CC BY
0
HISTORY OF EXPRESSION OF THE CATEGORY OF MODALITY IN ENGLISH
AND KYRGYZ LANGUAGES
A.Sh. Sabirova1, Lecturer
K.M. Kaparova2, Associate Professor
Bekbolot kyzy Nazgul1, Lecturer
K.M. Mominzhanova1, Graduate Student
1Osh State University
2Osh Technological University
(Kyrgyzstan, Osh)
DOLW.24412/2500-1000-2024-4-5-61-64
Abstract. Two main aspects of studying modal verbs of English and Kyrgyz languages can be distinguished in the scientific literature: they can be considered from theoretical and practical points of view. The article analyses the historical path of development of English and Kyrgyz modal verbs. The aim of the article is to analyse English and Kyrgyz modal verbs in diachronic and synchronic aspects.
Keywords: modality, modal words, language, validity, invalidity, category, grammar, linguistics.
General linguistics has a long history of studying the category of modality. Indeed, since the 1950s, modality has been the subject of extensive special studies as a category in its own right. The complexity of the nature of modality has led to the emergence of views that negate each other and are rather contradictory. The nature of the category of modality, its attributes and composition, its relation to logic and linguistics, logical and emotive, inner and outer, and so on, are variously defined by linguists. For example, Sh. Bally, E. Benveniste, G. Beck, W. Diver, W. Flamie state that the forms of modality are realised through inductive, interrogative, exclamatory phrases which express the main positions of the speaker, and A.A. Shakhmatov states that the forms of modality are realised through inductive, interrogative, exclamatory phrases which express the main positions of the speaker. Others define modality as the attitude of the content of the sentence to reality. According to some linguists, modality covers the functional-semantic sphere, starting from the logical-grammatical level of sentence construction. It also includes emotionalexpressive modal meanings. Modality, therefore, is defined as a functional-semantic category possessing both logico-philosophical and grammatical properties, objective and subjective characteristics.
To understand the modern state of speech, of grammar, of sound, of vocabulary, we need to look at each phenomenon of modern speech as the familiar result of a long historical development, as the result of a series of changes and transformations which occurred over a longer or shorter period.
The tongue can never be at a standstill. It is constantly evolving, like everything else in nature and society. The law of gradual transition of language from one quality to another is one of the basic and most important laws of language development. In this case, there is a slow accumulation of elements of the new quality and a slow extinction of elements of the old quality. If we look at specific cases of historical change in the English language, the effect of this law is very clear.
Since modality is a central linguistic category and has a universal character, the problem of the evolution of modality in different languages is of particular importance at the present stage of linguistic development. The main focus is on modal expressions, especially modal words and modal verbs, because they express possibilities and necessities. The analysis of pragmatics and modality at different linguistic levels, namely lexical and textual, is no less important at the current stage of language development [1].
The study of modality in linguistics has come a long way. It is necessary to make a distinction between the following types of modality:
1. The modality of validity means that the content is expressed from the point of view of the speaker and corresponds to objective reality. The subject perceives what is reported as a real and reliable fact.
2. The modality of invalidity, on the other hand, means that the content of what is reported does not correspond to objective reality. The subject does not perceive what is reported as real, i.e. as possible, desirable, presumed, doubtful, etc. The following semantic types are subdivided into the modality of invalidity:
- Modality of necessity and oughtness;
- Modality of possibility and impossibility;
- Modality of presumption (hypothetical);
- Modality of induction (imperative);
- Modality of intention (intensional modality);
- Modality of desirability (optative modality) [2].
The broadest approach can be considered to be the one in which modality is correlated with the notion of modus, as opposed to dictum. "The part of an utterance that conveys the main message is usually called dictum, and the part associated with the speaker's subjective attitude to the message is called modus". This is the view of modality held by Charles Bally, who defines the logical function of modality as "expressing the thinking subject's reaction to the utterance". Bally calls modality "the soul of the sentence". He believes that "one cannot give the meaning of a sentence to an utterance if it does not contain at least some expression of modality". Among the means of expressing modality, Charles Bally refers to modal verbs and the tendency of dictal verbs. By modal verbs, Bally means verbs that contain what logicians call an assertion, where we are dealing with a judgement (about a fact or a value), e.g. to think, to rejoice, or to wish. The combination of a modal verb with a modal subject (that is, the subject of the modal verb) forms a modus. This is in contrast to a dictum [3].
The English language has its roots in the depths of ancient times. This means that long
before the 5th century AD, when the ancestors of modern Englishmen were still living on the European continent, the elements of modern English were established.
There's no doubt that the Anglo-Saxons, the Franks, the Bavarians and the Alemanni were related and belonged to the large family of Germanic peoples. Let us assume that these peoples, having a related language, perceived reality in a similar way. Therefore, they had a similar, if not identical, way of expressing modality, including internal modality.
In the ancient Germanic languages there was a small but very important group of preterite present verbs. These verbs were used very often. Because they are the origin of modal verbs, the main means of expressing internal modality, the verbs of this group are of particular interest. In fact, it is a group of strong verbs that lost some forms in the prewritten period. However, they kept and acquired others, changing their lexical and grammatical meaning.
In early modern English, the impersonal forms have been lost. Only the personal forms were left over. The verb will, would, is added to the group of modal verbs at the end of the Middle English period. It functions as an auxiliary of the future and analytical forms of the subjunctive, parallel to shell, should. On the other hand, it is now no longer different from the other modal verbs. Its proximity to them is strangely reflected in the history of the pronunciation of could, should, would - a history of complex analogies [4].
Modality in modern English is realised at the grammatical, lexical and intonational levels, or in the parts of an utterance as a whole. It has different ways of being expressed. It is expressed by different grammatical and lexical means: special forms of tenses, modal verbs (e.g., may, must, can), other modal words (e.g., perhaps, likely), intonational means, and so on. Modal verbs consists of a small number of verbs that stand out from the rest of the verbs by a number of characteristic features in their meaning, their use and their grammatical forms. The verbs 'can', 'may' and 'must' are usually referred to as modal verbs. The verbs to have to, to be to, ought to, shall,
will, should are the equivalents of modal verbs.
The category of modality in Turkology has been the subject of special research in the twentieth century in the works of A.N. Kononov, Baskakov, N.A. Dmitriev, A.A. Yuldashev, N.K. Agadze,
D.G. Tumasheva, M.Z. Zakiev and others. For example, lexical, morphological and syntactic ways of expressing modality in Turkic languages are defined by
A.N. Nurmakhanova.
It should be noted that such scholars as K. Tynystanov, B.M. Yunusaliev,
I.A. Batmanov, N. Sharsheev, J. Zhusaev, Z.K. Derbisheva and others have studied the category of modality and the means of its expression in the Kyrgyz language. After the publication of I.A. Batmanov's book on the morphology of the Kyrgyz language in 1955, a new approach to the study of the language's modal words as a separate group of words began. Here, modality is defined as the way in which the point of view, the thought of the speaker is expressed.
In Kyrgyz linguistics, modal meanings are conveyed by the categories of verb inflection, modal particles, collocations, intonation and a group of modal words, according to the general opinion of linguists.
Initially, modal words were called kayirmalar, joopchuldar, and later modal words were considered as part of verbs. In the Morphology of the Kyrgyz Language in 1948, modal words were studied as a part of function words such as tangyuchtar "to negate", bolzhoguchtar "to assume" [5].
Academician B.O. Oruzbayeva regards modal words and modal particles as auxiliary
provide the main word in the sentence with additional expressive, emotional and other connotations: ariyne - but, albette - of course, sozcuz - inevitable.
In summary, modal words in Kyrgyz languages are a separate group of words with special functional-semantic features. However, they cannot be considered as separate (independent) or service words, since they are characterised by grammatical, lexical and semantic features of belonging to one or the other group of words. It should be noted, of course, that the words albette 'certainly', balkim 'perhaps', chyndygynda 'really' are only considered as modal words. Modal words like yras 'truth', mumkun 'perhaps, it is possible', yktymal 'probably', kerek 'it is necessary', zaryl "necessary", siyaktuu "as if, as if, as if, similarly", imish "they say, mol", ondonot/korunot/okshoyt "it seems, as if1', etc. , are of inter-particular character, being used both as a modal and as a prepositional phrase, adverb, verb, etc. [6].
In everyday practice, in Kyrgyz colloquial speech as well as in literary language, almost all of the given basic modal sentences with the semeem "mildettuluk" contain only various modal particles (gana "only", dele "and, too", dal "exactly", oto "very", etc.), modal words (ariyne "of course", albette "of course", chynynda "really, in fact, in reality", oto "very", etc.), as well as various interjections, introductory constructions, extended syntactic formations expressing only subjectivity. Thus, in contrast to English (which describes only the objective modality), Kyrgyz conveys the meaning of "jondomduuluk/ability" of the main modal meaning through a combination of nominants of the objective + subjective modality.
lexemes (without separate semantics), which
References
1. Jenkins L. Modality in English syntax. - A.B., 1964.
2. Palmer F.R. Modality and the English Modals. - Longman, London and New York, 1979.
3. Bally S. General linguistics and questions of French linguistics. - M., 1976.
4. Celle, Agnès. 2009. "Hearsay adverbs and modality". In: Raphael Salkie, Pierre Busuttil and Johan der Auwera (eds.). Modality in English: Theory and Description. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 269-293.
5. Dzhusaev J. J. Category of modality and means of its expression in the modern Kyrgyz language: Author's thesis.... philological sciences. - Bishkek, 2000. - 38 c.
6. Choibekova, N.T. Historical issues and current situation of modal verbs in English and German languages / N.T. Choibekova // Izvestiya uzov Kyrgyzstanza. - 2018. - № 4. - P. 143146.
ИСТОРИЯ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ КАТЕГОРИИ МОДАЛЬНОСТИ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ И
КЫРГЫЗСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
А.Ш. Сабирова1, преподаватель К.М. Капарова2, доцент Бекболот кызы Назгул1, преподаватель К.М. Моминжанова1, магистрант 1Ошский государственный университет 2Ошский технологический университета (Кыргызстан, г. Ош)
Аннотация. В научной литературе можно выделить два основных аспекта изучения модальных глаголов английского и кыргызского языков: они могут быть рассмотрены с теоретической и практической точек зрения. В статье анализируется исторический путь развития английских и кыргызских модальных глаголов. Целью статьи является анализ английских и кыргызских модальных глаголов в диахроническом и синхроническом аспектах.
Ключевые слова: модальность, модальные слова, язык, валидность, невалидность, категория, грамматика, лингвистика.
