CC BY
31УДК: 796.1
HISTORY OF WOMEN' FIGHT FOR EQUALITY IN SPORT
K.A. Kostina, I.E. Konovalov, VI. Volchkova
Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia Для связи с авторами: E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract:
The article deals with the problem of discrimination of women in the world of sports. The history of the development of women's sports is considered. The main problem of sports discrimination at the present stage of the emancipation of women's sports is identified. Keywords: history of sport, discrimination, Olympic Games.
ИСТОРИЯ БОРЬБЫ ЖЕНЩИН ЗА РАВНОПРАВИЕ В СПОРТЕ К.А. Костина, И.Е. Коновалов, В.И. Волчкова
Поволжская государственная академия физической культуры, спорта и туризма, Казань, Россия. Аннотация:
В статье рассматривается проблема дискриминации женщин в мире спорта. Рассмотрена история развития женского спорта. Обозначена основная проблема спортивной дискриминации на современном этапе эмансипации женского спорта. Ключевые слова: история спорта, дискриминация, Олимпийские игры.
Introducation. Women sport in the modern world is quite popular but not in all regions of the world, its development occurs evenly: not in all countries women can equally engage in it. This is due to the different level of development of economic, social, technical and other factors that have a decisive influence on the position of women in society and sport. In general, women sport develops extremely slowly encountering various kinds of difficulties. A number of studies on women sports noted that until recently a woman did not choose her role in sports but accepted what she was to some extent allowed by the prevailing socio-cultural prerequisites. While modern understanding of sport based on the idea of competition and records was gradually introduced into the public consciousness, women were not considered in sports ideology. The Society proceeded from the fact that women are physically as inferior as children and old people and protected them from the risk, related to the sport. The woman was not allowed to enter the sport beyond the strictly regulated the free exercises. Now that it has been proved that many of the allegedly medical restrictions imposed on women sports are in fact due to traditional prejudices, women prefer to practice
those sports to which they have an interest and ability regardless of whether it is considered suitable for them or not.
The aim of research to investigate the history of women sport.
The method of research: analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodical literature.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The development of women sports began from the time of the Antiquity. However, in the Olympic Games women were forbidden to take part, and to watch them too — the athletes were mostly naked. But the women had their own competitions: The Gereyskie games, in honor of the wife of Zeus Hera. They were held every 4 years at one time with the Olympic, that is, approximately from the VIII century BC. Pausanias (143-176) in the "Description of Greece" mentions that in Olympia there were games dedicated to Hera, in which only women participated. Their program was shorter — three races. The Romans also took the idea of women games. The first games of the Romans — Sebastian (Augustus) in Naples, held from 2 AD, and competing with the Olympic. They were founded by Emperor Augustus, and they were
held until the year 66. According to the surviving records it became known that in some competitions women took part, and women competition in the race was won by Falassia from Ephesus. So, women sport began not later than the VI century BC. Approximately 2400 years before the appearance of women competitions in modern Europe.
After the replacement of paganism in Europe with Christianity, sport has declined. The Church Doctrine considered exercises for the development of the body corrupting the soul and alienating man from God. After the conversion of Christianity into the state religion of the Roman Empire, ancient physical culture fell into decay and already in 394, under Emperor Theo-dosius, the refusal of the Olympic Games and the Olympic Chronology was followed. In the future, sports were held from time to time, only by special permits. The development of sports in the Western World stopped for a century, resuming only in the Renaissance. Progressive ideas of advanced representatives of the Renaissance, in fact, did not have a significant impact on the practice of physical education of that time, because they, firstly, far ahead of that time; secondly, in most educational institutions, the concepts of the church circles that opposed physical education were still dominant. The Humanists and Utopians gave preference to education in the family, rather than at school. Most of them were not practical teachers, they themselves adhered to such views on humanism, which were characteristic of the aristocracy. For example, games were divided into the worthy and not worthy free citizens, based not on the impact of these exercises on children but on the traditions that have developed in the society. They also neglected the physical education of women.
For development of physical culture of the New Period (from the 7th century to the beginning of the 20th century), the formation and development of the theoretical foundations of physical education, the creation and modernization of national systems of physical education and formation, and the initial development of sport are characteristic.
The greatest influence on the development of
theory and practice of physical education was provided by the pedagogical views by John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Johann Pestalozzi. In a later period, the views and ideas by Miroslav Tyrsch, Georges Demeny, Georges Eber and Niels Buk.
The largest educator-educator of the second half of the XVIII century was Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), he argued that children from a the young ages should be tempered, bathed in cold water and accustomed to the games. He recommends to apply physical exercises and games for the development of physical strength and education of the will. In his opinion, strong health is necessary to make the child wise and reasonable. Speaking about the physical education of women, Rousseau stressed that it should be limited to the development of lightness and grace. He did not attach importance to the intellectual education of women and the development of their independence and activity. A wide development of sport is observed in the late XIX and early XX century. Women emancipation, which by that time had become widespread throughout the world, also affected sports. Women organized their own sports societies and federations, participated in competitions on a par with men, which caused public discontent. Nevertheless, The First Official Women World Championship in Figure Skating took place in 1906. Another sport, in which the sports association was more liberal towards women, was swimming. In 1916 the first national swimming championship among women was held in the USA. The following year, Charlotte Epstein, a well-known American public figure, founded the Women Swimming Association in New York and won the registration of female swimming competitions for the Amateur Athletic Union of the USA. Great success was achieved by women in athletics, thanks to which women sport began to develop actively in Austria, Sweden and Russia.
In women football, one of the most famous atypical women sports has an interesting story. To achieve real recognition, women football took almost 100 years. It all began in England, where in 1895 the British Lady Football Club was founded. In the same year, the first match
of women football took place, where the Northerners defeated the Southerners with a score of 7: 1. It was real sport: the matches were collected by a decent number of spectators. Women football gained special popularity during the First World War. It was then that many young girls had to go to work for factories, and this hard work did not only spoil their health but also undermined the psyche of young English women. Social workers were ordered to organize the leisure of girls, and, oddly enough, after dancing and swimming, the football enjoyed the greatest success. But all the funds collected on the sale of tickets went to charity, so before the big sport, women football was not able to grow. In 1921 the English Football Association banned the organization of women football teams. In the early 70' the Italian Women League organized 2 unofficial "world championships" for women football. In 1971, the UEFA created The Women Committee but it did not last long. Nevertheless, in 1991, the First World Women Cup was held. Nearly 65 thousand spectators attended the final mast. Only in 1996, women football became an Olympic sport. Women boxing, like football, appeared in England in about the 20s of the XVIII century. The fighting between women was sometimes stopped by the police. In 1904, men boxing became part of Olympic sports, but for a long time women fights were only demonstrative: women went out into the ring and showed their flexibility, grace and femininity. But women did not like this state of affairs: they fought for their right to enter the ring. Only by the 70th years women fights sanctioned and imposed a four-round fight. In 2001, one of the most famous battles in the history of women boxing took place: the daughters of Mohammed Ali and Joe Frazier-Leila and Jackie met in the ring. The victory was won by Jackie. And in 2012, a woman boxing was recognized as an Olympic discipline. The date of the first ever match in women hockey has been unknown. The National Hockey League claims that in 1889 in Ottawa, women first took the sticks and went to the ice in the fight for the puck. The Canadian Hockey Association believes that this happened in 1892 in the city of Barry. At the end of the
XIX century, women hockey began to gain momentum. By the 1920s, he became particularly popular in the US and Canada, where he even created university hockey teams for girls. True during the Second World Women hockey almost disappeared, and the stick and the puck became the attributes of the exclusively men sport. The birth of women hockey began only in the 60', when women leagues began to appear and the first tournaments started. Later, in 1987, the First International Women Ice Hockey tournament was held, and in 1990 and the first World Championships. The winner was Canada, firmly established in this place for many years. Only in 1998, women hockey was recognized as the Olympic sport.
In the 21st century, the process of integrating women into the international athletic and sports movement is slow and difficult. If you look at the development of world sports, you cannot see the unfolding feminist trend in it. Despite this, in many countries, access to sports for women is closed. Women are still underrepre-sented in the world of sports. In comparison with male counterparts, the representation of women is smaller, they earn less as athletes and administrators. And as much less often than men are represented in the governing bodies of sports organizations. Despite this, every year, sport is gaining increasing popularity among women all over the world. The Islamic world is no exception. Recently, more and more Muslim women can be seen at international sports competitions. In recent years in Muslim countries at the legislative level, women are allowed to engage in many sports. The most widespread were sports such as basketball, football, boxing, light and heavy athletics and even motorcycling. Of all the Islamic countries in Iran, women's sport has become the most popular occupation for women. In the Iranian capital there is a unique park for women, where the fair sex will be able to relax and play sports in comfortable conditions. In this park there is an indoor and outdoor swimming pool, tennis courts, a football field, a roller-skating ground. Bicycle paths are laid throughout the park.
At the Olympic Games, it is increasingly possible to see athletes from Muslim countries.
At the last London Olympics in 2012, athletes from countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Afghanistan, Qatar, Brunei and Saudi Arabia performed. They took part in competitions in tennis, boxing, weightlifting and other disciplines.
Little known fact - in the east every four years are the Olympic Games for Muslim women. For the first time these competitions were held in the Iranian capital in 1993. Since then, they are held every four years. In 2004, participants from non-Muslim countries were even invited to the competitions. At the Olympics, Muslim women are represented in 18 main sports disciplines: archery, gymnastics, judo, volleyball, basketball, golf, karate, squash, tennis, table tennis, swimming, handball, badminton, shooting, mini football, taekwondo, light athletics and ping-pong for women with disabilities. Results and discussion. The participation of women in the sporting life of the society casts doubt on discrimination and a variety of gender stereotypes, and therefore can become a means for promoting gender equality and empowering women. Involving women in the physical culture and sports movement can help society start to perceive women as leaders and decision-makers, especially in areas where men traditionally dominate.
One of the main problems is that the world of sport is considered a world of male values. Unlike physical education, sports, whether amateurish, professional or adaptive, involve competition, struggle with oneself and with an opponent, overcome, courage, cult of reaching the limit of physical possibilities and even aggression. In the minds of the population of our planet, all these things are closely associated with "masculine" qualities. If these qualities are absent, and vice versa, there is weakness, compliance, reluctance to go to a conflict, the desire to enjoy the process, and not squeeze all the juices for the sake of the result - all this is associated with female behavior. But, in fact, none of the above characteristics is purely feminine or masculine - all these are questions solely of the type of personality, upbringing and enthusiasm for the deed. Against this background, immediately, we get a paradox: the insufficiently aggressive
young hockey player the coach will say that he plays "like a woman", and a well-serving tennis player will hear that she "beats like a man". Thus, from women in sports require a mythical masculinity, although in the focus on the result there is nothing unfeminine. At the present stage, the emancipation of women, including women's sports, has led to the fact that such sports as wrestling, boxing, football, hockey, and weightlifting ceased to be purely masculine [4]. Women began to take part in competitions but when they approach success in these "male" sports, the same story happens. If a woman does not show "male" results, then, in the eyes of the chauvinists, it is normal, since a female sport can exist, but it should always be "lower" than a male one. If a woman starts to approach her results to men, then it is easiest to brand her "a man in a skirt" and begin to demand complete disqualification, which leads to gender scandals in sports and sex tests. Conclusion. 1. In the modern world, in the mainstream of the worldwide trends of changing the social importance of women, her body image as a whole is transformed, and accordingly, the attitude to participation in the international sports and sports movement. Women's sport is becoming more popular and developed. Representatives of the weaker sex now take part in such "male" sports as hockey, boxing and even weightlifting. But, despite all these positive changes, sporting discrimination against women still exists in the world sports movement. 2. Analyzing the participation of women in sports life, it was found that the main problem of sports discrimination is that the world of sport is considered a world of men's values. And those qualities that are associated with women's behavior are not characteristic for sports activities. This leads to the fact that the results of women that are approaching the results of men are contested, which provokes gender scandals. That is why there are such changes as the refusal of the naming of sports behavior "masculine", the more massive involvement of women in sports and the integration of male and female sports. And the further they advance, the less inequality, disrespect and humiliation will be in sports.
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СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ:
Костина Кристина Анатольевна (Kostina Kristina Anatolievna) - аспирант кафедры теории и методики физической культуры и спорта Поволжской государственной академии физической культуры, спорта и туризма, e-mail: [email protected]
Коновалов Игорь Евгеньевич - доктор педагогических наук, доцент Поволжской государственной академии физической культуры, спорта и туризма, e-mail: [email protected]
Волчкова Венера Ильдусовна - кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, зав. кафедрой иностранных языков и языкознания Поволжской государственной академии физической культуры, спорта и туризма, e-mail: [email protected]
