressure levels L in break frequencies ff, that does not allow identifying trend pattern of correlated dependences L=f(ff).
To identify evaluation and find combined field of dangerous values of noise characteristics of similar noise sources groups we suggest new method [3], based on calculation of coordinates of crossing points of trend molded lines, formed by actual and permitted values of acoustic pressure levels for corresponding frequencies groups .
Approximation of actual and permitted values of noise level by lineal or degree polynomial is done by means of known in mathematical statistics and probability theory least-squares method. Search of intersection of curves (right lines) on a plane is a typical algebraic
problem, which solution allows determining the limits of frequency field with dangerous values of sound pressure levels.
To test the suggested method we measured the noise parameters of selective threshing machine Wintersteiger LD-180 (Austria), utilized for separate plants threshing at I and II stages of selected and experimental work. The permitted sound pressure levels in octave bands, sound levels and equivalent sound level at working places were admitted according to requirements of GOST 12.1.003-83 [4].
RESULTS OF RESEARCH
In the course of research it is proved that, regardless the operating modes, thresher loading and measurement points, the character of acoustic pressure values distribution in acoustic field octave frequencies is subjected to definite regularity (Fig. 3).
Thus, the maximum values of acoustic pressure correspond to frequencies limits from 500 to 2000 Hz, the minimum ones are from 63 to 125 Hz.
Results of the measurements showed that equivalent levels of noise pressure exceed the admitted standards by 7,0; 11,2;12,2 dBA, correspondingly, in 3 modes of rotor shaft rotation.
Figure 1 presents the results of regressive analysis for points formed by permitted and actual values of sound pressure levels. The last ones are mean values of sound pressure levels in complex frequency bands by measurement points, generalizing noise characteristics of machine in the limits of all sound space.
Acoustic frequencies
Figure 1 - Character of sound pressure levels change in acoustic field octave frequencies, at idle mode of thresher work, by measurement points, b according to GOST 12.1.026-80 [5]
Using method of point coordinates calculation of two curves intersection we found abscissas f1cg=500Hz and f2cg=4000Hz on the axis of geometric mean frequencies values, limiting complex frequency bands, with sound pressures, exceeding permitted.
On the basis of the obtained during measurements values of maximum sound pressure levels and the corresponding coordinates of sound frequencies dangerous area, from the suggested set of individual protection means (IPM) of auditory organs, the application of anti noise earplugs of group B is recommended. Necessary acoustic efficiency of the last ones will be determined with difference of actual and permitted sound pressure (Table 1).
To increase efficiency and quality of works on applying chemical crop protection products (CCPP) on seeds of small acreage and difficult to reach areas, small scale boom sprayers find expanding application. Design of the most efficient sprayers on bicycle chassis is well known to day [6-9].
VZA
polynomial trend line of permitted sound pressure levels; polynomial trend line of actual levels of sound pressure; mean value of actual equivalent noise level; value of permitted equivalent noise level;
field of dangerous values of noise characteristics;
limits of frequency field with dangerous values of sound pressure level; averaged curve of experimental values
Figure 2 - Graph to determining of dangerous area of noise characteristics of head thresher
Wintersteiger
At the same time, one of the most important indicators determining criteria of conveniences and safety of usage of engineering solution is correspondence of its construction to the permitted conditions of operator's labor.
Table 1 - Necessary level recession of sound pressure level of protection means of auditory organs of
operator of thresher «Wintersteiger LD-180»
Geometric mean frequency, Hz 500 1000 2000 4000
Decrease of sound pressure level, not less than, dB 2,3 2 5,4 2
At utilization of compact sprayer as technical mean to apply pesticides operator can be subjected to the influence of occupational hazards. The last ones can result in injuries, temporary loss of working capacity, occupational disease progression, and also decrease of technological operation performance efficiency.
Living aside apparent influence of toxic substance negative effect, personal protection from which is the matter of many works and which is the central point in the authors' complex work, let's pay attention to the factors providing workload and intensity of operators of compact boom sprayers of barrow type.
Thus, for example, one-wheeled chassis scheme that provides good sprayer manoeuvrability and its applicability at crop cultivation with different row widths, does not exactly satisfy operator's optimal labor conditions. Among unfavorable characteristics of the examined production process we can differentiate forced working posture, connected with disbalance of internal and external forces having an effect on a body, caused in its turn by sprayer center-gravity shift, physical and dynamic loadings, determined by shift load mass, sensory load, being the result of necessity of tense watch at distributive boom position, etc.
Violation of sprayer balanced condition in working position is serious disadvantage, influencing the operator's labor conditions. Considerable moment of lateral forces that should be overcome by operator during work is provided by carrying out the unilateral boom gravity center.
One of the possible solutions of this problem can be the principle of sprayer boom balancing by forces moment formed with additional mass source.
In the student design office of Federal State Budget Educational Establishment of Higher Professional Training «Orel State Agrarian University» the breadboard model of a sprayer equipped with boom balance mechanism is developed (Fig. 5). Balance mechanism is a diverge basket, which booming-out provides equality of moments of boom gravity forces and distribute device, at different levels of working liquid in the hydraulic tank of the sprayer [8, 10].
Figure 3 - Compact boom sprayer with balance unit
To optimize geometric and weight parameters of balance mechanism the forces moments of sprayer flat boom relative to its symmetry axis were determined. Initial conditions were embodiment of sprayer distribute device (Fig. 6) and final volumes of working liquid in the sprayer tank.
Having determined center gravity coordinate of sprayer flat boom, as Xc =1,483 m, we calculated boom force moment relative to sprayer symmetry axis, equal to 18 Nwm.
To optimize the position of sprayer gravity decenter, with the expenditure of working liquid in the hydraulic tank, on the ground of calculated parameters nomogram was developed (Fig. 7). The last one presents the dependence of the counterbalance center gravity position, relative to sprayer axis, from current capacity of the hydraulic tank. Calculation is done with account of actual density of the applied working liquid and counterbalance construction mass.
According to nomogram, at filling sprayer hydraulic tank with volume of 20 l («216 N), the system balance will be provided at removal of the counterbalance gravity center to distance 0,07 m relative to sprayer symmetry axis. At full pesticide working-out, to provide sprayer balance and operator's work convenience it is necessary to provide removal of the gravity center of balance mechanism relative to main symmetry axis of the sprayer to distance 0,36 m b in the horizontal plane.
Thus,development of balance mechanism which is a diverge basket, removal of which provides equlity of forces moments of device and boom, at different levels of working liquid in
the sprayer hydraulic tank, allows considerable decrease of intensity of operator's work, connected with forced necessity of constant overcoming of unilateral tangenial load.
The problem of decrease of operator's physical loading at the expense of decrease of tension on the sprayer grips can be solved by optimization of grips length [11].
Examining the scheme of forces, having an effect on the sprayer in long-wise vertical plane (Fig. 8), loading G balanced by force F, with consideration of arms l1 and l2: is determined:
u
G = F± l2
(2),
whence it follows, that decrease of loading on operator can be obtained by proportional increase of arm of force, affecting the grips.
On the other side, increase to the definite limits of distance, between horizontal prjections of wheel spindle and grips, can provide decrease of the sprayer manoeuvrability. The last one is particularly undesirably, considering narrow width of interrows of test sowings, homesteads and summer cottages, private farnsteads, etc.
Fig. 8 presents graph of force behaviour on the sprayer grips, depending on their stand-off from chassis support point.
By conditions of the sprayer serviceability determined by operator's legs movement freedom and minimum value of interstage path, restricted by conventional sowing schemes in selected and seed breeding process [12], distance limits of horizontal prjections location of
grips, with respect of a support point of an aggregate lengthwise are admitted 1,1...1,3 m. Obviuosly, at fixed value of force moment Mf (510 Nwm), corresponding to the given distance range, tension on the sprayer grips, quite satisfies regulated LPR R M-007-98 (Labor Protection Rules) [13] permitted mass of the portable loading 50 kg.
Also, optimization of geometric characteristics of position and form of the sprayer grips can be of considerable interest with respect to providing comfort labor conditions.
It is known from literary sources analysis devoted to erganomics of the carried out processes [14, 15] that the basic suppositions, determining geometric parameters of accessories and operator's station devices, are anthropometric data of a man.
The most convenient position of the grips of manual transportation means designed for carrying loadings, is the position when worker' hands are in downward position. Even insufficient rise of hands, at their bending in elbow joint, will be caused by worker' s rapid fatigability. Taking into account all mentioned above it is possible to state that, the sprayer grips level in working postion must be determined by ordinate of phalageal point. Nevertheless it is necessary to take into account that , anthropometric features, listed in GOST OSSS (Occupational Safety Standards System) 12.2.049-80 [16], are given for static standing position. In fact, ordinate of phalageal point will be determined by angle a a man's body bent, when he carries manual transportation mean.
G, H 1000
850 700 550 400 250 100
11
11
11 M 3ss sta ndard value y
ri r
Limits deter nined by spr ayer
mair tainat ility
i/T
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4,5 5 I2, M
Figure 4 - Force variation G on the sprayer grips, depending on distance l2 of their removal from
support point
Due to the fact that from operator's side the sprayer is subjected to pushing force, man's body at loading carrying will be bent forward along the travel direction angle indexing a=5...15°. Hence, factual ordinate of phalageal point must be determined by formula:
hph=yphmsa <3)'
where hph - factual ordinate of phalageal point of worker ar tool displacement; yph- table ordinate of phalageal point; a- angle of man's body bent in dynamics.
So far as table ordinate of phalageal point value for men is 77,3 sm [16], required ordinate of the sprayer grip position approximately equals to 0,75 m.
Grasp width of the sprayer grips is determined by reference to the maximum transverse diameter of a man's body, equal for men 51,16 sm [16].
At the sprayer displacement a worker does not feel body movement restrain. Besides, during technological operation to keep the boom in horizontal position, an operator must continuously balance with the sprayer grips. Increase of force exertion arm on the grips, relative to the sprayer symmetry axis in a horizontal plane will provide energy cost saving for solving this problem.
Taking into account all mentioned above, it is necessary to make an amendment when reasoned length of stroke of the sprayer grips.
For the majority of commercially manufactured manual transport tools for load carrying, the length of stroke of the grips is in the limits 550...650 mm. Anyhow, width of stroke of the grips more than 700 mm is provided with considerable hands muscle tension. Thus, dependance that determines the width of stroke of the grips can be suggested in the form:
B = kd (4), p m
where dT - the maximum transverse diameter of a body, determined according to GOST 12.2.049-80 (dT=51,16) [16]; k- coefficient, considering the possiblity of free body travel and decrease of tiredness, as a result of the sprayer balancing.
According to our data, coefficient k can be assumed equal to 1,27. Anyway, optimal width of grasp of the sprayer grips can be assumed provisionally equal to 0,65 m.
CONCLUSIONS
The questions of labor protection widely covered for agricultural industry generally are weakly reflected with reference to selected and seed breeding process in plant growing and claim their own decision.
The main principles, conditioning the problem at organization of jobs in selected and seed breeding process, utilizing «small-scale mechanization» are formulated.
Common organizational structure, engaged in raising and breeding of new varieties of agricultural crops is suggested. Upon which working places of operators' positions of «small-scale mechanization» are detected.
Evaluation method of noise characteristics at head thresher operation in comparable conditions and organizational decisions on decrease of noise impact on operator are suggested..
Complex of engineering and technical decisions providing improvement of labor conditions of operator of compact boom sprayer is theoretically substantiated.
The breadboard model of a compact boom sprayer equipped with balance mechanism is developed and manufactured.
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