17Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology,
Pedagogy: a Problem and Solutions
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi:
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HEALING LEGACIES: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF LATIN AND GREEK MYTHOLOGY ON MEDICINE"
Sarvar Fayzullayev
Teacher of the Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan
Pappu Bhogindra Yadav
1st course of Student of international faculty, Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:
This article uncovers how stories from ancient times have shaped how we talk about and treat sickness. It looks at old myths, like those about the healer Asclepius, and how they influenced how people thought about and treated illness long ago. Asclepius was a legendary healer who taught his family the art of medicine. From him came important figures like Hygieia, the goddess of health, whose name we still use today in words like "hygiene." Another figure, Panacea, represented a cure for all ailments. The article also talks about famous healers like Machaon and Podalirius, known for their skill in treating sickness. It explains how the serpent, a symbol of healing, came to be so important in medicine. By looking at these stories, readers can understand why Latin words are still so important in how we talk about medicine today and how they've influenced how we care for the sick around the world.
Keywords: Myths, Father of medicine, Greek Era, Latin in medicine, Symbols of healing, Importance of Latin language, Legacy and Modern Interpretations
INTRODUCTION:
Latin and Greek were the main languages used in early medical texts because they were connected to classical culture, had a long tradition, were widely known, and had standardized terminology. They were taught in medical schools, making it easier for scholars to share ideas and preserve ancient medical knowledge. [1]
In ancient times, people believed in gods and goddesses who were thought to have special powers over health and healing. One of these figures was Asclepius in Greek stories, or Aesculapius in Latin. He was like a super doctor! They thought he started a family medical school. Asclepius was often shown with a staff with a snake around it, which became a symbol of healing. There were other important characters,
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too, like Hygieia, who was all about staying healthy (that is where we get the word "hygiene" from), and Panacea, who was supposed to cure everything. People also told stories about healers like Machaon and Podalirius, who were good at treating sickness. These stories were not just for entertainment-they helped shape how people thought about medicine and even influenced the words we use today to talk about health and healing. [1] The stories from ancient mythology may not be historically accurate in the same way we understand facts today, they still hold significant cultural and historical value. Ancient societies used myths to explain natural phenomena, human behavior, and the mysteries of life, including illness and healing. These stories reflect the beliefs, values, and knowledge of their time, offering insights into how ancient cultures understood health and medicine.
While the specific events and characters described in mythology may not have actually occurred, they played a vital role in shaping cultural attitudes towards medicine and healthcare. Additionally, some historical figures mentioned in mythology, like Hippocrates, made genuine contributions to the advancement of medicine, even if their stories may have been embellished over time. [1]
What are those myths?
• The myth of Zeus and Hera, king and queen of the gods, and their tumultuous relationship.
• The story of Demeter and Persephone, explaining the changing of the seasons and the cycle of life and death.
• The legend of Achilles, the heroic warrior of the Trojan War, whose vulnerability was his heel.
• The tale of Pandora, the first woman created by the gods, whose curiosity led her to release all the evils into the world.
• The myth of Odysseus, the cunning hero of the Odyssey, who embarked on a long journey home after the fall of Troy.
• The myth of Romulus and Remus, the twin brothers who were abandoned and raised by a she-wolf, eventually founding the city of Rome.
• The legend of Venus (Aphrodite), the goddess of love and beauty, and her various romantic entanglements with gods and mortals.
• The story of Mars (Ares), the god of war, and his role in battles and conflicts throughout Roman mythology.
• The myth of Jupiter (Zeus), the king of the gods, and his interactions with other gods and mortals, including his disguises and affairs.
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• The tale of Aeneas, a Trojan hero who fled the fall of Troy and journeyed to Italy, where he became the legendary ancestor of the Romans, as recounted in Virgil's "Aeneid" [2,3]
About, Asclepius (Greek)/ Aesculapius (Latin):
Asclepius, known as Aesculapius in Latin, is a prominent figure in Greek and Roman mythology, revered as the god of medicine and healing. Born to Apollo, the Greek god of healing, and the mortal princess Coronis, Asclepius was raised by the centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of medicine.
According to mythological accounts, Asclepius became a renowned healer, possessing extraordinary skill and knowledge in the treatment of diseases and injuries. He was often depicted holding a staff entwined with a serpent, which became the symbol of medicine and healing known as the Rod of Asclepius. Asclepius's most famous sanctuary was located in Epidaurus, Greece, where he was worshipped as a divine healer. People from all over the ancient world visited the sanctuary seeking cures for various ailments. The sanctuary featured healing baths, dream temples, and sacred serpents believed to possess healing powers.
Among Asclepius's notable works in medicine and healing, he was said to have resurrected the dead, a feat that angered the gods and led to his eventual demise. In some versions of the myth, Zeus struck Asclepius with a thunderbolt for violating the natural order by bringing the dead back to life. However, in recognition of his contributions to medicine, Asclepius was later deified and worshipped as a god.
Asclepius's legacy extends beyond mythology, as his name and symbols continue to be associated with medicine and healing to this day. The Rod of Asclepius, featuring a serpent wrapped around a staff, is widely recognized as a symbol of medical practice and is often used as a logo for healthcare organizations, pharmacies, and medical associations. [4,5] Deities and Medical Concepts:
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Greek mythology features gods and goddesses closely associated with health, healing, and medicine. For example:
Asclepius (Greek)/Aesculapius (Latin): The god of medicine and healing, often depicted with a staff with a serpent coiled around it, symbolizing healing and medicine.
Hygieia (Greek)/Hygeia (Latin): The goddess of health, cleanliness, and sanitation, whose name gives rise to the modern term "hygiene." Panacea (Greek)/Panacea (Latin): The goddess of universal remedy, symbolizing the concept of a cure-all.
These deities and their stories served as inspiration for medical practitioners and shaped early medical practices and beliefs. [5] About Hippocrates:
Hippocrates, often referred to as the "Father of Medicine" was an ancient Greek physician who lived during the Classical period of Greece, around the 5th century BCE. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of medicine due to his revolutionary contributions to the field.[6] Life and Background:
Hippocrates was born on the island of Kos, Greece, around 460 BCE, and is believed to have belonged to a family of physicians.
He received his medical education and training at the Asclepieion temple in Kos, where he learned from his father and other medical practitioners. Hippocratic Corpus:
Hippocrates is credited with the authorship of the Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of around 60 medical texts attributed to him and his followers. These
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology,
Pedagogy: a Problem and Solutions
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi:
_mumovayechimlaL
writings cover a wide range of medical topics, including diagnosis, treatment, surgery, ethics, and the philosophy of medicine.
The Hippocratic Corpus contains some of the earliest known medical writings in Western history and served as a foundational text for medical education and practice for centuries.
Medical Philosophy and Ethics:
Hippocrates emphasized the importance of observing and recording clinical symptoms and outcomes, laying the groundwork for evidence-based medicine. He advocated for a holistic approach to medicine, considering the patient's physical, mental, and emotional well-being, and believed in the body's natural ability to heal itself. Hippocrates also established ethical guidelines for physicians, emphasizing the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, and patient confidentiality, which continue to inform medical ethics today.
Contributions to Medical Practice:
Hippocrates made significant contributions to various areas of medical practice, including clinical observation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. He developed a systematic approach to medical diagnosis, based on careful observation of symptoms and their progression over time.
Hippocrates also introduced the concept of the "Hippocratic Oath," a pledge taken by physicians to uphold ethical standards and prioritize the welfare of their patients. Hippocrates's influence on ancient medicine and subsequent generations of physicians cannot be overstated. His dedication to empirical observation, ethical practice, and the pursuit of medical knowledge laid the foundation for the scientific approach to medicine that persists to this day. [6,7,8]
About, Machaon and Podalirius:
Machaon and Podalirius are prominent figures in Greek mythology renowned for their exceptional healing abilities. As sons of Asclepius, the god of medicine, they inherited their father's skill and knowledge, becoming celebrated healers in their own right. During the Trojan War, Machaon and Podalirius played vital roles in treating wounded soldiers on both the Greek and Trojan sides. Their expertise in medicine and surgery made them indispensable figures on the battlefield, where injuries and illnesses were common. [9] Machaon is often credited with pioneering surgical techniques and treatments. In Homer's "Iliad," he is described as a skilled surgeon who administered healing potions and performed surgeries to save the lives of wounded warriors. His knowledge of herbs and medicines was legendary, and he was known for his compassionate care of patients. [9,10] Podalirius, on the other hand,
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology,
Pedagogy: a Problem and Solutions
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi:
_mumovayechimlaL
was renowned for his diagnostic skills and ability to identify and treat a wide range of illnesses. He was said to have a keen understanding of the human body and its ailments, allowing him to prescribe effective treatments and cures. Podalirius was also known for his contributions to medical research and education, passing on his knowledge to future generations of healers. [9,10] While much of their work is described in mythological texts and epic poems such as the "Iliad," the exact details of their medical practices and treatments are often shrouded in legend and mythology. However, their stories serve as a testament to the importance of healing and medicine in ancient Greek culture and continue to inspire fascination and admiration to this day. [9,10]
The Greek Era:
The earliest written records of Western medicine come from the Hippocratic writings dating back to the 5th and 4th centuries BC. These writings cover various aspects of medicine and include many medical terms. Greek became the language of medicine during this time, even after the Romans took over, as they adopted Greek medical practices. Many doctors in the Roman Empire were Greek, and the works of Galen of Pergamum from the 2nd century AD were highly regarded for centuries, much like those of Hippocrates. Our medical vocabulary includes numerous terms from Greek, such as "catarrh" (meaning "downflow"), "diarrhoea" (meaning "throughflow"), "dyspnoea" (meaning "bad breathing"), "melancholic" (related to "black bile"), and "podagra" (a foot trap). [11] In the early 1st century AD, when Greek was still the language of medicine in the Roman world, a significant development occurred. A Roman aristocrat named Aulus Cornelius Celsus from Narbonensis (now Narbonne, France) wrote "De Medicina," a comprehensive overview of medical knowledge based on Greek sources. Celsus, sometimes called the "Cicero of doctors," faced the challenge that many Greek medical terms had no equivalents in Latin. He addressed this by importing some Greek terms directly into his Latin text, retaining their Greek endings. He also Latinized Greek words by writing them with Latin letters and replacing Greek endings with Latin ones. Additionally, he kept the vivid imagery of Greek anatomical terminology by translating Greek terms into Latin. For example, "dentes canlnl" (dog teeth) was derived from the Greek "kynodontes," and "caecum" (the blind [gut]) came from "typhlon." This tradition of using imagery to describe anatomical structures, likening them to musical instruments, armor, tools, plants, and animals, has endured. Some of these terms are original Greek, while others were introduced by Celsus and later scholars.[11]
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The Medical Latin:
In the early 1st century AD, when Greek was still the language of medicine in the Roman world, a significant development occurred. A Roman aristocrat named Aulus Cornelius Celsus from Narbonensis (now Narbonne, France) wrote "De Medicina," a comprehensive overview of medical knowledge based on Greek sources. Celsus, sometimes called the "Cicero of doctors," faced the challenge that many Greek medical terms had no equivalents in Latin. He addressed this by importing some Greek terms directly into his Latin text, retaining their Greek endings. He also Latinized Greek words by writing them with Latin letters and replacing Greek endings with Latin ones. Additionally, he kept the vivid imagery of Greek anatomical terminology by translating Greek terms into Latin.
For example, "dentes canlnl" (dog teeth) was derived from the Greek "kynodontes," and "caecum" (the blind [gut]) came from "typhlon." This tradition of using imagery to describe anatomical structures, likening them to musical instruments, armor, tools, plants, and animals, has endured. Some of these terms are original Greek, while others were introduced by Celsus and later scholars. [2]
How medical terms formed? Classification of medical terms:
Medical terms often come from Greek or Latin words, either used on their own or combined together. Sometimes, a Greek or Latin word is combined with a suffix to create a medical term. Suffixes can change the meaning of a word or turn an adjective into a noun. This helps medical professionals communicate clearly and efficiently about different aspects of health and disease. [12] We propose a simple way to categorize classical medical terms into four groups. First, we consider whether the terms describe the structure or function of the body. Second, we look at whether the terms are used literally or metaphorically. [12]
Structural vs. Functional:
Structural terms describe the physical parts of the body, like organs or tissues. For example, "heart" and "liver" are structural terms. [13,14] Functional terms describe what those parts do, like "pumping" for the heart or "filtering" for the kidneys. [13,14]
Literal vs. Metaphorical:
Literal terms have straightforward meanings that directly describe something real or tangible. For example, "blood pressure" is a literal term. [13,14] Metaphorical terms use language to suggest similarities between one thing and another. For example, "heartache" is a metaphorical term because it describes emotional pain using the word for a physical organ. [13,14]
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Comparison of anthological symbols and the rod of Asclepius:
Anthological symbols, such as those found in various mythologies, and the Rod of Asclepius share similarities in their significance and representation within their respective cultures, but they also have distinct meanings and contexts.
Anthological Symbols:
Anthological symbols are representations of deities, mythical beings, or concepts within a specific mythology. These symbols often carry rich cultural and religious significance, serving as visual representations of stories, beliefs, and values within the mythology. Examples of anthological symbols include the thunderbolt of Zeus in Greek mythology, the trident of Poseidon, and the lightning bolt of Thor in Norse mythology.
These symbols are often associated with specific gods or goddesses and are used to convey their attributes, powers, or roles within the mythology. [15]
Rod of Asclepius:
The Rod of Asclepius is a symbol associated specifically with the ancient Greek god of medicine, Asclepius (or Aesculapius in Latin). It consists of a rod or staff entwined by a single serpent, often depicted in artwork and symbolism related to medicine and healing.
The Rod of Asclepius symbolizes healing, rejuvenation, and the medical arts, reflecting the role of Asclepius as a divine healer in Greek mythology. It is widely recognized as a symbol of healthcare and medical professions, often used as a logo for medical organizations, hospitals, and pharmacies. While both anthological symbols and the Rod of Asclepius hold significance within their respective mythologies and cultures, the Rod of Asclepius is more narrowly focused on the domain of medicine and healing. Anthological symbols, on the other hand, encompass a broader range of concepts and deities within mythology and may have multiple interpretations depending on their context. [15]
Significance of Latin and Greek terms in medicine:
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology,
Pedagogy: a Problem and Solutions
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi:
_mumovayechimlaL
Latin and Greek terms are integral to the language of medicine, providing a foundation of precision, clarity, and tradition that enhances communication, scholarship, and practice in the field of healthcare.
Medical terminology provides precise descriptions of anatomical structures, physiological processes, diseases, and treatments. Standardized terms ensure clarity in communication among healthcare professionals, reducing the risk of misunderstanding or misinterpretation.
Historical Legacy:
Latin and Greek have been the languages of science, scholarship, and academia for centuries, with many foundational medical texts written in these languages. Medical terminology often derives from Latin and Greek roots, reflecting the historical influence of ancient Greek and Roman medical traditions on modern medicine. [16]
Universal Language:
Latin and Greek terms provide a common language for medical professionals worldwide, facilitating communication and understanding across different languages and cultures. Many Latin and Greek terms are used as standardized medical terminology in international contexts, ensuring consistency and accuracy in medical communication. [16,17]
Precision and Clarity:
Latin and Greek roots often convey precise meanings and concepts, allowing for specific and unambiguous descriptions of anatomical structures, physiological processes, diseases, and treatments.
Medical terms derived from Latin and Greek roots are often composed of recognizable prefixes, roots, and suffixes, making it easier for medical professionals to understand and interpret complex terminology. [16]
Tradition and Continuity:
The use of Latin and Greek terms in medicine reflects a sense of tradition and continuity, connecting modern medical practice to its historical roots and the legacy of ancient medical traditions.
By preserving and continuing to use Latin and Greek terminology, medical professionals honour the contributions of ancient scholars and physicians to the field of medicine. [16,17]
Legacy and Modern Interpretations:
In medicine, the concept of "Legacy and Modern Interpretations" refers to the enduring influence of historical traditions, such as those rooted in Latin and Greek
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology,
Pedagogy: a Problem and Solutions
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi:
_mumovayechimlaL
languages and ancient medical practices, alongside contemporary interpretations and advancements in healthcare.
Legacy of Latin and Greek:
Latin and Greek languages have historically been fundamental to medical terminology, with many terms deriving from ancient roots.
Terms like "cardio" (heart) and "derma" (skin) originate from Greek, while "corpus" (body) and "os" (bone) come from Latin.
This legacy reflects the historical importance of ancient Greek and Roman medical traditions and their enduring impact on modern medicine. Modern Interpretations:
While traditional terminology remains foundational, modern medicine incorporates new scientific discoveries, technologies, and interdisciplinary approaches.
Advances in genetics, biotechnology, and pharmacology have led to the development of innovative treatments and diagnostic techniques. Interdisciplinary fields like bioinformatics and personalized medicine blend medical practice with computational science and genetics to tailor treatments to individual patients.
Synthesis of Tradition and Innovation:
The integration of legacy terminology with modern interpretations allows for a nuanced understanding of medical concepts and practices.
Medical professionals draw upon both traditional knowledge and contemporary research to provide effective and evidence-based care.
Understanding the historical context behind medical terms enriches medical education and fosters appreciation for the evolution of medical knowledge and practice.
In summary, "Legacy and Modern Interpretations" in medicine encompass the ongoing dialogue between historical traditions rooted in Latin and Greek languages and contemporary interpretations shaped by scientific progress and innovation. This synthesis of tradition and innovation enhances medical communication, education, and practice, ensuring the delivery of high-quality healthcare in a dynamic and evolving field.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the exploration of Latin and Greek mythology in medicine uncovers a profound tapestry of historical traditions and contemporary interpretations
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology,
Pedagogy: a Problem and Solutions
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi:
_mumovayechimlaL
that continue to shape the healthcare field. The enduring legacy of ancient Greek and Roman medical practices, evident in medical terminology, symbolism, and ethical principles, highlights the profound impact of classical civilizations on modern medicine.
By delving into myths and symbols like the Rod of Asclepius and anthological symbols, we gain valuable insights into ancient perceptions of health, illness, and healing, offering a cultural and historical backdrop for medical practices.
REFFRENCES
1. https://www.journals.tma.uz/index.php/cajm/article/download/557/481
2. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-mythology/Forms-of-myth-in-Greek-culture
3. https: //en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Asclepius
4. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asclepius
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6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates
7. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323596#hippocrates
8. "The Library of Greek Mythology" by Apollodorus
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10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079361/
11. https://www.bmj .com/content/347/sbmj .f7394
12. https://openmd.com/guide/medical-terminology
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical classification
14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6913859/
16. https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijhsse/v5i6/2.pdf#:~:text=The%20Latin%2 language%20lacked%20the%20names%20for%20many,way%20the%20two-fold%20Latin-Greek%20medical%20terminology%20was%20founded.
16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical terminology
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology,
Pedagogy: a Problem and Solutions
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi:
muammo va yechimlar
IJTIMOIY TADQIQOTLAR\ JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGY, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH, 3(4), 185-189.
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21. Fayzullayev, S. (2023). INGLIZ TILIDA TIBBIYOT TERMINOLOGIYASINING TUTGAN O'RNI. Scientific Impulse, 7(10), 364367.
22. Sarvar, F. (2022). Mechanism of integrated teaching of speech competence in Uzbek and English languages in medicine Tashkent Medical Academy.
23. Fayzullayev, S. (2023). THE PLACE OF UZBEK LANGUAGE IN LEARNING LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY. Academic research in educational sciences, 4(TMA Conference), 163-166.
24. Fayzullayev, S. (2022). Chet tillariga ixtisoslashmagan oliy ta'lim muassasalarida chet tili o'qitishning maqsadi.
25. Fayzullayev, S. (2022). Methods to imrove english in medical institutions. Collection of materials international scientific and practical conference" Modern scientific research in medicine: current issues, achievements and innovations".
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