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6HOMONYMY OF ANCIENT TURKISH WORDS IN AZERBAIJANI DIALECTS
ROYA NADIR GIZI KAHRAMANOVA
ASPU, The Center of Foreign Languages, teacher Summary
It is widely observed that ancient Turkish words have the same phonetic composition and have several different meanings in Azerbaijani dialects. The word homonym which is followed the homonymic variants of ancient Turkish words in dialects, it is necessary to pay special attention to two aspects. The first of these is that words with different composition existing in the literary language undergo phonetic changes and have the same sound composition in the dialect, and secondly, either none or some of the different meanings expressed by words with the same phonetic composition used in the dialect do not exist in the literary language, both of which are related to ancient Turkic traces can be found either in literary languages or dialects. While some of the homonymic variants of shiva words in ancient Turkic languages express meanings that have no etymological affinity, they can be considered homonyms for common dialects or Turkic languages, while they are not homonyms for a dialect. In another large part of the homonymic units, it is felt to a certain extent that the differences in meaning derive from polysemy and stabilize as independent lexemes over time. In terms of these issues, in the article, the units existing in Azerbaijani dialects are reconciled with the lexical units of the ancient Turkish language.
Key words: Ancient Turkish words, Azerbaijani dialects, homonymous lexical units, historical-comparative method.
Homonymy from the ancient words belonging to the Turkish language is one of the lexical phenomena that has preserved its traces in Azerbaijani dialects, and no one denies that the linguistic study of this issue is of great scientific importance. From this direction and direction, the analysis of the dialect words that we involved in the analysis by comparing them with the Turkish language with a historical-comparative method comes from the need to illuminate the history of the development of our language in detail, and solving such a problem is undoubtedly important and important for the evolutionary levels of related Turkish languages and their dialect differentiation. Homonymy from the ancient words belonging to the Turkish language is one of the lexical phenomena that has preserved its traces in Azerbaijani dialects, and no one denies that the linguistic study of this issue is of great scientific importance. From this direction, the analysis of the dialect words that we involved in the analysis by comparing them with the Turkish language with a historical-comparative method comes from the need to illuminate the history of the development of our language in detail, and solving such a problem is undoubtedly important and important for the evolutionary levels of related Turkish languages and their dialect differentiation. Dialects and shives are also one of the most reliable sources in the study of the history of the language, as well as the history of the Turkic peoples, because in them the lexical-semantic layer of the language is reflected in a certain synchronic aspect. The homonymy of ancient Turkish words has strongly preserved its semantic shades in the dialect areas of the Azerbaijani language, and we can clearly see them when we verify them on the basis of rich examples and pass them through the analysis filter. For example: the word "yava" is shown as homonymous words in Mahmud Kashgari's "Divan" and its meaning is given in the translation as follows: "1) yava = a plant that gives color to water; 2) yava = hot, lonely, solitary place" (1, 161). The word "yava" means both "bad", "hard" and "quick, clever" in Sabirabad, Salyan, Shahbuz, Julfa, Kalbajar, Lachin, Kurdamir dialects of the modern Azerbaijani language, with the first meaning and the last meaning are antonymous creates semantics and forms homonymy (2, 239). Although the forms used in the Kashgari period appear in our modern dialects, the meanings have become archaic. Based on the 1939 Ankara copy of the Kashgari's "Divan", Tofig Hajiyev notes that the word "Yava" is used in Oghuz in two senses: 1) Tribe name; 2) Warm place; In the Jabrayil dialect this word means "one who runs away from the house-threshold" (it is mostly attributed to animals) (3, 357). These meanings are not used in
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modern Azerbaijani dialects either. Mahmud Kashgarli recorded 4 words related to the historical homonymy of the word "chal": 1) chal = "dark, break"; 2) chal = "to knock on the ground; to strike; defeat"; 3) chal = "to convey the word to the ear, to inform"; 4) chal = "beat" (1, 127). The first word "chal" was used as a noun and currently means "mountain breast, slope" in Goranboy, Gakh, Gazakh, dialects and in the dialects of the Azerbaijani language (4, 88). These meanings also find their historical presence through the Turkish word "yal", which is used with the substitution of 9-y. The word "mane" acts as a homonymous lexical unit in Western Azerbaijani dialects and is used in two meanings: 1) "dough made for animals from bran or flour residue" Chambarak, Darelayaz, Kalinino; 2) "build, the head of the hill" (Chamberak, Darelayaz, Iravan, Uchkilsa, Vedi, Zangibasar) (5, 405). In the Jabrayil dialect, the word "yal" is used in three identical phonetic compositions and means three different meanings: 1) small mountain; 2) dog food; 3) thin hair on the horse's neck (3, 290). As you can see, the meaning of the word "chal // yal" is "black, cut" and has preserved its ancient homonymous meaning and form in the dialect areas of the Azerbaijani language. The word "chal" is used in the Shor language as "yal" (atda), and in the form of "mane" in Taranchin language (6, 153). The word "chal" also had the meanings "gray, gray-coloured", "white, gray" in the Ottoman, Komandin, and Uighur languages (6, 153). B. Khalilov writes that the meanings of the word "chal", "gray, grey-colored", "white, gray" have come to mean "uncivilized, unscientific, common, ignorant" through metaphor. Currently, this meaning is outdated in the Azerbaijani language, but sometimes it is used in dialects and dialects in a vulgar sense (eg: bald man) (7, 22-23). As we mentioned above, three of four "chal" words mentioned in Mahmud Kashgari's dictionary have been functionalized as verbs and are used in the dialects of the Azerbaijani language in the same forms as they are used in ancient Turkic languages. So, the verb "knock" reflected in the dictionary means "knock on the ground; to strike; defeat; "clap" meanings (1, 127). Jabrayil and Chambarak dialects of the Azerbaijani language create homonyms and mean the same (4, 90). T. Hajiyev correctly writes that "Chalmak" means to mow (beat), to put yeast in milk // to sweep // to steal. No matter how different the meanings of the homonymous word "Chalmak" are, there is a common etymological similarity between them. It is possible to accept that the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th meanings of this word are derived from each other, but the last meaning (to steal) did not come from any of the other meanings, but from the meaning of "to sweep". Even the homonymy between these last two meanings is somewhat incomplete compared to the other meanings; between these two words (to steal - to steal), (to sweep - to sweep), the metaphorical meaning proximity has not yet been completely upset (3, 288). Another homonymous meaning of the word "chal" in Kashgari's dictionary means "to bring the word to the ear, to inform" (1, 177). In our opinion, the verb "rang" in the phrase "my ears rang" means "to hear" and is used paradigmatically with the form "my ears heard". Here, if we add the verb "to reach" to the synonyms of the verbs "to ring, to hear", we will see that the homonymous version of those words is the verb "to reach my ear" and the verb "to call" is figuratively used in the meaning of the word "to reach". So, here the word "to play" is used in the meaning of the word "to reach" and proves that it has the same root historically. The meaning of the word "chal" reflected in the Kashgari dictionary is "informant" in the Aghjabedi, Basarkecher, Borchali, Beyuk Garakilsa, Dashkasan, Tartar, Tovuz dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language in the sense of "informer, interloper" (4, 111). In our opinion, from the point of view of history, the word "chugul" in dialects is derived from the verb "chal" and can be a cognate word with it, and this is confirmed by the fact that these words have the same meaning. In the dictionary of Mahmud Kashgari, the lexical unit "chak" with the same phonetic composition and 7 homonymic features denoting different meanings was recorded: 1) chak = a word denoting sound; 2) chak = "a word that expresses something itself1'; 3) chak = "to warn, to convey, to hear, to hear, to inform" (Oghuz); 4) chak = "to mislead, interrupt"; 5) chak = "(gov, flint)" to ignite, burn; 6) чак = "to descend" (about a bird) чук \\ чок; 7) chak = "chak-chuk = the sound made when breaking things like wood and wood" (1, 125-126). In the Basarkechar, Gadabey, Gazakh, Gakh, Zagatala dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language, the word "chaghgasi" means "a tree made by hammering transverse trees on poles buried in the
ground, and in the Borchali, Kurdamir, Tovuz, Zagatala dialects, it means "the door made in the yard or at the entrance to the garden" in the same way. " (4, 87) In the dictionary of Mahmud Kashgari, the lexical unit "chak" with the same phonetic composition and 7 homonymic features denoting different meanings was recorded: 1) chak = a word denoting sound; 2) chak = "a word that expresses something itself"; 3) chak = "to warn, to convey, to hear, to hear, to inform" (Oghuz); 4) chak = "to mislead, interrupt"; 5) chak = "(gov, flint)" to ignite, burn; 6) чак = "to descend" (about a bird) чук \\ чок; 7) chak = "chak-chuk = the sound made when breaking things like wood and wood" (1, 125-126). In the Basarkechar, Gadabey, Gazakh, Gakh, Zagatala dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language, the word "chaghgasi" means "a tree made by hammering transverse trees on poles buried in the ground, and in the Borchali, Kurdamir, Tovuz, Zagatala dialects, it means "the door made in the yard or at the entrance to the garden" in the same way. " (4, 87). In the Basarkechar, Gadabey, Gazakh, Gakh, Zagatala dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language, the word "chaghgasi" means "a tree made by hammering transverse trees on poles buried in the ground, and in the Borchali, Kurdamir, Tovuz, Zagatala dialects, it means "the door made in the yard or at the entrance to the garden" in the same way. " (4, 87). The word "Chakhchakh" is used in the Sheki dialect and the Yerevan dialect in the sense of "stable door that sounds when it is opened and closed" (4.87; 5.97). The word "Chakhchakh" is used in the Kazakh dialect as "chakhrakchi" and means "informer, mediator" (4,88). The word "chakhchakh" with the meaning of "disturbing, confusing" appears in the form of "chakhanakhchi" in the Ganja, Goygol dialects (4, 88). In the Darband dialect, the word "chakchak" is used in the sense of "crushing, ruining" (4, 88). The word "Chakh-chakh" in the form of "chakhmah" means "cover" in the Kalbajar dialect (4, 88). V.V. Radlov gave 3 etymological explanations about the word "chak" in his work; 1) chak = in the Ottoman, Chigatay, Altai, Lebedin, Nazan languages, it is used in the meanings of "to hit with a high blow", "to sting", "to knock", "to hit", "to grab suddenly, stick to, grab" (6, 1832). 2) "chak" = means "to shine, to shine, to shine", "to lighten", "to flash" (lightning), "to open fire", "to explode, to disperse" in Ottoman language (6, 1832). "Chak" = Chigatay, in Kazan languages it means "to scalpel, to insult, to break, to break the heart, to hurt, to touch", "to slander, to participate, to cast evil" (6, 1832). In the dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language, including Turkish, the "chak" variant of the word "chak" determines the reality of k-x consonant replacement. Historically, the word "Chakchakh" was formed by repeating two identical words and is also used in a proverb: "the mill gives you a headache, the mill makes what you know". This proverb is used in the language of M.A. Sabir with a slight change in the satirical plan: "often it gave me a headache, the mill drove the mill with pleasure." In the language of S. Vurgun, the word chakhchach appeared in the root of the word "chakhna§iq": the sound of the car pulling wheels "chak//chak-chuk" is the word "chak//chak-chuk" when we carefully look at the forms and meanings of the dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language in a comparative manner, we see that this word The meanings of I, II, III, V have been kept as they are in the Shiv areas, and in the mentioned Turkic languages, all the forms and meanings have been kept, and they have acquired both homographic and homonymic character. If we do not take into account the consonant replacement "k-x", the word "chak" has preserved its ancient form and various postulates of meaning in the dialect areas of the Azerbaijani language and in most Turkish languages since then. "ildirim 9axdi" "Lightning flashed" or "Ba§ina gulla 9axdi" "Bullet flashed in the head" - the verb "ildirim 9axdi" "flashed" in the first sentence is a modified form of the word "burned // burned". In the second case, the verb "chakhdi" is a changed form of the word "kakhmak, hit" and therefore, the verbs currently used as "chakhmak" have historically expressed different meanings in the form of different words. According to B. Khalilov, the etymological source of the words "chalmaq // chakmaq // 9akmak" was the root "cha" (7, 241). Mahmud Kashgari's "Divan" contains two homonymous words "chanak" that denote the name of Oghuz household items and one of their body parts, and their current meanings are "dishes", "salt bowl", "wooden bowl" and the same the meaning of "leg" is indicated in the time (1, 129). The word "chanakh" in the Aghdam, Gadabay, Ganja, Goygol, Lachin, Nakhchivan, Sheki, Yevlax, Zangilan dialects of the Azerbaijani language means "pottery
bowl", in the Aghdam, Ganja dialects it means "measuring vessel", in the Sharur, Zangilan dialects it means "unit of measurement" (4 , 91) By the Kashgari period the position and homonym variants were slightly expanded. Although all these meanings have an etymological origin, there is a sharp agreement in the word "adhak" which is used in "Divan" and means "ayaq" "foot". B. Ahmadov correctly points out that the depression in the body where one bone enters another is called "pelvis". It is a modified form of the word "Chokak". "Pelvis" is a "belt" that serves as a support for the spine, it is in the shape of a bowl (pelvis). "Polyvoir" means hollow. The words "Chuya" (chalov, measuring cup), "Jura" (small saz), "scoop" are related to it, all of them have a hollow inside (8, 65). In our opinion the word "chanak" was originally created in Turkish language, which means the name of a human body part, and later, due to the development of languages and dialects, this word was transformed into the above-mentioned meanings and forms through metaphoricization, and thus acquired homonymic forms and meanings. Sometimes borrowed words with different contents in the literary language undergo phonetic changes and have the same sound composition in dialects, and in this regard, it is characteristic when the word "mind" taken from the Arabic language is homonymous with the word "mind" in dialects. Historically, the word "aql" passed from Arabic to Azerbaijani Turkish and adapted to the transcription of our language, took the form of "mind" and means "mental, intellectual, mental", that is, it is the usual form of perception of reality in the mind, it is understood as the ability of a person to regulate his attitude to the surrounding world (9, 173 ). This word "agil" belongs to the literary language of Azerbaijan, but with another word "agil" in the Balakan, Bilasuvar, Jabrayil, Shirvan, Sheki, Zangilan dialects and dialects of our language, it means "an open place with a surrounding area prepared for keeping cattle in the summer" and in the Shirvan dialect "sheep in the village". means a place built of reeds" (4,4). Mahmud Kashgari's "Divan" shows that "mind" is used in Oghuz as an ancient Turkish word, and its modern meanings are explained. Meanings close to the meanings used in Azerbaijani dialect areas are reflected: 1) sheep bed; 2) sheep lamb; 3) sheep's horn (1, 21). Mahmud Kashgari's "Divan" contains three "ash" words with the same phonetic composition and different meanings: 1) ash = "tighten, squeeze"; 2) eat = eat, eat; 3) ash = "overcoming something" (1, 48-49). In terms of the same phonetic composition and different meanings, the word "ash" has kept its shape, but its meaning has expanded even more. Thus, in the Basarkechar dialect of the Azerbaijani language, this word means "noodles", and in the city of Ganja, it means "substance for inoculating the skin and soul" (4, 18). The word "ash" is used in the epic "Kitabi - Dede Korgud" in the sense of "food, meal, cooked" (10,95, 99, 112). The word "Ash" means "food" in the Iraqi-Turkmen dialect (11, 345). The word "ash" without any phonetic changes is used in the meanings of "meal", "pilaf", as well as "grain", "bread" in Khakas, Altai dialect, and most Turkic languages (12, 210-212). M. Huseynova writes: The word "ash" is used in most dialects and dialects of Azerbaijan in the meaning of "meal, meal, plov". More than 130 species of ash have been recorded in the Karabakh region, and also more than 30 species of ash in Guba. The word "ash" is recorded in the Turkish dictionary in three meanings: 1) any kind of food; 2) party, reception; 3) food (19, 23; 14, 210). The dialects and shivas of the Azerbaijani language have preserved all three meanings (14, 23). This word also occurs in the Mughan group and Jalilabad dialects meaning "dry food" (14, 23). The word "ash" is used in the "Divan" of Kashgari in the form of "Ashlig" in the sense of "kitchen" (15, 237). In general Kashgari gave the words "aza", "ashal", "ashla", "ashliq", "ashsha", which base is the word "ash" (15, 237). If we do not take into account slight phonetic changes, we can say based on our research that almost most of these forms and names have preserved themselves either in the literary language of Azerbaijan, or in dialect areas, or in modern Turkic languages. For example, in the literary language of Azerbaijan, the word "asghar" in the scientific name "chemistry of additives" is a verb root in the phrase "instill knowledge", in the western dialects it is a part of the word from the verb "ashirraq" (to eat), in the first component of the compound word "ashgara" placed on pilaf, etc. we can give examples of hundreds of words and compositions. Modern Tatar and Turkmen languages also use the forms and meanings of the Kashgari period. "Dinner // ashgara (meal), ashgazany (stomach, girdle), ashyaylyg (table), etc. words are used in Tatar language or Ash
dialects. In the Turkmen language, the word "ash" means "to feed" in the form of "inoculate" in the combination of "to inoculate the skin" as well as the name of common meals (8, 26). In general, the word "ash", historically formed as the name of food products, should be evaluated as a homonymous word not only for the dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language, but also for Turkic languages as a whole, which can be the subject of a separate study. The homonymy of the word "Ash" can be used against the background of the genetic connection of the Sumerian and Turkic languages. N. Huseynli and Y. Mammadova write: "If we compare the word "ash" in Sumerian and Azerbaijani Turkish, we will see that this word is phonetically identical. If we approach it semantically, we will see that it gives different meanings. In Azeri Turkish, the word "ash" is a sign of "plov". In the Sumerians, on the one hand, it means desire and desire, and on the other hand, curse and cursing. Or another example: take the word "ab", which is used in both languages. This word is also similar in terms of phonetic structure and a certain similarity is also evident from the semantic point of view. In Sumerians, the word "ab" means "sea", "window", "father", "cow", "cattle". In Azeri Turkish, this word means "water", "tears". The last word is presented in our lexicon as coming from the Persians. This is fundamentally wrong, because the migration of the Persians in the area where they live in B.C. It dates back to the 1st millennium. The predecessors of the Turkic ethnos lived in that area until the specified period and are still living there" (16, 29-30). The predicate "var" used in the modern literary language of Azerbaijan meant "there is, existing" in historical times. Mahmud Kashgari writes: "Bar, var." It is a word that shows that something is together. If one says "do you have yarmak bar mu = do you have money, then the other one says "have"" (17, 149). The predicate "bar" has preserved the meaning of "to be" in all times and this meaning is reflected in ancient Turkish written monuments (13, 83; 18, 252; 19, 14). The word "bar" is used in the Agsu dialect of the Azerbaijani language as "face of raw milk" (20,57), in the Kazakh dialect as "mold (belonging to the cow)", in the Agdam, Barda, Megri, Shusha dialects as "white warts formed on the patient's tongue and lips" ( 20, 65) has lost its predicative feature and has created homonymy in a substantive form.
Without exaggerating the scope of the study, let's talk a little in the language of schemes. For example: in ancient dictionaries and dialect areas of the Azerbaijani language, we can schematize the homonymy of the word "tugh" as follows:
Bayraq(flag) tabil (drum) Tug boncuq(tug bead)
sancaq(pin) davul(drum) ^ taxil, qapaq (grain, cap)(7, 114, 120).
These meanings are reflected in the ancient Turkish dictionaries of the word "tugh" with slight phonetic changes. Let's look at the forms and meanings in the dialect areas of the Azerbaijani language:
bayraq (Agsu, imi§li, §u§a, Zardab §ivalari) Tug flag (Aghsu, Imishli, Shusha, Zardab dialects)
dik, hundur (Agcabadi, Yevlax §ivalari) \ upright, tall(Aghjabedi, Yevlakh dialects)
Narin supurga (Agdam, Agda§, Ganca, Qax, Goygol, Minag9evir, Oguz, §aki, Ucar, Zaqatala dialekt va §ivalari) Thin broom (dialects and dialects of Aghdam, Agdash, Ganja, Gakh, Goygol, Minagchevir, Oguz, Sheki, Ujar, Zagatala) (7, 120).
As in ancient Turkish, although the homonymous meanings of the word "tugh" in the dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language are numerous, there are noticeable similarities in its general etymological meanings.
The word "gray" is given as homonymous words in Mahmud Kashgari's "Divan", and its forms and meanings in Turkish and dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language can be schematized as follows:
—- boz rang(gray colour)
Boz (gray) -pozmaq, yixmaq (to rub,break down (1, 104)
We can schematize the phonetic composition and meanings of the word "gray" in old and modern Turkish as follows:
"boz rang" (Azarbaycan, turk, qaqauz, qirgiz, noqay va s. butun turkcalarda); "gray colour" (Azerbaijani, Turkic, Gagauz, Kyrgyz, Nogai, etc. in all Turkic languages);
Boz(gray) - "poz" altay, qumuq; Altai, sand;
'buz" ba§qird, tatar; buz" tatar; 'boro" (Altay); 'pora" (Altay, 9uva§); 'boron" (yakut) (13, 167).
The homonymic picture of the word "gray" in the dialect areas of the Azerbaijani language is as follows:
"qoyunlarin amcayinda va adamlarin uzunda olan
xastalik, dari xastaliyi" (5, 72); "which is in the breast of sheep and in the face of men
disease, skin disease" (5, 72); "ciddi, kobud" (Qarakilsa, £ambarak) (5, 77); "serious, rough" (Garakilsa, Chambarak) (5, 77); "di§i qirqovul" (Ganca, imi§li, Yevlax);
И "female pheasant" (Ganja, Imishli, Yevlakh);
__^"dari xastaliyi" (Barda, §u§a);
--- "hayasiz" (Salyan); "shameless" (Salyan);
"naxi§siz, saya corab" (Goygol) (20, 62). -"Sock without pattern" (Goygol) (20, 62).
Both in ancient Turkic and in the dialectal areas of the Azerbaijani language, the word "gray" has acquired different meanings while retaining the meaning of color, which was related to the historical development and evolution of the Turks.
The result. Homonymy as a historical phenomenon determines the development of related languages and dialects. The original form and meaning of the word sometimes remain stable, and sometimes undergo certain changes, and undergo a long and multi-stage evolution. The homonymy of the ancient Turkish words in the dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language, i.e. their current form and meaning, is a logical result of their historical form and semantics. The majority of ancient Turkish words in Azerbaijani dialects have expanded and enriched the lexicon of the dialect by acquiring a homonymic feature.
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