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HISTORY OF LANGUAGES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
COUNTRIES
S.Shermamatova
Teacher of Fergana State University, S.Yusupova
Student of Faculty of Foreign language and literature, Fergana State University.
ABSTRACT
This article deal with the history and evolution of languages in countries between England and Uzbekistan, as well as how, when, where, and whom created these languages. It will show Old, Middle, Early Modern, Modern English languages and Classification, Number of speakers, Etymology and Background, History, Writing systems, Dialects, Grammar, Word order in Uzbek languages and etcetera. Furthermore, we will analyze the history of the English people, the culture of England, the pedagogical field (education), And Uzbek history and Uzbek languages researchers.
Keywords: Ingvaeonic languages, Celtic Languages, Anglo-saxon kingdoms, The Late West Saxon, The North Germanic languages, The Scandivian Vikings, Anglian dialects, The Norman conguest Romance Langue, orthography, William Shakespeare, Renaissance, lingua Greek, lingua franca, Tungri, Batowi, Menapil, Frisii loanwords, runic, futhorc, Beowulf, Vikings, creole, diglossia, Koine, bilingualism, morphological, prestige language, capitalization, umlout, i-mutation, palatalization.
В этой статье рассматривается история и эволюция языков в странах между Англией и Узбекистаном, а также то, как, когда, где и кем были созданы эти языки. Он покажет старый, средний, ранний современный, современный английский язык и классификацию, количество носителей, этимологию и происхождение, историю, системы письма, диалекты, грамматику, порядок слов в узбекских языках и так далее. Кроме того, мы проанализируем историю английского народа, культуру Англии, педагогическую область (образование), узбекскую историю и исследователей узбекского языка.
Ключевые слова: ингвеонские языки, кельтские языки, англосаксонские королевства, поздний западный саксонский, северогерманские языки, скандинавские викинги, английские диалекты, норманнский conguest Romance Langue, орфография, Уильям Шекспир, Ренессанс, лингва греческий, лингва франка, тунгри , батови, менапил, фризские заимствования, рунический,
АННОТАЦИЯ
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футорк, беовульф, викинги, креол, диглоссия, койне, билингвизм, морфологический, престижный язык, капитализация, умлаут, i-мутация, палатализация.
INTRODUCTION
English is a West Germanic language. It was originated from Ingvaeonic languages in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from northwest Germany, southern Denmark, and the Netherlands. The Anglo-Saxons settled in the British Isles from the mid-5th century. Their languages originated as an ingvaeonic languages that were spoken by settlers in England, southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. The Anglian dialects had a greater influence on Middle English. The Old English was replaced by Anglo-Norman, after the Norman conquest in 1066. During the Old English or Anglo-Saxon era, the English language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman. Normans spoke a Romance langue called Old Norman. Many Norman and French loanwords got into the local language in this period, particularly in vocabulary related to the church, the court system and the government.
In the late 15th century, Middle English was spoken. The orthography system was established during the Middle English, it is still use today. Later changes becomes in pronunciation. Important pronunciation changes included the ongoing Great Vowel Shift in this period, tha affected most long vowels. English in today came to be exported parts of the world through British colonization, and is now the dominant language in Britain and Ireland, the United States and Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many smaller colonies, as well as widely spoken in India, parts of Africa, and elsewhere.
These days, due to affect of the United States and globalized attempts of commerce and technology. English got the status of a global lingua franca in the second half of the 20th century. This is true in Europe countries, English is used to conduct business and diplomacy, share scientific, and technological information and communicate national boundaries. And also, English is spoken as a second language for many other groups. The languages were spoken by Germanic people in Britain,part of the West Germanic language family. They were consisted of dialects and spoken North Sea coast, Denmark, north-west Germany and the Netherlands. These dialect had significant grammatical inflection and vocabulary.
The number of different dialects were spoken by Germanic settlers, which came Anglo-Saxons. There were four main dialects formed in later Old English period, they were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon.
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In the 8th century, Old English was first written a runic script called the futhorc, however it was replaced by Irish missioners. The most popular work is Beowulf from the Old English period. Over 400 Latin loan words were encouraged into Old English, such as priest, paper, and school, and number of loan words.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Today most native English speakers find Old English impossible to understand, even though Modern English have Old English roots. For instance, grammar and word order are similar with modern German. Late 8th century Norway and Denmark started to raid parts of Britain, nevertheless a main invasion was launched Anglo-Saxons which were called Great Heathen Army.
In the early 10th century these area were recaptured by the English under Edward the Elder. The Anglo-Saxon spoke a North Germanic language. The settlers often found new communities in areas. The Old English and Old Norse speakers contact with each others. While the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in half of 11th century, a type of diglossia came with the West Saxon literary language. During the ended of Danish rule, the Norse language decreased and process became language shift and language death. Then the bilingualism happened in many places among many people. Old English writing are found only 100 or 150 words connected with government and administration. These words were encouraged by Scandinavian rule in the Danelaw.
Furthermore, Old English texts are based on the West Saxon and developed in Danelaw. All in all, English lent about 2000 words from Old Norse. Norse borrowings contain most common words, for example anger, bag, both, hit, law, leg, same, skill, sky, take, window, and even the pronoun they. The phrasal verbs are spreaded in English, with grammatical development.
Middle English spoken from the time of Norman Conquest from 1066 to end of the 15th century. The Norman kings, Nobles in England spoke Anglo-Norman language. During 15th century, English extensive sound changes, while its spelling conventions remained. Modern English is dated from Great Vowel Shift. The language was transformed in government and administration, and also tended to regularize capitalization. As a result, some self-conscious terms acquired, for example ,, accent " and ,, dialect " . In Europe, a few English letters such as b and o died, for some time be was written as ye. William Shakespeare had lived and had written many works mid 16th - early 17th century. At that time the language became recognizable as Modern English. The first English was ,,A Table Alphabetical". It was published in 1604. The literacy was increased and travel was facilitated with many foreign words, particularly borrowings from Latin and Greek languages in the
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17th century. Latin words were accustomed with their original inflection, however these eventually became extinct. There are many words in languages and their spellings are variable. They have risk of mispronunciation words. During this period loan words were borrowed from Italian, German and Yiddish.
In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first authoritative and full-featured English dictionary, that was named Dictionary of the English Language. It was standardized both English spelling and word usage with high degree. Lowth, Murray, Pnestly attempted grammar texts. Early Modern English and Late Modern English were called Present-Day English, various with in vocabulary. Many more words are increasing from the Industrial Revolution in Late Modern English.
400 million people speak two major varieties of languages, they are British English and North American English. At this time computer and online environments, such as chat rooms, social media expressions and apps, develop and the English as a worldwide lingua franca across cultures, customs, and traditions.
The English has some changes with vowels and consonants over the last 1200 years. And also pronunciation, short', mat' , met' , bit' , cot' , long'mate , bite' , coat'. We can see changes in words, numbers, and etcetera.
Other changes in modern English were homorganic lengthening before id, mb, nd which accounts for the long vowels child, mind, climb. Pre-cluster shortening, that resulted in the vowel in child vs children, keep vs kept, meet vs met. Trisyllabic laxing, which responsible for alternations, for instance grateful vs gratitude, divine vs divinity, sole vs solitary.
Recent changes have been development of rhotic and non-rhotic accents, and many dialects in British English, American English and Australian English. There are based on some examples for vowel changes in Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, Modern English and Modern Spelling, such as oak, boat, whole, stone, heat, beat, cheap, feed, deep, me, be, ride, time, mice, moon, food, do, mouse, out, loud, man, sat, wax, name, help, tell, speak, meat, written, sit, god, nose, over.
The declension system in English language similar to Latin, Greek, modern German and Icelandic. Old English differentiate among the nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive cases. In addition to this, the dual number was distinguished from the singular and plural. During the Middle English period declension greatly simplified.
In some dialects ,,who" ,,whom" ,,whose" ,,what" ,,why" are used differently in Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.
Hwa-who-who, hwone-whom-whom, who, hwaes-whos-whose, hwaet-what, hwaet, hwam-what,whom-what, hwy,hwon-why-why, hwaes-whos-whos.
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Old English epic poem in alliterative verse is BEOWULF. It was dated from the 8th to the early 11th centuries. It was translated by Francis Barton Gummere. This poem was composed around 700 by an unknown author. It is a tale of journey. These journeys between kingdom and people, between world human and monstrous, between life and death. This poem with eponymous hero who wounded by a fire-breathing wyrm (dragon) that had killed all his family. The end of life was a new beginning for the Anglo-Saxons, and the verb ,to die' was the same as to ,go on a journey'. When the story was completed, Beowulf dead and the poem's own journey begins. ,, Beowulf " is 3182 lines long, approximately 80 or 90 pages in book length.
The history of Uzbek language.
Uzbek language is known as Turki or Western Turki, and Turkic language is spoken by Uzbek. This language is official language in Uzbekistan, Uzbek language is spoken either native or second language by 44 million people around the world, 34 million speakers live in Uzbekistan, 4.5 million in Afghanistan and 5 million in the rest of Central Asia. It belongs to the Eastern Turkic or Karluk branch of the Turkic language family. Uzbek language is observed as well as Karluk language Uyghur. The Uzbek government stated that Uzbekistan plans fully transition from the Cyrilic script to a Latin alphabit in February 2021. And also a Latin-based alphabit by 1 January 2023. Uzbek language is a sub-group of Turkic languages, it is member of the Karluk languages. The Altaic language family includes Mongolic, Japonic, Koreanic and Tungusic languages. The two language families, which are Altaic languages and Uralic languages are related to hypothesis. The fact that these languages share three features: agglutination, vowel harmony and lack of grammatical gender. And mutual intelligibility has a high degree.
Uzbek is the most widely spoken language in Uzbekistan and whole of Central Asia. This language declared official language of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in the autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan . The Uzbek language is exposed through media. TV channels and Radios are regulated in the Uzbek language. Moreover, this language is spoken by other ethnic groups outside Uzbekistan. The popular of Uzbek media include Uzbekfilm and RizanovaUZ, has spread among the Post-sovet states, especially in Central Asia in recent years.
Most Uzbek s commonly choose the Russian Federation in search work. Most of them are seasonal workers. According to Russian government statistics, 4.5 million workers from Uzbekistan, 920,000 from Kyrgyzstan, 2.4 million from Tajikistan were working in Russia in 2021.
Estimates that the number of speakers of Uzbek language, from 35 up to 40 million. Historically, the Uzbek language are totally different with Kipchak origin.
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The language was similar to Kazakh, however it is dissimilar lexically, phonetically, and grammatically. Turki language was changed to Chagatai by western scholars due to Chagatai Khanate. The 15th century Ali-Shir Nava'i identity an Uzbek. At least 600-650 CE Turkic speakers settled the Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Zarafshon river.
In the 9th-12th centuries, the first Turkic dynasty was Kara-Khanid Khanate who were a confederation of Karluks, Chigils, Yaghma, and other tribes.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language was championed by Ali-Shir Nava'i. Nava'i was the greatest delegative of Chagatai language literature. He contributed the increasing of Chagatai language and Uzbek literature. Chagatai include large Persian and Arabic loanwords.
Popular Uzbek ruler Shaybani Khan wrote poetry "Shibani". A collection of poems were written Turkic literary language in the Central Asia by Shaybani Khan. Currently, it is kept in the Topkapi manuscript collection in Istanbul.His philosophical and religious work is ,,Bahr ul-Khudo" It was written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508. It is located in London. Koran was recited by Shaybani-khan's nephew Ubaydulla Khan and provided with commentaries in the Turkic language. Ubaydulla wrote works, poetry in Turkic, Persian, Arabic.
The leader of the semi-nomadic Uzbeks, Sheibani Khan wrote poems in Turkic language in the 16th century. He was born in 1451. And he passed away in 1510.
The next Uzbek poet is Turdiy who had lived 17th century. He wrote his poems in Turki literary language. He estimated that, Although our people are divided, but these are all Uzbeks of ninety-two tribes. We have different names - we all have the same blood. We are one people, and we should have one law. Floors, sleeves and collars - it's all - one robe, So the Uzbek people are united, may they in peace.
Next poet is Sufi Allayar who had lived in 1633 and passed away in 1721. And also he was an outstanding Uzbek theologian and some of his leaders of the Bukhara Khanate. He wrote some books in Turki language and one is called ,,Sabatul-azhizin" At that time he often read and appreciated in Central Asia.
Uzbek language was spoken around Bukhara and Samarkand. Turki was a Karluk language spoken in the Fergana Valley and Qashqadaryo Region, and in some parts of Samarkand Region. It contained Persian and Arabic, and didn't have vowel harmony. It became official language and dialect of Uzbekistan.
Kazakh scholar Serali Lapin lived at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. He said one significant sentence, "there is no special Sart language different from Uzbek". The second half of the 19th century, Russian researchers like L.N.Sobolev, believed that: "Sart is not a special tribe, as many tried to prove. Sart is
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences
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indifferently called both Uzbek and Tajik, who live in the city and are engaged in trade".
A variety of scripts have been written in Uzbek language throughout history:
1000-1920s: The traditional Arabic script, firstly in the Qaraklanid standard and nextly in the Chagatai standard. This is the golden age of the Uzbek language and literary history.
1920-1928: the Arabic-based Yana imla alphabet.
1928-1940: the Latin-based Yanalif was imposed officially.
1940-1992: the Cyrillic script was used officially.
Since 1992: Switch back to Latin script, with heavy holdover usage of Cyrilic.
2019: reform of the Latin script.
2021: reform of the Latin script.
In spite of the official status the Latin script in Uzbekistan, the Cyrilic is still widespread, particularly in advertisements and signs, newspaper, scripts, articles in Cyrilic. However the Arab script is no longer used in Uzbekistan.
Modern Latin alphabet
A a B b D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v X x Y y Z z O' o' G' g' Sh sh Ch ch Ng ng
Cyrilic alphabet
A a E 6 B b r r ^ g E e E e K ^ 3 3 H h H h K k R ^ M m H h O o n n P p C c T t y y O $ X x Ц ц Ц h m m L t b b 3 э ro ro £ a y y K k F f X x
Plural nouns are formed suffix -lar. There are 6 types of cases in Uzbek language. 1-nominative, it has no suffix. 2-genitive, suffix -ning (of the house). 3-dative, suffix-ga(to the house). 4-definite accusative, suffix -ni(the house). 5-locative, suffix -da(in the house). 6-ablative, suffix -dan(from the house).
And there are 3 possessive cases with singular and plural. 1st singular is 'im', 1st plural is 'imiz' , 2nd singular is 'ing' , 2nd plural is 'ingiz' , 3rd singular is 'i'(si).
Finite tense suffixes: Present-future -ay, Focal present -yap, Momentary present -yotir, Progressive present -moqda, Definite past -di, Indefinite past -gan, Indirective past -ib, Definite -ajak, Obligatory future -adigani/ydigan, Imperative -no/ing (formal).
These are pronouns: men-I, biz-We, sen-You (informal singular), siz-You (formal singular and plural), sizlar-You(plural), u-he/she/it, ular-They.
There are three dialect groups in Uzbek language, such as Karluk dialect, Kipchak dialect, Oghuz dialect. Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and the Fergana
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Valley are Karluk dialect. Surxondaryo region through north-central Uzbekistan into Karakalpakstan, Kazakh and Kyrgyz are spoken The Kipchak dialect. Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border are spoken to the Oghuz dialect.
In the 19th century European and Russian orientalists had scientific interest in the history. They are A. Vambery, V. Bartold, Sh. Lapin. E.Polivanov, N.Baskakov, U.Tursunov, A. Mukhtarov, Sh. Rakhmatullaev were paid their attention to the study of the history of the language in the Sovet period.
CONCLUSION
In this article I have tried to point out history of languages between English and Uzbek countries. The analyses has shown The Periods of British literature and Uzbek literature. The following words are based on this article. They are Old English, Middle English, The Reneissance, Neoclassical Period, (Enlightenment/ Age of Reason), Romantics, Victorian Era, Edwardian Period, Modernism, Postmodernism and Contemporary. I afforded to give some information about these. And also, I have written some details about Uzbek language and famous people.
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