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Copyright © 2020 by Academic Publishing House Researcher s.r.o.
" * I
Published in the Slovak Republic Media Education (Mediaobrazovanie) Has been issued since 2005 ISSN 1994-4160 E-ISSN 1994-4195 2020, 60(3): 404-415
DOI: 10.13187/me.2020.3.404 www.ejournal53.com
Impact of Critical National Identity Discourse on Youth in Pakistan: A Proximization Analysis of Pakistani English Newspapers
Faiqa A. Khaliq a, Tamsila Naeem b, Mohsin Hassan Khan a , *
a Department of Linguistics and Communications, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
b Department of Media and Communication, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract
The study aims to find out the spatial, temporal and evaluative proximization strategies used by the opinion writers to project Pakistan's National Identity in the two leading English newspapers of Pakistan: DAWN and The News. The goal set for the study is to find out the impact of critical representation of Pakistan's National Identity Discourse on Pakistani youth. The study focuses on the issue of Pakistan's National Identity projection during the ongoing war on terror in Pakistan from 2007-2017. Purposive sampling method is used to collect the data. The epistemological framework of the study is based on Anderson's (1991) Imagined Communities. The empirical foundation is based on Hart's (2014) Critical Cognitive Discourse Analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed by using Corpus Linguistics as a quantitative tool and proximization analysis as interpretative tool in the present study. To generate the frequencies and concordance lines of lexical items, Antconc is used. The results show that opinion writers used the spatial and temporal deixis to create the negative image of Pakistan during the last decade by linking events of past from collective memories with present. They used temporal and spatial proximization strategies to build the Critical National Identity Discourse of Pakistan by presenting it as a negative imagined community. Pakistani youth is shown as marganalisedcommunity. The evaluative proximization strategy shows that the discourse leaves a negative impact on Pakistani youth.
Keywords: imagined communities, national identity of Pakistan, critical cognitive discourse analysis, proximization strategy.
1. Introduction
The salience of any issue, which is crucial to public or for some aspects of public can be studied through different means i.e. through measuring opinions and by doing discourse analysis of media which build a narrative for the society. The coverage of the 'issue' by the media shows the perception and the linguistics projection of the issue builds the narrative which leaves a great impact on public L. Epstein and A.S. Jeffrey (Epsteinm, Segal 2000). J.M. Miller and A.K. Jon (Miller, Krosnic, 2000) argue that a robust link exists between the importance attached to any issue in media and its importance for public. The discourse created for the projection of national identity of Pakistan has a direct link with youth as they are a part of national community. The discourse builds a public perception. It is not necessary that all the events happened in the
* Corresponding author
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.H. Khan), [email protected] (F.A. Khaliq)
community have same level of importance, but they are projected in such a way that youth find themselves as victims.
The Pakistani youth has been victimized due to the political dilemma in Pakistan over the last ten years from 2007-2017. The political quagmire resulted in an upheaval and disturbance in the Pakistani society. The ongoing war on terror and its repercussion have presented Pakistani society as a dangerous place for the youth to develop and practice their skills. The newspapers use temporal and spatial proximization strategies to impact the Pakistani youth thus present them as marganilised section of Pakistani society. The process to create Pakistani youth as a marganilised section of society is related to the discursive construction of Pakistan's critical national identity discourse by crafting an 'imagined community.
The representation of national identity discourse is carried forward through the discursive construction under specific agendas which is hidden under discourse R. Wodak and G. Weiss (Wodak, 2005). The critical discourse employs the repetitive linguistic devices in the form of metaphors, image schemas, deixis and use of focal words to build, construct, deconstruct, demolish and reconstruct the critical national identity. The concept of nation and the conceptualization of national identity has its origin in history. Over the years, the concept of nation has gone through its evolutionary process. Most of the times, national identity and nationalism have been used interchangeably for each other B.R.O. G. Anderson (Anderson, 1991). J. Butler (Butler, 1999) posits that national identity is the option of the nationals through which they associate themselves with their nation in times of crisis or select to be a part of a community.National identity is, when the people of a community associate themselves with the norms, cultural dogmas, socio-political situation and language.
The concept of national identity is further elaborated by A.D. Smith (Smith, 1991). Hetook on national identity and presented five mandatory features of a nation i.e.1) it must be a community connected through politics, 2) the community should be historically linked, 3) shared values over time, 4) common past and 5) community members must have connections from generations. G. Anderson (Anderson, 1991) presented a compact definition of national identity and linked it with nationalism. He postulated that 1) a nation is an imagined community which is politically linked, 2) the nation has limited borders, 3) and most importantly nation must be a sovereign power and enjoys the power of independence. G. Anderson (Anderson, 1991) puts forward that the indigenous language brings the political community close to each other. He further highlighted the role of print capitalism to spread the nationalism amongst its members of the political community. Print media, according to him foster the sentiments of nationalism.
A.D. Smith (Smith, 1991) supported the idea of nationalism which is propagated by print media to leave an impact on the minds of nationals. Nationalism has different types and it can be spread through religion and languages. He further elaborated the idea of religious nationalism which is practiced in many countries like Malaysia, Pakistan and Israel. Whereas Israel is working to revive Hebrew, ancient language of Jews to promote its own national identity of Judaism. The discussion about single vernacular opens the debate for those nations who have more than one language like Belgium and Canada M. Guibernau (Guibernau, 2004). The discourse about national identity changed completely after the incidence of 9/11. Many countries suffer unprecedentedly as the consequences of 9/11 shook the word. Pakistan and its neighboring country Afghanistan are amongst them. The war on terror led by US in the region brought political and social changes in Pakistan and the social structure of Pakistani political community changed which brought changed in the discourse of society. The media in the form of print and broadcast portrayed the negative image of Pakistani society. Pakistan harbor some strong English newspapers dailies which have an impact on the educated and elite class of Pakistan. The present study finds out the link between critical national identity discourse in the two leading English newspapers and its impact on Pakistani youth.
2. Materials and methods
To study and find the answer of the research question, the present study adopts hybrid methodology i.e. both quantitative and qualitative analysis are carried out. Quantitative analysis is conducted through Corpus Linguistics techniques. Corpus is compiled from DAWN and The News, two leading English newspapers of Pakistan. Corpus Linguistics is defined as an emerging field of Linguistics which explores the text by using computational techniques T. McEnery and T. Wilson (McEnery, Wilson, 1996). Corpus is used to represent text by applying different sets of techniques;
by generating frequency lists, by studying concordances and collocations P. Baker (Baker, 2006), M.H. Khan, H.M. Adnan, H. Aljuaid, R.M. Isa (Khan et al., 2019). Word frequency lists display the type and token ratio of texts. Tokens number of words which consists of corpus and types represent the presence of same tokens in the texts. The type/token ratio represents the lexical diversity used by the writers in the texts and the concordance lines help to locate the meanings of types in the context.
Discourse is contextual and the concordance lines represent the use of words to create meanings. To collect the corpus, purposive sampling technique is used. Fifteen opinion articles were selected from DAWN and The News from the time period of 2007-2017. The PDF versions of text were converted into text file. The text file is processed through Antconc 3.5.7 version. The software is easy to use and available online. In the first step, text file is uploaded in Antconc. Then it is processed to generate frequency list of text. Then, the corpus was manipulated for two main categories, Pakistan and youth. Then words were studied in their context by generating concordance lines. After doing corpus analysis, the next step was to analyses the selected texts from corpus of opinion articles according to C. Hart (Hart, 2014) Discourse Space Theory to evaluate the proximization strategies used by opinion writers.
3. Discussion
Pakistan is a multi-ethnic and multilingual society. Pakistan and India came into existence in 1947 after the partition of sub-continent and Bangladesh came into existence out of Pakistan in 1971 I. Talbot and G. Singh (Talbot, Sing, 1999). The two-nation theory which provided the base for independence movement of Pakistan could not sustain the cultural and linguistic differences between East and West Pakistan and resulted in the creation of Bangladesh purely on the basis of linguistic and ethnic issues which prevailed after the partition J. Wynbrandt (Wynbrandt, 2009). The partition of East and West Pakistan into two independent sovereign nations was a setback for the proponents of two nation theory where cultural forces dominated the religious forces and religion could not tie both parts together I. Talbot and G. Singh (Talbot, Sing, 2009).
Post 1971 Pakistan further faced political turmoil and elected government was overthrown by the armed forces in 1977 and General Zia took hold of the government followed by the hanging of ex-PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1979. Zia government ended when he was killed in a plane crash. Later the democratic governments came into existence in Pakistan during the period of 10 years. Benazir and Nawaz Sharif ruled twice for two and a half year. The democracy in Pakistan has always been under threat and in 1999, Musharaf, the then Chief of armed forces of Pakistan took over Nawaz government. 9/11 incident happened and Pakistan became the front-line state in the US led War on terror. This brought severe repercussion in the country and Pakistan was hit by worst security issues and lost thousands of lives in this war. 2007 brought another grave tragedy in Pakistan when, Benazir Bhutto, Ex-PM of Pakistan, who was in exile, returned after an National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) with President Musharaf and was assassinated in a blast. 2008 witnessed the restoration of democracy and Pakistan Peoples Party, after losing its leader in blast in 2007, successfully formed the government A. Zahoor and A. Manzoor (Zahoor, Manzoor, 2014).
Despite many problems, and grave events of terrorism in the country, they completed their five years in government and successfully handed over to Nawaz Sharif, who formed the government in 2013. Then ten years from 2007 to 2017 until next election to be held in 2018, the 10 years have been crucial in the history of Pakistan. During this time, Pakistan became the country to have one of the highest number of youth population in the world. The youth have to play a prominent role in the development of nation in the years to come. Pakistani youth, on the contrary, faced severe problems in the country. The representation of Pakistan's national identity in the print media leaves a great impact on the minds of youth. This study explores how the critical national identity of Pakistan is represented in the English newspapers of Pakistan by using proximisation strategies and how it impacts the youth.
The impact on youth is created through temporal, spatial and axiological proximisation strategies which are used by the speakers and writers while structuring any event model C. Hart (Hart, 2010). Pakistani English print media occupies an important position in the projection of critical national identity of Pakistan. In the present study, only two English newspapers have been selected i.e. DAWN and The News. Both the newspapers hold electronic channels, and multiple businesses inside the country as well as international collaborations. Both the newspapers are known for their liberal policies and capitalists' agendas F.A. Khaliq and M.I.M. Garcia (Khaliq,
Garcia, 2019). G. Anderson (Anderson, 1991) puts forward the concept of print capitalism. According to him, print media including the newspapers and books shapes the mindset and influence the nationals. According to him, national identity of a nation is not an inheritance issue, rather it is constructed, propagated, build and maneuvered according to the agenda and interests of the print capitalists and elites. Through print media, an imagined community is created for the people and the people link themselves with that imagined community. Critical national identity is represented through different related issues i.e. strategic, social, political, economic, religious etc. All these factors are related to Pakistani youth as well.
R. Fowler (Fowler, 1991) opines that print capitalists utilize language as a weapon to maintain their hegemony and the personal ideologies of writers also influences the minds as well. According to E.S. Herman and N. Chomsky (Herman, Chomsky, 1988) declare that print capitalists device propaganda and flak to carry out their agendas. It puts the reader at risk and figures and facts are maneuvered and the people are presented as the victims of the whole process. In this way, the negative image of the national identity is created. Present events are linked with past events to intensify the whole situation. According to G. Anderson (Anderson, 1991) the linguistic devices are used symbolically and metaphorically to link the shared memories of the nation. These devices are fit into selected syntactic structure of theparticular language to create meaningful conceptualizations for the listeners and readers carefully. In the present study, Pakistan's Critical National Identity Discourse is studied with respect to proximisation strategies used by C. Hart (Hart, 2010) and its impact on youth.
Hart's (2010) critical cognitive discourse analysis (CCDA)
C. Hart (Hart, 2010) Critical Cognitive Discourse Analysis (CCDA) originated from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). He combined different theoretical and methodological schools of thought and presented a coherent synergy of systems and strategies woven with linguistic construals to study the interaction of cognition, discourse and society. CDA was introduced as a separate school of thought having its own methodologies and approaches when the team of researchers i.e. Fairclough, Van Dijk, Mayers, Scollan and Wodak teamed up to devise strategies and frameworks for CDA studies. According to T.A. Van Dijk (Van Dijk, 2008) CDA emerged as a multidisciplinary field of inquiry. Researches in CDA exposes the hegemonic role of discourse, ideology, power relations, gender, ethnicity, media discourse religious discourses, youth discourse and feminism F.A. Khaliq, M.I.M. Garcia (Khaliq, Garcia, 2019). Hart takes the cognitive twist in CDA and linked it with Cognitive Linguistics. W.R. Langacker (Langacker, 2008) adds in this connection that Cognitive Linguistics takes grammatical rules to align with both structure and symbolic patterns and with meanings of discourse. C. Hart (Hart, 2010) postulated that the recurrent usage of linguistic devices in discourse to construct any identity leaves a great impact on the minds of the readers and listeners. He presented his model for the immigrant discourse in UK. He is of the opinion that CDA is more writer and speaker based while CCDA is more reader and listener oriented (Hart, 2014). CCDA is presented in Fig. 1.
The model of CCDA (Fig. 1) presents four different types of strategies executed by four different systems by employing different linguistic variables. C. Hart (Hart, 2014) adds that writers use different strategies and linguistic structures to present ideologies. He puts forward that language and cognition are not independent or autonomous functions rather language is a part of cognition like memory and learning are.
This model has practical implications to study Critical National Identity Discourse of Pakistan. C. Hart (Hart, 2014) puts forward that through the discourse, writers position themselves on certain issues related to national identity and show their perspectives by using different deictic expressions and modals. Hart adopted the Discourse Space Theory (DST) model to discuss the positioning system.
Discourse space theory and impact on youth
C. Hart (Hart, 2010) adapted DST model from P. Chilton (Chilton, 2004). Chilton model of DST was further developed by P. Cap (Cap, 2006). Hart incorporated DST model into his CCDA model and utilized Deixis of person, place, time, and manner to represent the positioning of the writers. The temporal, spatial and epistemic deixis are used by the writers and speakers to manifest proximization strategies. Proximization strategies utilized in discourse are of two types: i.e. phraseological and narrative. C. Hart (Hart, 2014) elaborated that Phraseological proximization strategy is used when the writer evokes all the event structure at once and in given
time frame. Whereas, narrative proximization strategy is beyond single sentence and it is used to build a discourse to leave greater impacts and to present the infinite threat to the Protagonists.
System Strategv Gestalt Comparison Attention Perspective
Structura] Configuration C 0 n s t r u a 1 S Schein atization
Framing Categorization
Metaphor
Identification Profiling
Scanning
Scalar Adjustment
Positioning Deixis
Modality
Fig. 1. Model of CCDA. Source: C. Hart (Hart, 2014).
C. Hart (Hart, 2014) elaborated a three dimensional diagram to represent the spatial, temporal and evaluative (epistemic) deixis. Deictic centre holds a centralized position for the three separate lines of temporal, spatial and evaluative axis intersecting at the centre. Proximization strategies are carried by spatial, temporal and evaluative deixis. The doer and receiver of the action are represented as Protagonists and Antagonists and the epistemic values are shown through IMPACT as the actions carried out by Protagonists and Antagonists leave an IMPACT. Hart extends that phrases instead of deixis of persons, places and time represents the discourse and semantic value is attached to the agents and receivers. The DST becomes significant when the positioning strategy of the opinion writers about the critical national identity of Pakistan is structured in terms of time, space and evaluation. The DST analysis of text shows the representation of Pakistani youth as Protagonist and Antagonist when actions are carried out by them or they are the doers. The study puts forward the question: How are proximization strategies used in the English newspapers of Pakistan to represent critical national identity of Pakistan and its impact on youth?
4. Results
The corpus analysis of fifteen opinion articles from DAWN and The News shows that the word corpus consisted of 15432 tokens and 3515 types (Appendix B). Fig. 2, 3 show the next analysis of the concordance lined of token Pakistan.
2 3 & 7 a 1 O 1 1 T 2 tions when they are violated. In Pakistan, advocacy surrounding come in the run-up to the Pakistan and India foreign minis -art technology before entering Pakistan and official records mu across the board. In the case of Pakistan (and undoubtedly in th to bank on a better future for Pakistan. And yet, without optirr qraduates that 1 interact with in Pakistan are not able to connect youth bet youth .tact
;t place as the greatest threat to Pakistan as a nation \x97 no les: ? Why can\x92t the ideology of Pakistan be to put every child in g decades are dismal. Although Pakistan could have 175 million >ing them into the- labour force. Pakistan could reap a deinogrii| lOpe for a democratic future for Pakistan. [Despite young voter er Towards consolidating the India- Pakistan dialogue that could liav
Search Term Words CD Case 1 1 Reg« Search Wtrtdo
i1 Pakistan -AfK"ncld , , ^-^
Fig. 2. Concordance lines of token 'Pakistan'
The next analysis was to generate the concordance lines of the word 'youth'.
ncordance Concordance Plot File View Clusters/IM-Gra cordance Hits 46
_KWIC_
uit well-educated and energetic youth lsure rewarding careers for our youth ily disillusioned with politics. In Youth >rny foreign policy issues. But a youth high time that Pakistan, with its youth : the nation's artists, perhaps its youth ite and stimulate Pakistan\x92s youth >oliticians \x97 members of the youth ints out that \x93nearly half the youth ystem and elite. Nearly half the youth azine found that nearly half the youth ands at about two per cent, and youth l While 60 per cent of surveyed youth ely dare hope for better. 7 The youth
rch Term 0 Words □ Case □ Regex
; Collocates Word List Keyword List
all over the country. Almo
and a sustained growth p> and the Future, Moeed Yu appeal need only focus or bulge, caught on to the trs can be a cause for optimis certainly counts amongst demographic themselves do not vote, about 40 per do not vote, 40 per cent h do not vote and about 40 employment prospects fo expressed confidence in tl factor Huma Yusuf May 2
youth .txt youth .Oft youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt youth .txt
Search Window Siz<
I55 n
Fig. 3. Concordance lines of youth.
Both the Token Pakistan and youth have high frequency of occurrence in the text. Table 1. Frequency of the words Pakistan and Youth
No. Tokens Frequency in text
1. Total token 15432
2. Pakistan 88
3. Youth 46
Table 1 shows the frequencies of both the tokens in the text of 15 opinion articles. The detailed qualitative analysis of selected text according to DST is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Analysis of Proximization Strategies (DST)
NO.
TEXT
ANALYSIS
Indeed, politics is dirty business. But the failure to provide mentorship, encouragement and guidance for youth is a problem that plagues all aspects of Pakistani society. At universities and workplaces, youngsters remain hungry for advice, tips, and direction. But they rarely get the benefit of their elders' — or teachers', or bosses' — wisdom. 25th July, 2011. DAWN
Spatial Proximization =
Protagonist = NP = youth, youngsters, at
universities, workplaces, they
Antagonist = NP = Pakistani society, their
elders, teachers , bosses
Action = to provide, remain hungry
Temporal Proximization
T = 2011
Tp = indefinite tense Tf = action continued Epistemic = IMPACT = politics in Pakistan is presented as something dirty and it creates negative impact because of socialpractices in Pakistani society, youth in Pakistan is suffering. In the text, Narrative Proximization strategy is used by the writer. It is clearly represented in the text that Pakistani society play the role of Antagonist and because of them, youth is in danger. Moreever, teachers at universities are also represented as threat to the youth._
Arguing that non-state actors can address the challenges of educating the Pakistani youth is like arguing that sticks and stones are effective weapons in the face of nuclear war. The idea of non-state actors as the saviours of education in Pakistan is a fairy tale, and reasonable adults
Spatial Proximization = Protagonist = NP = Pakistani youth Antagonist = NP = non-state actors, Action = can address, Temporal Proximization T = 2009_
1
2
Tp = indefinite tense Tf = action is continued Epistemic = IMPACT = The text shows negative representation of Pakistani society where non-state actors have a role to design the educational policies for the youth. Youth is shown in danger because of their policies and decisive role in the country.
The Narrative Proximization strategy is utilized in text to represent the national identity in critical manner and how youth is affected because of it. This action is continued for the future as well.
3 The country's abysmal socio-economic Spatial Proximization = conditions have undoubtedly afforded a Protagonist = NP = youth mushrooming ground to terrorists to recruit Antagonist = NP = terrorists well-educated and energetic youth all over the Action = recruit country. Educated youths become old while Temporal Proximization searching relevant jobs. 25th January,20i6 . The Protagonist = NP = educated youth NEWS Antagonist = NP = terrorists
Action = become T = 2016
Tp = old. Indefinite tense is used Tf = action started from past and continued in future
Epistemic = IMPACT = The social structure of the country shows that the low economic conditions have been favourable for the terrorists who have spread in the whole country and are involving youth to carry out their heinous acts. Terrorists as antagonists are potential threat to the Pakistani youth. The text shows Narrative Proximizaton
strategy used by the writer._
Spatial Proximization = Protagonist = NP = students at KU Antagonist = NP = militant groups Action = recruiting Temporal Proximization Protagonist = NP = four students from Shia group
Antagonist = NP = Punjabi Taliban, IslamiJamiatTalba (political organization) Action = split, bomb blast, injured T = 2015 Tp = 2010, 2012, Tf -
Epistemic = IMPACT = the role of religious political parties is discussed as they recruit students from universities and use them for their agendas. This has resulted in spreading negativity about Pakistani society and leaving a negative impact on youth who are studying at
need to snap out of it. 28th July, 2009.
4 Reports about militant groups recruiting on university campuses began appearing as far back as 2010. A Karachi University professor in 2012 told journalist Ziaur Rehman that he had since 2007 been monitoring the activities of the Punjabi Taliban, a group comprising KU students which apparently split from the IslamiJamiatTalaba over disagreements about jihad. The group gained prominence after a bomb blast at the university in December 2010 that injured four students from a Shia student group. 25thMay, 2015 DAWN
universities and colleges. The text shows Narrative Proximization strategy used by the writer as past time and current time is mentioned and continued tense is used.
Whatever the reason, experienced Pakistanis are failing the nation's youth — whether they be hapless students or newly appointed foreign ministers. Without taking young Pakistanis seriously, we can barely dare hope for better. 25th July, 2011. DAWN
Spatial Proximization =
Protagonist = NP = youth, students /
foreign minister
Antagonist = NP = experienced Pakistanis
Action = are failing
Temporal Proximization
Protagonist = NP = young Pakistanis , we
Antagonist = NP = -
Action = dare
T = 2011
Tp = continued tense is used, action is going on for a long time Tf -
Epistemic = IMPACT = the negative impact on Pakistani youth as the seniors and elders are not guiding them. The whole situation in Pakistan is hopeless for the youth
The text shows Phraseological Proximization strategy used by the writer to connect national identity of Pakistan and its impact on youth._
Are we producing a lot of learned and literate illiterates? It seems to be the case. Poor quality of teaching and learning seems to be pervasive and, over time, it seems to be getting worse. In our quest for quantity, we have neglected quality issues for too long. 4thDecember, 2015. DAWN.
Spatial Proximization Protagonist = NP = learned literate illiterate
Antagonist = NP = we Action = producing Temporal Proximization Protagonist = NP = Antagonist = NP = we Action = neglected T = 2015
Tp = perfect tense is used Tf = -
Epistemic = IMPACT = The educational situation is represented in a negative manner and even the educated and literates are considered as illiterate. This shows a negative impact on youth who are getting education in Pakistani universities and colleges.
The text represents the Narrative Proximization strategy._
A growing appetite for democracy could also be suppressed by the continuing appeal of the Pakistan Army as the country's most functional institution. According to the three 2009 surveys, 60 per cent of the youth surveyed expressed confidence in the military while less than 10 per cent supported government institutions. 2istMay, 2012. DAWN
Spatial Proximization Protagonist = NP = Antagonist = NP = Pakistan army Action = suppressed Temporal Proximization Protagonist = NP = 60 % Pakistani youth Antagonist = NP = government institutions
Action = expressed_
5
6
7
T = 2012 Tp = 2009 Tf-
Epistemic = IMPACT = in the text, Pakistani army has shown hostile towards democracy in the country. Pakistani youth is more inclined towards military as compared to other democratic institutions in the country and these institutions look like a threat to the youth. The text represents a negative image of armed forces. It shows that youth have no voice of themselves rather influenced by the mighty powers.
The text represents Narrative _Proximization strategy_
8 In strong democracies, young politicians are Spatial Proximization =
valued for their stamina, gumption and for Protagonist = NP = youngsters, their ability to mobilise and motivate other youthbulge
youngsters. It is high time that Pakistan, with Antagonist = NP =young politicians its youth bulge, caught on to the trend. Action = are valued
25th July 2011 DAWN Temporal Proximization
Protagonist = NP = youth bulge Antagonist = NP = -Action = caught on T = 2011 Tp = -Tf -
Epistemic = IMPACT = the impact of the text is negative as it shows that in Pakistan, those who are in power are not supporting and motivating youth and do not fulfill their responsibilities as leaders do in great democracies. Because of the lack of guidance, the youth lack direction in Pakistan. It also represents that Pakistan as a nation is not following democratic values to foster their youth. The text represents the Narrative _Proximization strategy used by the writer.
9 Systemic neglect of youth issues is most Spatial Proximization = obvious in the context of education reform: Protagonist = NP = youth despite early promises to increase education Antagonist = NP = policy makers expenditure, 7.3 million Pakistanis remain out Action = to increase
of school under this government. Temporal Proximization DAWN.6thMarch, 2011 Protagonist = NP = 7.3 million Pakistanis
Antagonist = NP = this government Action = remains out T = 2011 Tp = early Tf -
Epistemic = IMPACT = the impact of text is negative as the education sector is not providing solutions to youth problems and a huge number of Pakistani children are out of schools. This shows that the future _of country looks dark._
The text represents the Narrative Proximization strategy used by the writer to represent critical national identity of
_Pakistan and its impact on youth._
10 Backed by university administrators, teachers Spatial Proximization =
and preachers are targeting the youth on Protagonist = NP = youth
campuses across the country. 8thNovember 08, Antagonist = NP = teachers, and
2014. The News preachers, university administration
Action = targeting Temporal Proximization Protagonist = NP = -Antagonist = NP = -Action = -T = 2014
Tp = present continuous Tf -
Epistemic = IMPACT = the text leaves a negative impact as teachers are presented as the victimizers who are targeting youth at their educational places. This shows the negative role attached with the teachers and also the educational institutions are represented as placed where the youth is discouraged and devalued. The text shows Narrative proximization strategy used by the writer to represent educational situation in Pakistan and its _impact on youth._
5. Conclusion
The corpus analysis shows that maximum frequency of occurrence of token Pakistan and Youth were found in the corpus. It shows that the discourse of the opinion articles discusses Pakistan and the issues related to youth in Pakistan. DST analysis of national identity discourse reveals that Pakistan's National identity is represented critically and the internal situation of Pakistan as a nation, as an imagined community and as a democratic nation isrepresented having a week social structure. The social structure is represented in a negative manner and it is linked with youth development.
The negative image of Pakistan creates a negative IMPACT on youth which is analysed through epistemic proximization. The opinion writers employed Narrative proximization strategy more often in the text. This shows that they want to create the negative image of Pakistan for indefinite time. The youth is presented as the victim of policies of government, who are prone to militancy in Pakistan. This marginalization of youth leaves a negative impact on them and as a result they cannot become responsible citizens.
Therefore, it can be well concluded that the political elites, teachers at universities, the universities' administration in Pakistan are not providing enough guidance to youth, as a result the distance between elders and youth is widened. It is concluded that to diminish the negative impact of Pakistan as a nation, the print media has to build a positive image of Pakistan. Policies for youth development should be formed and promoted linguistically in print media. The events from past are used by the writers to link the present situations with the past. The youth perceive the events and relate it with their previous knowledge of their nation state.
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Appendix A
Table 1. List of opinion articles
NO. Title of opinion article_Writer/date/Newspaper_
1 Growth & job generation Faisal Bari. February 10, 2017 .DAWN
2 Bored young killers Khurram Husain. July 14, 2016. DAWN
3 The rise of unreason
4 The search for optimism
5 The youth narrative
6 For younger representation
7 The youth factor
8 Education fairy tales for adults
9 A land in the grip of fairytales
1 The monster of terrorism
1 Urban jihadists
Education guidelines
1 Education and careers
1 Thinking about quality
Educated militants
Pervez Hoodbhoy. November 08, 2014. DAWN
Huma Yusuf. January 29, 2011. DAWN
Huma Yusuf. March 06, 2011. DAWN
Huma Yusuf. July 25, 2011.DAWN
Huma Yusuf. May 21, 2012.DAWN
July 28, 2009/The News Ayaz Amir. August 19, 2011 The News
January, 1, 2016. The News
January 7, 2017. The News
Rafia Zakaria April 16, 2014. The News
Faisal Bari August 14, 2015. DAWN
Faisal Bari December 04, 2015.
Huma Yusuf May 25, 2015. DAWN
Appendix B
