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Section 6. Agricultural sciences
https://doi.org/10.29013/ESR-20-11.12-38-44
Khudaykulov Jonibek Bozarovich,
professorr
Sheraliyev Hamidulla Sheraliyevich,
professorr
Rasulov Ilkhom Makhmudovich, associate professor, Ruzmanov Abdullo Norboy ugli, magistr, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
E-mail: [email protected]
GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY AND YIELD OF WHINTER WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE IRRIGATED CONDITIONS OF TASHKENT REGION (UZBEKISTAN)
Abstract. Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food. In this article, it is presented an analysis of data obtained on the impact of growth, development, stem height, spike parameters, grain yield and mineral fertilizer application norms on its quality indicators in soft wheat varieties. In the experiment, the increase in the rate of mineral fertilizers did not affect the increase in grain size, but rather its decrease. In particular, the highest yield was achieved when the feeding norm N200P K100 kg/ha was applied, but when determining the amount of grain formed at the expense of 1 kg NPK, it was 13.62-15.33-14.15 kg by varieties.
Grain quality indicators are the highest in the variants applied N200P K100 kg/ha, protein (15.0%), gluten (28.6%) and vitreous (63.9%) of the variety "Matonat", control "Yaksart" (13.5%; 26.3%; 60.6%) and "Zamin-1" (14.0%; 27.8%; 59.7%).
Keywords: wheat, experiment, design, replication, statistic, flowering, maturity, seed weight, yield, quality of seeds.
Introduction ing it the second most-produced cereal after maize
Wheat is grown on more land area than any [4; 5]. other food crop (220,4 million hectares, 2014) [2]. The Republic of Uzbekistan gained grain inde-World trade in wheat is greater than for all other pendence in 2003 and produced 5 million tons of crops combined [3]. In 2017, world production of grain. More than 1 mln. tons of grain were grown. wheat was 772 million tonnes, with a forecast of This was achieved due to the expansion of irrigated 2019 production at 766 million tonnes [4], mak- areas from 24,0 thousand to 1356,1 thousand hect-
ares over the years. By 2020, productivity will be even higher, at 6 million tons and the average grain yield in the Republic was 55 c/ha.
Agro-climatic zoning of agricultural crops is an urgent problem in Uzbekistan. In particular, in order to ensure sustainable grain independence, our grain growers face important and responsible tasks, such as the selection and introduction into production of varieties that are adapted to each climate and have a high yield [1].
Purpose and functions of scientific work. The purpose of the research is to determine the optimal standards of mineral fertilizers that will ensure the production of high quality grain from soft wheat varieties in the conditions of typical irrigated sierozem soils of Tashkent region.
To achieve this purpose, the following tasks are
set:
• germination, wintering rate and number of stem accumulation of wheat varieties;
• development periods and biometric indicators of wheat varieties;
• agrophysical, agrochemical properties of typical sierozem soil of the studied factors in the cultivation of winter wheat;
• the effect of wheat varieties on the leaf surface;
• to determine the effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of wheat varieties, as well as the optimal feeding rate.
Materials and methods
Field studies were carried out at the experimental station of Tashkent State Agrarian University. The experimental station is located near Tashkent, in the upper part of the Chirchik river, Kibray district of the Tashkent region, at an altitude of 481 m above sea level, 41°11" northern latitude and 38°31" east longitude. The terrain of the site is uneven, slightly wavy, with a general slope to the Salar canal. Irrigation water was pumped from the Bozsu channel.
The soil of the experimental site is long-irrigated sierozem, non-saline, with a low content of humus 0,9-0,7%, nitrogen 0,082-0,066%, phosphorus 0,153-0,139%, potassium 1,33-1,30%.
Table 1. - The soil characteristics of the experimental area
№ Depth (sm) Gross content,% Mobile forms, mg/kg
humus nitrogen phosphorus potassium N-NO3 P2O5 K2O
1 0-30 0,925 0,083 0,152 1,33 4,8 47,1 180,7
2 30-50 0,715 0,070 0,134 1,30 3,2 40,3 162,0
Field and laboratory methods of research, developed by the Uzbek Research Institute of Plant Production, were used. Phonological observations were conducted according to the Methodology of the State Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops. Statistical processing of data was carried out according to B. Dospekhov. Application of organic and mineral fertilizers and necessary agro technics on these soils, enable to obtain the high yields of field crops.
Climatic condations
The climate of Tashkent region, as well as of Uzbekistan in general, has a sharply continental char-
acter. Spring comes early: at the beginning of March, the air temperature rises noticeably, although sometimes a sharp cooling occurs. During this period a significant part of the annual precipitation falls. Summer is long, hot and dry.
Sometimes precipitation falls in the month of June in the form of rains, but then comes hot and dry weather, usually continuing until late autumn. The maximum air temperature reaches 43 °C in July, sometimes in August.
Table 2.- The climatic conditions during the growing season and long years mean
The following phenological observations, calculations, laboratory analyzes were carried out in the experiment:
1) The degree of germination of grain. 2) The number of grasses, seedling thickness per 1 m2 was determined at 3 points of all options. 3) Phe-nological observations were made on the stages of development. 4) The height of the stem of winter wheat according to the options (during the periods of booting and full ripening); spike length (during full ripening); the number of grains per spike; grain weight per grain; Weight of 1000 grains. 5) At the time of harvesting, 1 m2 of wheat was harvested from 3 points of repetition of all variants in the experiment, the grains in it were milled and the yield of grain and straw was calculated by weighing. 6) Technological quality indicators of grain (samples were delivered to a special laboratory) were determined. 7) In the mathematical analysis of the yield of winter wheat grain and straw, B. A. Dospekhov's (1985) multiple factory field experiments used the method of variance analysis based on randomized returns.
Experimental results
Grain crops go through several developmental stages during development, namely from germination to the formation of new seeds. During the developmental stages, morphological changes occur in plants and new organs are formed. The winter wheat crop, like other cereals, goes through the following stages: seed germination (seedling), stem accumulation, booting, heading, flowering and ripening (milk, dough and full ripening).
The rate of development of wheat sown in autumn depends to some extent on growing conditions, biological characteristics of species and varieties, bush thickness, soil moisture, air temperature, sowing depth of seeds, sowing times, standards, fertilization and irrigation standards and other factors.
Phenological observations were performed continuously every two days from the beginning of each development period (10%) until 75% were manifested in the plant. The grassing period was observed in Yaksart and Zamin-1 varieties on November 4-6, and in Matonat variety on November 6-8. After the
germination of winter wheat seeds, the next stage of development of the plant gradually enters the stem accumulation phase. The experiment showed that the studied varieties entered the stem accumulation phase during the onset of cold winter days.
Booting (stem formation) period: During this period, the plant grows rapidly, its mass increases rapidly. Therefore, during this period, the demand of plants for nutrients and moisture increases. During
The results of observations between the varieties show that the Zamin-1 variety passed 112-115 days, the Matonat variety 114-117 days, and the Yaksart variety 118-122 days later.
The heading period was observed on April 24-28 in Yaksart variety, on April 20-24 in Zamin-1 variety, and on April 24-26 in Matonat variety. By this time, there was a rapid development of the variety Zamin-1. Data on the impact of fertilizer standards on the development periods of prospective wheat varieties are given in (Table 3).
Ripening: In the winter wheat plant, the ripening period is divided into three periods: milk, dough and full ripening. During these periods, a decrease in the amount of moisture in the grain is observed (55-60%; 25-30%; 13-14%). According to Table 3, full ripening of grain in the variety Zamin-1 08-12.06.;
this period of development, the second feeding of the plant with the remaining 50% of nitrogen fertilizers led to the rapid development ofwheat varieties. Booting wrapping period March 24-30 in Yaksart variety; the Zamin-1 variety was observed on March 16-18 and the Matonat variety on March 22-24. During this period, the differences in varieties were significant, and the development of the variety Zamin-1 was accelerated.
Matonat variety 14-16.06. and 12-14. 06 days in the Yaksart variety. It is known that the high yield of agricultural crops means that the crop structure is well formed. The main indicators that determine the weight of winter wheat are: the length of the spike, the number of grains in the spike, the weight of the grain in the spike, and the weight of 1000 grains, almost all of which depend on the biological characteristics of the variety. Feeding the wheat plant with mineral fertilizers has a major impact on the number of grains.
In the experiment, the effect of the norm of mineral fertilizers on the biometric indicators of prospective wheat varieties was observed. According to (Table 5), in variants 1, 2 and 3 mineral fertilizers NPK 100:75:50 kg/ha were applied, while in the first variant the average spike length was in
Table 3.- Development periods of winter wheat varieties, 2018-2019
Varieties Transition period of developmental phases
grassing stem accumulation heading flowering full ripening
N^Äo
Yaksart 22.10 24.03 24.04 06.05 12.06
Zamin-1 20.10 16.03 20.04 28.04 08.06
Matonat 23.10 22.03 24.04 02.05 14.06
N1S0P110K7S
Yaksart 22.10 26.06 26.04 08.05 14.06
Zamin-1 20.10 18.03 22.04 30.04 10.06
Matonat 23.10 24.03 26.04 04.05 16.06
N200P150K100
Yaksart 22.10 30.11 28.04 06.05 14.06
Zamin-1 20.10 18.03 24.04 30.04 12.06
Matonat 23.10 24.03 26.04 04.05 16.06
Yaksart variant 7,9 cm, in Zamin-1 variety 9,0 cm tions; caused an increase of 0,3 cm and, 1,7 cm.
and in Matonat 8,7. On the sequence of varieties Another yield element of winter wheat is the
when applied NPK 150:110:75 kg per hectare, number of grains per spike, with NPK applied at
while the variety was 8,7 cm; 9,5 and 9,4 cm; min- 100:75:50 kg/ha per hectare; in 1; 2 and 3 vari-
eral fertilizers high NPK 200:150:100 kg/ha when ents were - 39,8 in options; 42,2 and 42,1 piece,
applied norm 7; 8 and 9-1,7 cm compared to op- respectively.
Table 4. - Spike analysis of wheat varieties
The rate of mineral Spike Number of grain Grain weight Grain weight of 1000
fertilizers, kg/ha length, cm per spike, piece per spike, gr pieces, gr
N^Äo
Yaksart 7,9 39,8 1,47 41,1
Zamin-1 9,0 42,2 1,53 39,5
Matonat 8,7 42,1 1,66 42,7
NiaoPnoKs
Yaksart 8,7 42,3 1,65 41,6
Zamin-1 9,5 43,1 1,69 41,1
Matonat 9,4 43,9 1,74 43,9
NPK 200 150 100
Yaksart 9,2 43,9 1,76 42,2
Zamin-1 10,7 43,7 1,72 40,7
Matonat 10,1 45,0 1,82 45,2
In options 4, 5 and 6, the grain weight per grain applied to mineral fertilizers N P^K^ kg/ha was 1,65, 1,69 and 1,74 grams, respectively. It can be seen that the feeding norms with mineral fertilizers affected the length of the spike, the number and weight of grains per spike.
Affecting factors to the yield of cereals include: first of all, the biological characteristics of the variety, natural climatic conditions, optimal planting method, duration time and norm, nutrient content and duration of application, moisture supply, disease and pest infestation, timely harvest.
When the analysis of grain yield, the average yield ofYaksart variety was reached to 49,2-61,3 c/ha, Zamin-1 variety is 53,9-69,0 c/ha, Matonat variety is 51.7-63.7 c/ha.
The main problem in grain production remains quality indicators. The reason for the fact that the quality of grain grown in Uzbekistan does not fully meet the requirements for the closure ofbakery bread: the average vitreous content is 63%(15-90%), gluten content is 26.7%(23.6-33.2%), IDK - 95(65-120) In Kazakhstan, the figures are relatively high: 81 (41- 95%), 32.6(24.0 - 37.6%), and IDK 80 (60 - 95).
Table 5.- Productivity and quality indicators of wheat varieties
The rates of mineral fertilizers, kg/ha Grain productivity, c/ha Protein content,% Gluten content,% Vitre-ous,% Grain formed at the expense of 1 kg of NPK, kg
1 2 3 4 5 6
N100P75K50
Yaksart 49,2 11,8 24,0 52,7 21,87
1 2 3 4 5 6
Zamin-1 53,9 12,2 24,8 52,3 24,06
Matonat 51,7 12,6 25,9 58,6 22,98
SAD05=1,62 c SAD05=3,06%
N1S0P110K7S
Yaksart 56,0 12,7 25,2 55,4 16,72
Zamin-1 61,8 13,3 26,4 55,0 18,43
Matonat 58,1 14,1 28,1 61,3 17,34
SAD05=1,57 c SAD05=2,67%
NPK 200 150 100
Yaksart 61,3 13,5 26,3 60,6 13,62
Zamin-1 69,0 14,0 27,8 59,7 15,33
Matonat 63,7 15,0 28,6 63,9 14,15
SAD0> =1,44 c SAD,=2,83%
According to the experimental data, the quality of winter wheat was affected by the amount of mineral fertilizers. One of the indicators of grain quality is the amount of protein. The importance of protein is that it is easily digested in the human body, increasing its physical and mental capacity. In the experiment, it was found that the values of protein, gluten, vitreousness in the studied varieties were different in terms of the biology of the varieties. The data obtained are presented in (Table 5). In the experiment, the amount of grain (in kg) formed at the expense of 1 kg ofNRK fertilizers in the formation of grain yield was determined.
In the experiment, when calculating the amount of grain formed per 1 kg of NPK, NPK in the variants used 100:75:50 kg/ha was 21.87-24.06-22.98 kg by varieties.
The increase in the rate of mineral fertilizers did not affect the increase in grain content, but rather its
decrease. In particular, the highest yield was achieved when the feeding rate N200P150K100 kg/ha, but when determining the amount of grain formed at the expense of 1 kg of NPK was 13.62-15.33-14.15 kg for varieties.
Conclusion
In the experiment, the increase in the rate ofminer-al fertilizers did not affect the increase in grain size, but rather its decrease. In particular, the highest yield was achieved when the feeding norm N P^K^ kg/ha
was applied, but when determining the amount of
grain formed at the expense of 1 kg of NPK, it was 13.62-15.33-14.15 kg by varieties.
Grain quality indicators N200P K100 kg/ha are the highest in the applied variants, protein (15.0%), gluten (28.6%) and vitreous (63.9%) of the variety "Matonat" compared to control "Yaksart" (13.5%; 26.3%; 60.6%) and Zamin-1 (14.0%; 27.8%; 59.7%).
References:
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2. "Crops/World Total/Wheat/Area Harvested/2014 (pick list)". United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December, 2016.
3. Curtis, Rajaraman, MacPherson. "Bread Wheat". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2002.
4. "World food situation: FAO cereal supply and demand brief". Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 14 December, 2016.
5. "Crops/World Total/Wheat/Production Quantity/2014 (pick list)". United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December, 2016.
