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HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES OF FEEDING CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Aziza Askarovna Jumaeva, Sarboz Nurov
Bukhara State Medical Institute
ABSTRACT
At present, the health of mother and child, the upbringing of a harmoniously developed generation are identified as priorities of state policy in our country. Proper nutrition of children from an early age not only improves their physical health, but also reduces the risk of infection with infectious diseases, contributes to the further development of their socio-psychological state.
Key words: daily norm, metabolism, enzymes, hormones, immunoglobulins, lactoferrins.
Relevance . In any society, in different socio-economic and political situations, the health of children and adolescents is a pressing issue and a priority, which determines the future state of the nation's gene pool, ensures the scientific and technological development of the country; is a sensitive indicator of changes in the demographic situation of the state [1]. Rational nutrition is a priority in shaping the health of the population [2,4]. According to the authors, proper nutrition in terms of quality and quantity helps to maintain the physical and mental health of the younger generation [7,8]. Conversely, physiologically inappropriate nutrition in childhood and adolescence can lead to serious disorders in the vital functions of the organism, the emergence of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine, musculoskeletal system [1,3]. The children are divided into eight age groups, and their nutrition is regulated by energy value and 25 nutrients. In addition, a group of six-year-old students will be separated, and from the age of 11, the sexual leveling of eating norms will be introduced.
The diet of infants in the first year of life differs significantly from the diet of relatively older children in terms of micronutrients: up to 6 months, the main share of energy in the diet is fats (79 - 45% of the value of ration energy). Only at the end of the first year of a child's life does the ratio of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates become more closely proportional to the needs of the adult organism (14:31:55).
Table 1
The daily norm of physiological needs for nutrients and energy of the child
population of different age groups
Age Power Proteins, g Oils, Ugl Minerals, mg
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(gende r) kcal total sh.j. ani mal g e- vod lar, g Kal-tsiy Fos-for Ma g- niy Te-mir Rux Iodi ne
0-3 months 115 2.2 2.2 6.5 (0.7) 13 400 300 55 4 3 0.04
4-6 months 114 2.6 2.5 6.0 13 500 400 60 7 3 0.04
7-12 months 110 2.9 2.3 5.5 13 600 500 70 10 4 0.05
1-3 1544 53 37 53 212 800 800 150 10 5 0.06
years old
4-6 1977 68 44 68 272 900 1350 200 10 8 0.07
years old
6 years old, student s 2010 69 45 67 285 1000 1500 250 12 10 0.08
7-10 2350 77 46 79 335 1100 1650 250 12 10 0.10
years old
11-13 (boys) 2750 90 54 92 390 1200 1800 300 15 15 0.10
11-13 (girls) 2500 82 49 84 355 1200 1800 300 18 12 0.10
11-13 (teens) 3000 98 59 100 425 1200 1800 300 15 15 0.13
11 -13 (girls) 2600 90 54 90 360 1200 1800 300 18 12 0.13
Table 2
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Vitamins Mis 3 , Mar- Ftor 3 Chro Mo-
S, m g A, mk g ret. ekv. E, m g D , mk g V 1 , mg V 2 , mg V 6 , mg Ni a- tsi n, m g Fo-lat, mk g V 12 , m kg mg ga- 3 nets 3 , mg mkg me 3 , mkg lib- "5 den mkg
30 400 3 10 0.3 0.4 0.4 5 40 0.3 0.4-0.6 0.3-0.6 0.1-0.5 14- 40 15- 30
35 400 3 10 0.4 0.5 0.5 6 40 0.4 0.4-0.6 0.3-0.6 0.1-0.5 14- 40 15- 30
40 400 4 10 0.5 0.6 0.6 7 60 0.5 0.6-0.7 0.6-1.0 0.2-1.0 20- 60 20- 40
45 450 5 10 0.8 0.9 0.9 10 100 1.0 0.7-1.0 1.0- 1.5 0.5-1.5 20- 80 25- 50
50 500 7 2.5 0.9 1.0 1.3 11 200 1.5 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 1.0-2.5 30-120 30- 75
60 500 10 2.5 1.0 1,2 1.3 13 200 2.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 1.0-2.5 30-120 30- 75
60 700 10 2.5 1,2 1.4 1.6 15 200 3.0 1 - 2 2 - 3 1.5-2.5 50-200 50-190
70 100 0 12 2.5 1.4 1.7 1.8 18 200 3.0 1.5-2.5 2 - 5 1.5-2.5 50-200 75-250
70 800 10 2.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 17 200 3.0 1.5-2.5 2 - 5 1.5-2.5 50-200 75-250
70 100 0 15 2.5 1.5 1.8 2.0 20 200 3.0 1.5-2.5 2 - 5 1.5-2.5 50-200 75-250
70 800 12 2.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 17 200 1.0 1.5-2.5 2 - 5 1.5-2.5 50-200 75-250
Adherence to the physiological norms of children's nutrition is a necessary condition for its rational growth, harmonious growth and development of the child, increases his immunity and ability to adapt to harmful factors of the living environment. The organization of nutrition requires special attention in the first year of a child's life and in infancy (up to three years).
Comprehensive medical and social measures should be taken to promote breastfeeding
Breast milk to the peculiarities of metabolism in the child fully compatible and feeding for 4 months of his life
is the most complete product of the ration. Breastfeeding affects a child's growth, development, immunological resistance, mental potential, behavior and mental reactions,
has a positive effect on intelligence. The most important properties of breast milk include:
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• Optimal and balanced levels of nutrients;
• high absorption of nutrients;
• a wide range of biologically active substances and protective factors (enzymes, hormones, immunoglobulins, lactoferrins, leukocytes, etc.);
• positive (probiotic) effect on the intestinal microflora;
• low osmolality (low load on the membranes of the kidneys and enterocytes);
• sterility (in moderation);
• Optimal temperature (equality with the mother's body).
Despite the obvious advantages of breast milk, as the child grows and develops (from 3-4 years of age), there is a need to include in his diet other foods and foods that are referred to as "complementary foods". The introduction of complementary foods is not only associated with an increase in the child's need for the same nutrients (iron, vitamins), but also a decrease in plant components (plant proteins, dietary fiber, fats, trace elements) and digestive system, chewing exercise and intestinal motility. is also characterized by the need to increase its activity. The inclusion of various products in the child's diet is determined by the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the baby (Table 3).
Table 3
Approximate scheme of introduction of complementary foods and meals in the natural nutrition of children (per day)
Food, food Unit of measurement Age, month
3 4 5 6 7 8 9-12
Fruit juice Ml 5 -30 40 -50 50 -60 60 70 80 90 -100
Fruit puree g 5-30 40-50 50-60 60 70 80 90-100
Vegetables g - 10- 150 150 170 180 200
puree 100
Milk porridge g - 50- 150 150 180 200
Cottage cheese g - - 100 40 40 40 50
Egg yolk dona - - 10-30 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5
Meat puree g - - - - 5-30 50 60-70
Fish puree g - - - - - 5-30 30-60
Kefir, milk-qa- ml - - - - 200 200 400-500
tight product - -
lari, "then-
mixture "
Fresh milk ml - - 10 0 200 200 200 200
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(food)
preparation
for) g - - - 3-5 5 5 10-15
Wholemeal
bread, g - - - - 5 5 10
biscuits
High grade g - - 1 - 3 3 5 5 6
wheat bread
Vegetable oil g - - - 4 4 5 6
(for food)
Butter
(for food)
Mixed and artificial feeding of infants is prescribed only in cases of hypogalactia, when it is impossible to restore the full production of breast milk, or when it is impossible to breastfeed for medical reasons (maternal or child illness). In such cases , the rational artificial feeding of children from 5 to 6 months of age should consist of industrially produced special foods breast milk substitutes (adapted milk formulas, feed formulas).
Breastmilk substitutes are cow's milk or other animal milk, made on the basis of soy
protein and intended to be used instead of breast milk to meet the physiological needs of
infants, to maximize its chemical composition.
food in an approximate liquid or powdery appearance
products. Breast milk substitutes are dry and liquid
(ready to use), divided into fresh and dried varieties.
Less adapted to 5 to 6 months of a child's life
An additional meal called "next mix" is used. In artificial and mixed feeding, additional food is usually introduced from 4.5 to 5 months of age. Similar nutritional indicators for infants are:
• general condition of the child and his level of psycho-emotional development;
• indicators of physical development relative to the age norm;
• Laboratory indicators of the body's supply of nutrients (biological markers of food status).
CONCLUSIONS
The second critical period of infant feeding is between 1 and 3 years of age, at which time the child begins to eat with everyone and a dynamic stereotype of food choice is formed. The correctness of this transition depends entirely on the parents. The main hygienic task of transferring the child to the common table is to limit the use of
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sweets (including soft drinks), sausages, fatty confectionery products, products with food additives that are prohibited for use in children's diets. At the same time, the child should learn to regularly consume dairy products (unlimited amounts for healthy children, in any fat content), vegetables and fruits, meat and fish, bread and cereals. It is important to follow the child's diet : he should eat regularly 5-6 times a day.
REFERENCES
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2. Shaykhova GI Food Hygiene. Textbook. - Tashkent. "Garden of Thought". 2012 y
3. Jumaeva AA, Kasimov XO, Jumaeva ZJ, Manasova IS Hygienic aspects of the possibility of using the new insecticide Seller in agriculture // International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. - 2020 .- R. _ 1354-1360.
4 . Jumaeva AA Hygienic bases of application of insecticide Seller in agriculture // International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. - 2020 .- R. _ 256-261
5 . Aziza Askarovna Jumaeva , Nizom Jumakulovich Irmatov , Guzal Faxriddinovna Sherkuziyeva . // Hygienic assessmengienic assessment of the mo t of the movement of seller t of seller insecticide in the soil layer. Central Asian Journal of Medicine. - 2021/9 №2. Tom 3 S 37-47
6 . Jumaeva AA Hygienic aspects of the use of new domestic pesticides // E uropean journal of modern medicine and practice vol. 2 no. 2 (2022) ISSN: 2795-921X . - P 611.
7. Zhumaeva Aziza Askarovna . Hygienic basis for the degree of resistance of seller Insecticide in the environment // Galaxsu International interdisciplinary research Journal (GI IRL) ISSN ( E): 2347-6915 Vol.10, Issue 1 , Jan. (2020) .- R. 278-281 8 . Jumaeva Aziza Askarovna , Tilavov T. B., Saidov A. A.
Gigienicheskie voprosy pri primeneniya insektitsida seller v selskom khozyaystve. // Analytical Journal of Education and Development . ISSN: 2181-2624 www.sciencebox.uz
