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8PECULIARITIES OF LETTERS IN FRENCH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Dilfuza Mystafoyevna Nosirova
The teacher of Pedagogical institute of the Bukhara State University, The department of
Foreign languages
ABSTRACT
According to the Law on Education, the National Training Program, new educational institutions have been built, and the existing ones have been reconstructed and repaired in accordance with modern standards. In the framework of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education" and the National Program of Personnel Training, a comprehensive system of teaching foreign languages, is the formation of a harmoniously developed, educated, modern-minded young generation , a system aimed at further integration of the republic into the world community has been created.
Silent letter is part of a word that written but not spoken. Silent letter can sometimes join with other letters to form part of a word. Silent letters exist in many English words and French words as well. Because of this, they often cause confusion and sometimes embarrassment when they are accidentally spoken.One of the reasons why silent letters are used in English, French and some other languages relates to following. During the formation evolution of English and French many foreign words were assimilated or absorbed in the language in Latin ,Germanic , Greek words were readily added to early English and French as was the spelling. All natural languages change and because they change, they have histories. Every language changes in different ways, so their histories are unique and different. The history of a given language is the description of how it has changed over time.
Key words: formation evolution, natural languages, further integration, modern educational, silent letter
INTRODUCTION
The pronunciation of some of the words were simplified , while others were completely changed .This is why in modern languages which is being learned you will see many silent letters placed in common words. 53 Another reason for the use of silent letters is to avoid confusion between words with similar sounds and spelling. For example: plum- plumb ;hole-whole and others. In this regard, it is useful to distinguish the external history from the internal history. The former concerns the events that have happened to the speakers of Old English leading to changes in the language, for example, the Norman invasion that made French the official language of England for about three hundred years, which profoundly affected the English language, whereas the internal history refers to the changes that occur within the language itself and cannot be
attributed directly to external forces. Since the Norman Conquest in 1066 and over the centuries, the Gallicisms or French expressions have been able to take root into the English lexicon thanks to the History that both languages have shared. It is worth noticing that the process of the linguistic transfer is somewhat complex. The conventionality of the lexicon is a process that gradually leads a lexical item to its introduction into a linguistic community. Through the contact with the speakers of the receiving language, the lexicon progressively takes the main features, such as pronunciation, of the said language. English has experienced many periods during which there have been different successive waves of loanwords from French and above all from Norman French.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Also there are many words in English which use Silent letters, that more the same sound as other letters: threw - through , right- write. They make the same sound but as you can see the spelling is very differrent.Especially , ''h'' is considered as the silent letter in French, for example, l'homme, habiter, l'habitude, héros, hiver and others. Some silent letters seem to have no logical purpose at all , for example: The ''b'' in ''comb'' , ''womb'' , ''bomb'' in English, ,,banale'' , ''fatale'' , ''natale'' and others. There is only one letter changes between these words , yet they are pronounced differently . Other words containing Silent letters such as ,compaign'', ''rhythm '' , ''bureau''in English , but in French ''fer--faire'', ''le--l'eau'', ''quand--can'', ''mais-mes, maire- mes'' They are taken directly from other languages . The most common Silent languages are: B, H , K , T , U, W in English , and E , H, CH, R, T,Q etc. But the letter ''X'' is not a Silent letter in English .It starts a word by being pronounced as ''z'' . Such as in ''xylophone'' , and ''xenofobiya''. This particular use stems from the language of the ancient Greeks. There is also the letter ''X'' which is silent letter in French such as '' l' exercise'', '' l'exemple''. The letter ''s'' is not pronounced as ''z'' when it comes between vowels ,like that, la française, I'exercise,xenobhobie, xylophone, xeresandthe letter ''x'' is the silent letter in these words: ''doux'' , ''douteoux'', ''here you can see more examples: French, like English, is not written phonetically. Vowels can be represented by several different letter combinations and many letters are actually not pronounced. The final consonant of many words is silent. Sometimes a final c, f, l or rare pronounced though. Final c, f, l, r silent: blanc cléf outil parler franc cerf sourcil chercher tabac nerf gentil habiteres tomac persil fermer Final c, f, l, r pronounced: bouc œuf fil car lac sauf avril mer avec veuf civil pour donc actif col hiver Similar to English, final -e in most words is not pronounced. For feminine adjectives and nouns, this generally means that the final consonant of the masculine form will now be pronounced. Masculine and Feminine vert verte , grandgrande , canadien canadienne , boulanger boulangère, chat chatte. A few silent letters were placed in French orthography for the prestige of being more similar to Latin. Other
letters are now silent for other historical reasons (i.e. perhaps the pronunciation changed, but the spelling did not.) The following words all have silent letters: 54 Sept, rang, fils, trop, rompt, sang, pouls,camp, aspect, œil, saoul, chocolat, instinct, fauteuil, cul, credit, pied, ail, renault, riz, nid, drap, sirop, nez.A few plural nouns change their pronunciations to include silent letters, whereas these consonants are pronounced in the singular form: un œuf , des œufs, un bœuf, des bœufs, un os, des os. Here some more examples in English Silent B lamb [lœm] , lambs [lœmz] , jamb [jœm] , climb [klaim], climbed [claimd], limb [lim] ,limbs [limz] ,bomb [bom] , bombs [bomz] , bomber ['bomsr] ,comb [koum] , combed [koumd] . Silent C Connecticut [ks'netikst], indict [in'dait] , indictment [in'daitmsnt] , victuals ['vitlz] , to victual ['vitl], Corpuscle [ko:rpss9l], ['ko:rpssl] But: corpuscular [ko^'psskysbr] , muscle ['msssl], ['mssl] , But: muscular ['msskyslsr]. Silent D handkerchief ['hœqksrchi:f], handsome ['hœnssm], Wednesday ['w enzdei]. Silent E late [leit] , lately ['leitli], race [rei] , racehorse ['reisho:rs] , save [seiv] , saved [seivd] , life [laif] , lifeless ['laiflis], drive [draiv] , driveway ['draivwei] , note [nout] , notebook ['noutbuk] Silent GH high [hai] , sigh [sai], thigh [0ai] , weigh [wei], neighbor, neighbour ['neiborhud], dough [dou] , though [ôou] , through [0ru:] , thorough ['Gsrou], ['Gars] , thoroughly ['Gsrsli] , But: laughter ['lœftsr], ['la:ftsr]. Silent H hour ['ausr], honor, honour ['onsr], honest ['onist] , heir [ear] , But: inherit [in'herit] , inheritance [in'heritsns] But: who [hu:] , whom [hu:m], whose [hu:z] Silent K know [nou], knit [nit] , knee [ni:],kneel [ni:l] , knife [naif], knives [naivz] , knight [nait], knock [nok] Silent L calm [ka:m] , balm [ba:m] , palm [pa:m] , salmon ['sœmsn] , almond ['a:msnd], ['œmsnd]. Silent M mnemonic [ni'monik], [ni:'monik] , mnemonics [ni'moniks], [ni:'moniks] . Silent N autumn ['o:tsm] But: autumnal [o:'t9mnsl] , column ['kolsm] But: columnar [ks'lemner]. Silent P pneumonia [nu'mounis], [nyu:'mounis], pneumatic [nu'mœtik], [nyu:'mœtik] , psalm [sa:m] , psalms [sa:mz] , psalmist [sa:mist] , psychology [sai'kolsgi] , psychologist [sai'kolsgist] , psyche ['saiki], psychic ['saikik]. But: corpse [ko:rps] , corpus ['ko:rpss]. SilentS aisle [ail] , aisles [ailz] , island ['ailsnd] , islands ['ailsndz] , isle [ail] , isles [ailz]. Silent T 55 listen ['lissn] ,glisten ['glissn] fasten ['fœssn], ['fa:sn], fastener ['fœssnsr], ['fa:s9nsr] ,But: fast [fœst], hasten ['heissn] , But: haste [heist]. Silent W who [hu:], whom [hu:m], whose [hu:z] , whole [houl] ,wrack [rœk] ,wrangle ['rœqgsl], ['rœqgl] , wrangler [rœqglsr] ,wrap [rœp] two [tu:] , But: twice [twais], twenty ['twenti] , twins [twinz]. English words that contain Silent letters: crumb , climb, thumb, lamb, doubt, limb, plumber , bomb, why, when, which, what , weather, ghost , white, while , honest, knot , knitting , know, knee , soften , listen , match, butcher, castle , guard , guess , guitar , guest , tongue , wreck , wrestling , whole , two , wrong. Instead of saying ''when'' a person might say ''when. Instead of ''what'' we might say '' what'', just let the sound leave our lips naturally. In French there are also words that considered Silent letters like that le vent, le serpent , la serre, nous mangeons , langue, longue, la guitar, le match
,trop, There is no doubt that Silent letters course confusion for everyone including native English students.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We can compare letters with its placement within words. It is great way of familiarizing yourself with not only the spelling words. He was the foremost authority of his generation on medieval French language and lexicography. His greatest academic legacy was probably his editorship of the online Anglo-Norman Dictionary, which records the variety of French introduced to Great Britain by the Norman conquest of 1066. There are big differences in pronunciation of 3 languages: there are special rules of pronunciation in French which Uzbek and English languages don to have. However, similarities can be noticed between these languages, as they belong to one family.
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