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10Литература
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2. Беккенбах Э. Неравенства // Э. Беккенбах , Р. Беллман -М., - 1965.—276 с.
3. Даффин Р. Геометрическое программирование // Р. Даффин , Э. Петерсон , К. Зенер — М., 1972.—318с.
4. Хедли Дж. Нелинейное и динамическое программирование // Дж. Хедли - М.,1967. - 506 с.
5. Даниленко Е. Л. Неравенство Коши при ограничениях на переменные / Е. Л. Даниленко, И. И. Ежов //Известия вузов. Математика - 1982. - № 1- С. 6-9.
6. Даниленко Е.Л. Обобщение неравенства Иенсена / Е. Л. Даниленко, И. И. Ежов. // Исследование операций и АСУ. Вып. 17. К.: Вища школа. -1981. - С. 111-120.
7. Даниленко Е.Л., Об одной задаче выпуклого сепарабельного программирования. Вычислительная и прикладная математика. Вып. 48. К.: Вища школа. - 1982. - С. 128 - 133.
8. Даниленко Е.Л. Расширение цепочки неравенств Маклорена.
// Вычислительная и прикладная математика. Вып. 49. К.: Вища школа. - 1983. - С. 138 - 143.
9. Даниленко Е.Л. Некоторые классические неравенства при ограничениях. Сборник научных публикаций НИЦ «Знание» по материалам VIII международной конференции "Развитие науки в XXI веке"(академический уровень). Харьков: НИЦ. - 2015. С. 5 - 8.
10. Даниленко Е.Л. Некоторые классические неравенства при ограничениях на переменные. // East European Scientific Journal - 2016. - № 8, pp. 132-135.
11. Danilenko E.L. Some classical inequalities and their role in optimization // Развитие науки в XXI веке - Харьков, 2017. С. 80 - 88. (на англ.языке)
ВЕЛИКОЕ ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЕ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ТЕОРИЙ: ТЕОРИЯ ПОЛЯ ЭЛЕМЕНТАРНЫХ
ЧАСТИЦ И ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ ВАКУУМА
Ибрагимов Р.
Virtual Astrophysical Observatory, motleys mountains, Alma-Ata, 2019 Казахстан, г. Алматы,
GREAT ASSOCIATION PHYSICAL THEORIES (GRASS): FIELD THEORY OF ELEMENTARY
PARTICLES WITH VACUUM ELEMENTS.
Ibragimovic R.
Virtual Astrophysical Observatory, motleys mountains, Alma-Ata, 2019 Kazakhstan, Almaty,
АННОТАЦИЯ
Некоторые из предложенных физиками - теоретиками расширений Стандартной модели предсказывают существование сверхлёгких бозонов, к классу которому относятся, для примера, фотоны. Эти гипотетические бозоны намного легче, чем любые известные частицы с ненулевой массой. Не менее интересны и расширения в классе фермионов - нейтральные электроны и нейтральные мюоны. При этом, обнаружить эти расширения крайне сложно, поскольку они слабо и нестандартно взаимодействуют с обычным веществом. К этим расширениям необходимо добавить и установленное конечное время жизни фотонов, с распадом в конце истории на массив гравитонов Q MeeV, (сверхлёгкие бозоны) в области равновесного микроволновой излучения. И если к этому прибавить представление нейтрино как излучение, с переводом в класс бозонов, то в итоге: стандартная модель преобразуется уже в полевую теорию элементарных частиц.
ABSTRACT
Some of the extensions of the Standard Model proposed by theoretical physicists predict the existence of ultra-light bosons, which, for example, belong to the class of photons. These hypothetical bosons are much easier than any known non-zero-mass particles. No less interesting are the extensions in the fermion class — neutral electrons and neutral muons. At the same time, it is extremely difficult to detect these extensions, since they interact poorly and non-standardly with ordinary matter. To these extensions, it is necessary to add the established finite lifetime of photons, with the decay at the end of history into an array of Q MeeV gravitons, in the region of equilibrium microwave radiation. And if we add to this the representation of the neutrino as radiation, with translation into the class of bosons, then in the end: the standard model is already transformed into the field theory of elementary particles.
Ключевые слова: Вселенная, вакуум, фотон, гравитон, время, резонансы, частицы стабильные, гравитация, тяготение, красное и фиолетовое смещение.
Keywords: Universe, vacuum, photon, graviton, time, resonances, particles stable, gravity, agitation, red-shift, violet shift.
«Now, theorists do not understand at all how to unite the physics of the interaction of elementary particles with gravity and aggression. Second Einstein, we all really need you!" I'm not him, but call me simple,
Rafael!
§1. Theory of graviton.
1.1. Wave (Ev = A*k) and corpuscular Ek = (h*v) paradigm.
From the accessible side, any information about the Universe can be obtained in the only correct way -this is by detecting and exploring EMR packets from observable material bodies. The main property of the corpuscles and waves lies in their quantum nature, and therefore, time and space - is a consequence of the frequencies - energies, wavelengths and radiation speeds of Cosmos waves. The final result of the detection is the magnitude of the transformation of these parameters in 4-dimensional hyperspace - the time of the Euclidean - Poincare Universe [5]!
1.2. Physical Vacuum is "nothing", from which "something" arises, moreover, in such a diversity that we ask the question - does "nothing" exist? The establishment of the properties of the physical vacuum is available primarily by studying the transformations of photons of electromagnetic radiation in intergalactic space. The study of the phenomenon of the red shift of the photon energy from distant stellar objects supernovae and quasar led to the calculation of the vacuum constant - the minimum element of vacuum energy [1]:
Q MeeV = (h*H0) & (A*Ho), (1)
where Ho = c*Ho, and A = h*c. Indeed, if, when analyzing data on Snla or quasars, the energy loss by photons Ae over the distance R is divided by the total number of pulsations of the electromagnetic radiation, this will lead to a constant Q = 1.5629E-33 eV and it turned out that there is a coincidence Q = (h*H0) & (A*Ho) which binds the fundamental vacuum constants
- Q (Rafel), the micro world - h, A (Planck) and the macro world - H0 = c*Ho (Hubble). And the red extra-galactic EMR energy shift is the sum of the energy loss
- Q for each pulsation by the photons, and the magnitude of the loss does not depend on its initial energy or on the distance, and this is the dissipative energy loss by the photons. We come to the conclusion that Q is the minimum energy element and if we represent it as a wave, then comparing with the formula for the photon energy e = h*ra we have the value of its frequency H0 = 2.3E-18 Hz! And the time value T=1,336E+ 10 ly is equal to the age of the Universe, from the moment of its birth on the path L=1.264E+35 nm. Mysteriously, but interesting because you can't call these numbers an accident! And indeed, it can be assumed that the fundamental element of energy Q was born in the era of the hot birth of the universe together with the photons of electromagnetic radiation is a kind of string from the event in space and time. These results allowed us to formulate the law of dissipative energy loss Q MeeV,
namely: "With each pulsation of photons of the EMP, the energy loss is -1 Q MeeV, there is a red dissipative energy displacement for the performance of the pulsation work and as a result".
And as shown by in-depth reviews of the Hubble telescope in the outer space, myriads of young galaxies are observed, but there are no single stars! These facts allow us to state that the birth of the Universe was a three-dimensional explosion in many centers, which is more acceptable from the point of view of the redistribution of impulse and energy. But on the other hand, these facts obscure ideas about the expansion of the universe and the presence in space of dark matter, as a consequence of even its accelerated expansion [1]!
Well, as a cherry on a cake - the UNIVERSE does NOT EXPAND, but simply the photons from the star objects grow old, losing energy and disintegrating in a vacuum at the end of their path and this is in the field of equilibrium radiation!
1.3. Quantum hypothesis.
A stable elementary particle is represented as a pulsating quanta which is "glued" by a charge q. Therefore, with each pulsation, the quantum loses the minimum element of vacuum energy Q (fundamental property of electromagnetic radiation) and, by the stability property, this loss is compensated for by the charge q that determines the electrical properties of an electron or positron, and the flow of energy elements Q in the direction of the center of mass creates field of aggression! If the architecture of a particle - resonance does not allow the replenishment of the elements of the energy Q, then it disintegrates into stable particles or into radiation.
A direct consequence is the representation of a particle as a pulsating energy quanta (photon), in the charge-bound state and the dissipative energy loss rule Q by photons leads to the Law of the binding energy defect, namely, if the flow MeeV in the direction of the particle the particle is stable, if the flow MeeV is from the particle, that is, 8e < 0, then it is unstable and decays into stable elements in a time proportional to the coefficient -Log (k * 8e/E), where E is the total energy composite particle. This relationship is derived from the analysis of data on the lifetime and energy of resonances of elementary particles [3].
1.4. Graviton.
The proposed model of elementary particles allows the development, namely: the rule of dissipative energy loss by photons of electromagnetic radiation implies a loss of 1 Q MeeV for each pulsation of y -quanta of leptons. But on the other hand, the particles are stable and therefore this loss of energy must be replenished from the vacuum, which forms the flow of energy, now gravitons Q. The calculation of the ratio of the energy flow per second to the total energy is equal to k = AE/mc2 = 3.78E-19 times, which indicates the minimum contribution of the gravity process to the energy balance! And this means, again, that the annihilation energy is determined by the Coulomb energy of separation (fusion) of charges and in the first approximation is not related to the mass of the particle and its rest energy, and, accordingly, has a purely electrody-namic origin. Further, the analysis of large arrays of
Tron • «
EMP photon energy displacements from various classes of stellar objects led to a hypothesis: when the photon leaves the field, the photon energy is lost (redshift), and when entering the field, it increases (violet displacement), i.e. antigraviton thesis U, just to maintain symmetry [4]!
On the other hand, of interest is the hypothesis of the Theory of Tron [3] about the existence of a linear gravity field of the Universe upon overcoming, of which the photon energy is lost and, as a result, the linear law Z = H*r!
But how to direct photons into the Universe at which the violet shift of its energy will be observed? But this fact has been established - in the vicinity of the Sun more than 700 stars are located whose spectrum has a purple shift! And if you follow the logic of the Hubble law, then these stars have been flying towards us with ever increasing speed for several billion light years, but they are not there and therefore, we conclude that these flights are virtual [5]!
1.5. Theory of gravity.
The nature of gravity and the formation of fields of material bodies is a mysterious topic with its simplicity, which is key to the knowledge of the world and therefore relevant in the construction of a unified field theory. And the myth of the apple that fell on Newton's head, which gave rise to the theory of the truth, is XA of the truth, and the full picture is the answer to the question - why do not other apples fall? The fact that they fall is the work of the field of the earth, but they do not fall - this is the work against the field of the earth! Whence it follows that by holding the body alone in the
field of weathe work is done! But, in classical mechanics there is no work without movement - this statement is the main delusion as a consequence of Newton's classical three-dimensional mechanics.
Hyper mechanical Law N1 [1]: "the transformation of the energy of motion into the energy of a potential, or in the opposite direction, is accompanied by the performance of work. This statement is true when countering the transformation of energy'!
The law N2 is also established: "the orbits of the planets of the solar system and the periods of their rotation do not depend on the mass and volume of the planets themselves, but are properties of the field of the Sun" [5].
§2. Rationing offsets of photon parameters EMP.
2.1. We have the original radiation: co=vo*Xo and measured on the detectors: c=v*X, and therefore: vo/v = (co/c)/(Xo/X), (vo/v -1+1) = (co/c-1 + 1)/(X/Xo-1 + 1) in total:
(1 + Zv) = (1 + ZX)*(1 + Zc), (2)
where ZX = X/Xo-1, Zv = vo/v-1 and Zc=co/c-1. Note that with a red shift ZX, Zv and Zc is always positive, and with a purple shift ZX and Zv < 0, and here Zc > 0, that is, a decrease in the speed of light takes place in any variant, ZX Zv! And the options are when ZX > Zv is a redshift, and at ZX < Zv is a violet.
2.2. Transformation of the dynamic parameters of photons.
Distance: The distance quantization algorithm of the wavelength Xn [2] allows you to calculate the distance to a stellar object with precise accuracy, namely: n*Ho*Xo) = X0 [1+ Ho*n*(1+ n)/2], (3)
350000
300000
s 250000
1= 200000
y
it
is lo 150000
cu
> 100000
50000
Dn = = X0 (1 +
Photon partial velocity km/s
\
10 15 20 25
distancy log n
30
35
40
where n = (vo - vn)/Q is the number of photon pulsations. To calculate the distance, it is enough to set the initial wavelength and measure the final frequency.
0
0
5
Partial speed: The quantization algorithm for the distance wavelength Xn allows you to calculate the partial speed of photons (5):
Cn = vn*Xn= (1+n*Ho*Xo)*(c - n*H0*Xo) . (4) Analysis of the functional dependence of the velocity leads to the establishment of a small deceleration followed by a sharp peak by the deceleration of the photon associated with the decay into myriads MeeV Q (gravitons).
We come to the conclusion that the speed and the loss of energy by photons are slowing down with each pulsation, and then disintegrating into an array of gravitons!
2.3. Lifetime photons of course.
To define it, it suffices to specify in (3) the condition Cn = 0, which leads
to such a connection the number of pulsations and the initial wavelength of the photon, its the sort coordi-
nates of the decay are Co/Ho = n*Xo [1]. And then calculate the time photon life by the formula Tn = Dn/cn. From the graphical dependence there is a parabola: Zc = (n/nmax)/2, where nmax = 8,26E-37, a number of pulsations n = (eo - e)/Q = (v0 - v)/H where the depend-
m -
CuO
o
of the photon associated with the decay into myriads MeeV Q (gravitons).
We come to the conclusion that the speed and the loss of energy by photons are slowing down with each pulsation, and then disintegrating into an array of gravitons!
2.4. Dissolving ultra-cold radio waves in vacuum!
The radio waves include electromagnetic waves with frequencies from 0.03 Hz to 3 THz, which corresponds to a wavelength of 10 million km. up to 0.1 mm. And the wavelength Q is possible up to the boundary of the Universe, and that is ~ 4.09E + 04 mpc! The question is - what happens to the emission of photons of long radio waves? From the analysis of the dependence of the deceleration of photons on its energy Zc = [Ze/(1 + Ze)]2, the maximum value Zc < 1 follows, and this is possible at a speed c <, 5 * c from the initial one. And then the photons are scattered on the elements of vacuum energy Q with a wavelength to the size of the Universe! The speed of Q varies from C to absorption by thrones! The distribution of Q over the velocities is given by the offset - Zc = (n/nmax)2, where nmax = eo/Q = vo/H, from the following considerations: at the time of the photon's decay, the energy elements Q have speed C and momentum p = Q/c. And the spectrum of radiation energy of primary photons, with a volumetric explosion of quasars or galactic nuclei, determines the superposition of the spectrum of already relic photons, therefore the spectrum of pulses P (Q) = Q/C is also equilibrium.
Why? And this is how the physical vacuum and the structure of pulsating photons are arranged and really: Zc = (n/nmax)2 - this parabola sets the structure of the star field and is essentially probabilistic in nature because it generalizes huge arrays of experimental facts! A decrease in the photon velocity is associated with the loss of energy Q with each pulsation!
ence on the initial photon energy eo (,555 nm) is discovered. The current photon energy has a limit e < er in the field of relic photons! Analysis of the functional dependence of the velocity leads to the establishment of a small deceleration followed by a sharp peak by the deceleration
37
2.5. Photon energy as a function of speed loss:
Using n = (eo-e)/Q = (vo - v)/H h nmax = eo/Q = vo/H and nmax= eo/Q = vo/H we have as a result:
Zc = [Ze / (1 + Ze)]2 < 1 (5) Further, in connection with the establishment of a finite lifetime of photons and a slowing down of their propagation speed followed by their dissolution in a vacuum environment, problems arise [1]! They had been before, but they were not advertised, but simply measured the displacement along the wavelength and according to the Doppler effect, a road to nowhere! But the changes in the energy or frequency of the radiation somehow disfigured, well, they did not like to use it. And the reason for this is that this feature is ZX ^ 10 or more, but ZX * Zv! And then how to deal with the identity Zv = ZX, when Zc = 0, as required by the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light? The existence of the problem was also indicated by the fact that the maxima of the equilibrium relict radiation curves measured in the energy spectrum and the wavelengths did not correspond — and this was indicated by Max Planck! And as it turned out, there is a connection between the wavelength shifts and energy in this form:
ZX = (1+(Ze/(1+Ze))2)/(1+Ze) - 1. (6) The main conclusion is that the inequality is always valid: ZX>Ze and therefore Zc^0! And the experimental dependence of the thermodynamic temperature of the background radiation on the wavelength is almost a straight line. The radiation spectrum of an absolutely black body on such a graph seems to be straight, parallel to the abscissa axis, and it turned out to measure the temperature of the CMB radiation. This fact leads to the conclusion that there is an equilibrium between the processes of natural increase in the concentration of relic photons and the processes of their dissolution in vacuum.
§3. Resonances and Elementary Particles
1 — 0 132
2 —
3
4 —
5 —
6 — 7
Z - photon deceleration offset
33 34 35 36
Log n - number of pulsation
3.1. Fundamental Law of the Defect of Communication Energy - DES.
The negation of the physical nature of a vacuum had negative consequences for the physics of elementary particles. In the study of the p -decay of the neutron, n ^ p + e- + 8s, it was found that the energy conservation law was violated by and Pauli put forward the idea, in the absence of a vacuum environment, that this energy is carried away by an unknown particle, the neutrino. And then with the discovery of new elementary particles followed by the discovery of dozens of neutrino and antineutrino varieties, and naturally, with such a mass of particles, no standard model, up to the present time, is able to cope. And with the detection of neutrinos, the great difficulties associated with the virtually zero probability of its being captured by the atoms of the detectors, and the problem here is a misinterpretation of the process of violation of the energy conservation law. As established [5], a neutrino is not a particle, but a spherical G is a wave or a phantom, the source of which is a deficit of binding energy (energy elements) arising in the reactions of transformation of elementary particles.
3.2. The hypothetically elusive neutrino particle is a phantom.
In the concept of the theory of thrones, problems related to neutrinos are easily solved! The mass defect is the binding energy and in transformation reactions it is carried away with the emission of phantoms, which have ultralow frequencies and, moreover, the pulsation frequency during its capture, which occurs at the source and target resonance during the transfer of n quanta (garland) of radiant energy. And the process of energy transfer takes place according to the pulsation tact, as in the children's counting point "back and forth, you and I are pleased," and for the entire period between the source and the detector, a connection has been established with the Ariadne thread! And this connection can neither be screened nor broken! And experiments with
a flat pendulum establish the existence of such electromagnetic radiation in the ultra-cold region in units of hertz.
§4. What does the GRASS theory offer!
4.1. What did astronomers measure by displacement ZX = H * r> 1 ... 10, from distant star objects? Nothing valuable, because the partial speed of photons slows down, which leads to a nonlinear increase in the wavelength, as well as to energy loss, followed by dissolution in vacuum, to achieve its lifetime! And ignoring the dissipative mechanism of energy loss by photons led to a misconception about the Universe with fictitious extensions, swelling and other attributes when trying to explain the unfamiliar and save the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light!
A feature was noted if we enter the intermediate parameter n = (eo - e)/^ the number of pulsations, then the main parameters, displacements and distances are represented by linear functions n. And then, by (2, 3) the nonlinear from n distance, group photon velocity, and vacuum refractive index are calculated. For more detailed analysis, you can use the functional dependences Zc (Ze) and ZX(Ze) given in (5.6).
4.2. As a consequence, the properties of the hyperspace [4] lead to the identity: Zt = Zc, that is, the uniform flow of world time is identical to the slowing down of the speed of light. But the following statement is also true: "the acceleration of deceleration of the speed of light is identical to the slowing down of the flow of world time", which is the case for distant star worlds this is when ZX >1 and the equivalence of Zv = ZX is violated! We conclude that when these conditions are violated, the speed of light from distant stellar objects slows down, which in turn slows down the passage of time and increases the distance to them [3,4]!
4.3. Equilibrium microwave radiation and relic photons.
Suppose that a cavity with ideally reflecting walls boundary of the sphere with a stream of photons instead of a cube with an edge L has the shape of a through which it is outwards equal to the flow inward. sphere with radius R. The reflecting walls fulfill the The dissipative process of photon energy loss for
each pulsation, replenishes the process of multiple collisions, and the mass model of the centers of birth of the Universe provides a spherical isotropy of radiation. The rest of the model of the equilibrium radiation of relic photons according to Planck
Paradox. It is known that Planck proposed two variants of the equilibrium radiation formula - for the frequency scale and for the wavelength scale. Amazingly, these two options, describing the spectrum of the same radiation, give inconsistent positions of the maximum of the spectral curve. If we compare these two maxima on the scale of wavelengths, they differ almost twice. Elementary logic suggests that both such different positions of the maximum cannot be confirmed by experiment. And, indeed, measurements confirm only one version of Planck's formula — for the wavelength scale. Theorists prefer to work with the frequency variant of the Planck formula, which contradicts experience. But this paradox is solved simply - to illustrate, we will use experimental data from measurements of equilibrium microwave radiation with maximum coordinates: wavelength X=1.9 mm and frequencies v = 160.4 GHz and therefore, the partial speed of photons Cf = 304513.1 km/s And now an interesting question arises - why does the partial velocity of photons in the region of the maximum of the equilibrium radiation increase, while the GRASS theory predicts its constant deceleration! Without going into details of the conclusions of the equilibrium radiation formulas, we note the following: the formula for the energy spectrum has a complex nonlinear formula and therefore, even a small deviation from the law C0 = 300000 km/s leads to a shift of maxima, but not the fact that real partial speed Cp > c0!
§5. Phantom and the refractive index of vacuum!
5.1. Using the hyperspace interval in the form -Sc = R ± i*c*t and the photon energy value - e = h*v ± i*(A*k), as well as the procedure for quantizing the distance by photons of electromagnetic radiation r = n *, we find the value work on the transfer of quantum electromagnetic energy in the hyperspace of full dimension, which leads to an invariant [1]:
A„ = (Sc*e) = n*A*(1+(c/c'= q))/2, (7)
where q - is the refractive index of the vacuum and if q = c/c'~1 is the wave constant is the work of moving the photon with the cost of Q per pulsation!
Further, n is the quantum number of the distance, but another interpretation is possible which determines the state of the discrete package of electromagnetic radiation, namely: for n = 1, equation (4) describes a known quantum of energy - a photon; with n >> 2, 3 ... N we have a more complex formation - a phantom, perhaps a neutrino.
Experiments with a flat pendulum showed that there are low-frequency emissions, but very high energies, which, in addition to the frequency (energy), also have a pulsation frequency, and a propagation velocity of electromagnetic radiation. Moreover, the ultra-low frequency and long wavelength allows the phantom to penetrate significant distances.
As an example: the observed collective or synchronous radiation of many centers, which is recorded at the birth of the alpha resonance effect of the planet Earth and other solid-state planets of the solar system! The impact is possible, both by processes in the planet itself (earthquake), and by external causes - cataclysms on the Sun or in outer space! The existence of such states of phantoms, photon garlands, and predicts a quantum equation for the work of An.
5.2. Solar neutrino history.
Neutrinos are, in fact, ultra cold photons and, therefore, their lifetime is, of course, which is one of the reasons for their elusiveness! Secondly, there are problems in detecting ultra cold photons with high penetrating power. For these reasons, solar neutrinos or decay into an array of gravitons before reaching the Earth or other planets (due to the neutrino energy discreteness) and therefore skip the detectors! Actually, putting Cn = 0, we obtain the coordinates of the photon decay and the relation Xo, vo from n ^ cn = n*H0*Xo ; vn = n*H0 or:
R = n*Xo = Co/H0 = 1,26281E+24 km = 4,09E+04 mpc. (8)
which leads to such a value of pulsations n = 1.21E+17*E (ev). On the other hand, the number of pulsations n = (vo - vn)/Q and excluding n, we obtain the value of the displacement of the energy of ultra cold photons Ze = Q*1.21E+17=1.89E-16, which is far beyond possibilities of measurement, but does not exclude the probability of truth, provided that the photon frequency is ~ 160.4 GHz!
§6. The Rule of the Triad, Tron.
6.1. The triad cluster axiom: assuming the existence of both positively and negatively charged particles, there certainly exists a neutral particle of this cluster. This rule holds for all clusters of elementary particles, with the exception of muon and electron. Therefore, from the existence of an electron e-, and a positron e+, it follows hypothetically the existence of a very neutral particle of the throne - e0, which, for this reason, has not been identified until now! And during the annihilation reaction e+ + e- ^ e0 (Tr) + 2y , the pseudo-neutralization of the elementary charges q + + q- = Tr (e0) takes place. By the law of conservation of elementary charges, they do not disappear, but are in a bound state in the pulsation mode and this region is Tr! And the energy state of the throne level determines a quantum integer n of the number Q [5]! 6.2. So there is a throne or Tr = eo ^ e- + e + 2*y.
To estimate the energy Tr, we use the approximation of the quantum harmonic oscillator: Em = ± (m + i/2)*h*ra. (ra - throne oscillation frequency). From the solution for the energy Em, it follows that the energy of the quantum oscillator — the throne — has both a positive and a negative value and changes only in portions and is quantized. Moreover, the positive energy is bounded below by the minimum value E0 = /*h*ra0 = Q - vacuum fluctuations, white noise, the energy of zero-point oscillations is a direct consequence of the uncertainty relation. This means that the throne energy cannot be at the bottom of a potential well, but, in the case of its negative value, there is no "bottom" of such
a potential well! It is in the throne that the vacuum energy is accumulated. Thus, we postulate that the energy of both thrones and vacuum can be both positive E and negative, while the rules of addition and subtraction of energy in hypermechanics are true: = E + i*H Ф 0 and = E - i*H = 2*|E|, therefore, the identity of the vacuum energy density is E2 + H2 = Q, where Q is vacuum fluctuations, white noise.
6.3. Annihilation of electron - positron pair ^ throne.
When trying to calculate the bond energy defect "sum of masses minus two photons", the problem arises - there is no binding energy! With the annihilation of an electron - positron pair, there must be a binding energy because - as a result of mutual transformations of elementary particles, as a rule, the binding energy is released or absorbed - photons or neutrinos. If all energy is emitted in the form of two photons, what then remains in the rest? Nothing, but then the triad axiom about clusters is violated: "under the condition of the existence of both positively and negatively charged particles, there certainly exists a neutral particle of this cluster". And what is a stable elementary particle electron and positron? It can be represented as a symbiosis of charge ± q and ripple у - quantum. Moreover, the latter is in a bound state by an elementary electric charge. And if the electron charge is q = 1.6E-19 Kl, and its mass is me = 9.11E-31 kg, then the Coulomb repulsion or attraction force of electrons (positrons) is greater than their gravitational attraction force in 4E42 just that indicates the possibility of such a symbiosis! Moreover, the details of such a structure can be omitted due to the nebula of our ideas, but only to assume that when a pair of leptons encounter a mutual compensation of charges occurs, and the photons released from captivity fly away in opposite directions! Well, in the remainder we have a pulsating pair of charges of opposite signs that do not disappear due to the law of their conservation: e+ + e- = eo + 2у, где eo = q- + q+ = Tr (трон). (9)
As a result, Vacuum is a medium consisting of eo (thrones), real candidates for intermediaries in the propagation of an electromagnetic wave due to re-radiation and, moreover, such a medium can have a fairly decent density, which follows from the wavelength of high-frequency photons. It turns out that the ether (it's also a physical vacuum) contains quite real eo - trons (not at all "virtual"), which has been confirmed experimentally. Moreover, during the photon pulsation the key role should be played by the throne - taking the quantum energy and then emitting it, but minus 1 Q MeeV, which ensures its red extragalactic energy shift. The proposed process of pulsation with the transfer of a quantum of energy involves the electromagnetic properties of photons, as well as the throne, as a pulsating alternating elemental charge that accumulates and transmits the energy of EMR quanta [5]!
6.4. Negative energy. Throne and 'axiom' of existence.
The negative value of the throne energy is determined by the following considerations: during the photo-production reaction, the positive energy of the кв-quantum is absorbed by the vacuum throne and, as
a result, we have as a result two free particles - an electron and a positron. A kind of filling of the potential energy hole, in which the throne is located, with positive energy of the y - quantum, occurs. And with the "E - P" pair annihilation, the reverse process occurs, that is - the positive energy of the KB-quanta is compensated by the negative energy at the birth of the throne and therefore, the law of conservation of total energy is observed in both the direct and reverse processes. Thus, for the 'zero' vacuum energy we take its value to be zero, while: the positive energy value (E> 0) is its real values observed in the real world, but the negative (E <0) or imaginary energy values are it is vacuum energy. Therefore, complex dual vectors and negative energy in thrones J are determined by the following properties: If | S | = E, then the difference, that is, the energy expended to perform the work, is E - S = 2 * E, and the total energy of the system is E + S = 0. But, as a rule, E + 4 0 and therefore, the negative energy of thrones Vacuum is a hidden source of binding energy during transformations of elementary particles, and, consequently, of atoms, molecules, and so on. It is possible that the hidden energy of the vacuum is that "dark energy" of the cosmos, which cannot be observed and identified in any way, and which is the place of accumulation of energy elements The process of energy redistribution, during the "E - P" pair annihilation, leads to the establishment of the "zero" energy of Vacuum - e0, and the fluctuation of the impulse provides the temperature of this medium, therefore, as a result, we have e0 = k0 * T. And if Tr has the properties of a quantum harmonic oscillator, then the energy of the corresponding levels is given by the formula: en = h*v*(n + 1/2), where h is a constant, and frequency is the pulsation frequency of the throne, and not its movement. This spectrum of energy values deserves attention for two reasons: first, the energy levels are discrete and equidistant, that is, the difference in energy between two adjacent levels is constant and h*v. Secondly, the smallest energy value is e = h*v/2 and this level is called the main vacuum, or the level of zero oscillations and which is equal to e0 = ~ 1E-44 erg. Actually, the field of thrones is a densely packed discrete medium having a liquid-crystalline structure, density with a period of 8r = 1.62597E-3 5 meters. And the density of thrones has a fantastic concentration - ~ 1088 in a drop with a diameter of 1 mm, which is quite acceptable from the point of view of the unusual structure of the physical vacuum of the Universe [5].
With an increase in the quantum level of the throne, the energy of its level also increases discretely and, in fact, the throne is a superposition of possible energy levels of the physical vacuum! And photons of electromagnetic radiation, of a certain frequency (energy), propagate in the medium of thrones resonantly with these levels!
And the maximum possible energy of the throne is equal to 1.023964 MeV, above which it decays into an electron + positron, and this level corresponds to the quantum level n = 1,822E+17. Actually, assuming the partial velocity Cn = 0, we obtain the coordinates of the photon decay n*Xo =c°/H°,
which leads to such a value of ripple n =1.21E+17. Is this a coincidence?
6.5. A lot of leptons. There is no contribution from the existence of a charge in the e-n mass, that is, electric charges exist and have real interaction with magnetic and electric fields, but the elementary charges ± q do not participate in e-n movements, but pass the baton in the direction of a bunch of lepton energy - the polarization effect? And how is the electron mass measured? The classical way is to force the electron to accelerate by a potential difference and its mass is calculated using the formula E = mv2/2. More complex experiments allow using the quantum electrodynamics equation to obtain data on the electron mass compared to the proton mass. But in these experiments, the mass is equivalent to the energy of the EMI quanta and therefore, there is no data on the mass - the energy of the elementary charge ± q!
6.6. EMR photons do not have a rest mass, but have a boost!
The macroscopic manifestation of the Lorentz force is the Ampere force. For the Lorentz force, as well as for inertial forces, Newton's third law is not satisfied. Only by reformulating this Newton's law as the law of conservation of momentum in a closed system of particles and an electromagnetic field, can it be restored to the Lorentz forces. And from the side of electric E and magnetic B fields, the force acting on the charge q is expressed as: F = q * (E + [vxB]).
There are misinterpretations: the total energy released during the annihilation of an electron - positron pair, according to the accepted model, should be equal to E = 2*m*c2 = 1.022 MeV, which is exactly equal to the energy of two quanta during annihilation. And where is the contribution from elementary electric charges and binding energy?! There is no such contribution in the standard model, and therefore, the field quantum theory of elementary particles takes place!
6.7. Very neutral muon
Axiom: Under the condition of the existence of both positively and negatively charged muons, the existence of a neutral particle of this cluster certainly follows. Therefore, from the existence of muons it follows hypothetically the existence of a neutral muon |0, which, for this reason, has not been identified until now! And this is despite the fact that the neutral muon is a candidate as the "organizer" of strong interactions, that is, the core of all elementary particles. The only trace of a very neutral muon is the muon jets outside the walls of the colliders - there they should be sought [5].
The neutral muon (hypothetically virtual particle) is stable, presumably has spin 0, a rest mass of 47.15 MeV and is completely neutral, which makes it difficult to identify it, but is an ideal candidate as a carrier of strong interactions. It is possible that this property is confirmed by the presence of a neutral muon as the final product in the decay schemes of almost all elementary particles. This element, like the throne, was postulated, but in an experiment on the American proton + antiproton collider the Tevatron in the anomalous events detected by the CDF collaboration just several muons were born. And there were several oddities. First of all, one of the registered muons was not born near
the axis of proton collisions, as it usually happens, but far from it, sometimes even outside the vacuum tube, through which proton bunches fly. This could happen if an unstable particle was born in proton collisions, which flew several centimeters and decayed, giving rise to a muon. The only problem is that the suitable particle is unknown to physicists. In addition, often such 'distant' muons were not born single, but several at once. It turned out something like a 'muon jet' - a phenomenon quite incredible from the point of view of the Standard Model. After carefully checking all known sources of muon production and taking all errors into account, the experimenters stated that the detected events cannot be explained by the processes known to them.
It is possible that in these reactions the neutral muon HMea0 having a high permeability does not decay, and with the capture of an electron + positron pair from the throne, it creates a pair of muons or more, having a high energy - a jet of muons outside the Tevatron vacuum tube! Apparently, the probability of such a cascade of reactions increases significantly with an increase in proton + antiproton collision energy to 1.96 TeV, this is at the American collider, but it will increase even more at the large hadron collider at CERN.
§7. The transformation of vacuum energy in the hyperspace E - P!
7.1. It was established [5] that the Euclidean -Poincare space is invariant to the Lorentz transformation, but requires a slowing down of the speed of light identical to the flow of world time Zc = Zt, as a necessary condition for its use in the Cosmology basis. Let us approach equivalent results when using the pseudo Euclidean space of Minkowski, but with a constant speed of light, which was unsuccessfully used in astrophysics of the 20th century.
The main properties of photons in the theory of TT need to include the dissipative loss mechanism of both the energy MeeV Q and their speed c with each pulsation, and at the end of the path - the photons acquire the parameters of the relic radiation with a decay into an array of gravitons with a density approximately equal to his death! In this way, the graviton density in the space of the Universe is updated, but on the other hand, their consumption also occurs to maintain the stability of the stars, which is a source of gravity and, as a result, the graviton density deficit coincides with the outer radius for the star of the Sun ^ R0 = ~ 4,77 ps.
Thus, the sad story of birth, life and death of photons is a connecting factor from the birth of the Universe and the further transformation of various forms of energy, which is determined by the array of gravitons born from photons! First of all, the stability of the bosonic form of matter is provided by the work of the flow of the binding energy, which is carried by gravitons. The energy of their existence is directed to the performance of this work, and moreover, the Q MeeV flows in the direction of the center of mass of the star form a force field. Yes, gravitons do not have a rest mass, but have a wave impulse, which is transmitted to body m upon absorption of it, and the high flux density levels their meager energy Q (1). An interesting fact is that if MeeV Q is presented as a wave, then its length
is the distance of the edge of the universe, and the frequency determines the time of its existence. Therefore, the vacuum constant Q is a kind of string from the birth of the Universe connecting the past, present and possibly, the future!
But the birth of photons was accompanied by the processes of the birth of stars, planets and the whole diversity of the bosonic form of the Universe matter in hellish cauldrons - the nuclei of galaxies - quasars. This fact is indicated by the quantization of all the stars and planets of our galaxy and which leads to the conclusion that the beginning of all beginnings is the stellar object "Black Stars" of our galaxy with a quantum number 0 and with such parameters: M / Msun = 234797; R / Rsun = 10666; Rsh = 2GM / c2 = 7.425E + 14; P (g / cm3) = 2.74E-07. There are two interesting points in these data: with the compactness factor k ~ 1, the Schwarzschild radius puts the maximum dark energy density of a stellar object close to the density in the core, but on the other hand, the density of the bosonic form of matter is minimal. That is why the transformation of the dark energy "Black Stars" into the bosonic form of matter leads to the birth of the whole variety of the star worlds of the Universe. And all these processes are accompanied by the birth of photon showers in a wide range of energies, wavelengths, and also gravitons! But the cherry in the picture of Cosmology introduces a finite lifetime of relic photons - x ~ 3,74176E + 13 l.y. and the way to their decay R ~1,15E + 07 mpc. So, the finite time is the minimum lifetime of the Universe, and if you build a sphere with radius R in the Universe, then information is physically absent from more distant star worlds - that is, relict photons already dissolve! For these reasons, it makes sense to assert only about the minimum time of the world and the distance to the edge of our now observable or limited Universe with an external radius: the observable universe R = | n*X = c / H0 | = 4.09E + 04 mpc! On
the other hand, the size of the Universe was calculated earlier and has the value D = A/Q = 2.57E + 04 Mpc.
And its external boundary does not depend on the wavelength, because the process of increasing X is taken into account as follows: n = |v - vo | *h/Q = (e0 -e)/Q, where V0 = 160.4 GHz, and n = v *H° = n * 2,374E-19 Hz is equal to the initial frequency. But when calculating the distance from (2), we already have a nonlinear dependence on n! And if we take the measured displacement - Z = H0*r, then always r < R and Zmax = 9.98E-01! And the measured values of the photon energy shifts Z > Zmax are not due to the mechanism of dissipative red shift.
7.2. Hyperons Q, H and other resonances.
These are the class of particles, the binding energy
and the decay time of which in the main sequence of FIG. 3 are not located. Apparently, the reason is as follows: hyperons have positive binding energy and therefore are unstable and decay in a cascade, but the decay time must be determined by the final stable decay products (|° + e-), and not at an intermediate stage.
7.3. The composition of 'elementary' particles in the field theory of Vacuum. Thus, the basic properties of new and composition of stable elementary particles in the field theory of elementary particles are defined: this is a composite throne, which includes q + charges in a pulsating state and which is a hub of vacuum energy elements; proton - as a stable binary element, an active participant in the formation of more complex structures; a neutral muon is a carrier of strong interactions, which has the property of stabilizing the elements of vacuum energy, with the formation of both stable and virtual structures; EMP photons are the main carrier of electro-magnetic energies, having a finite lifetime comparable to the time of birth of the Universe; As well as the minimum element of vacuum energy (graviton), the ultra-light boson Q is a generator of the field of gravity and a carrier of gravitational radiation, a kind of string from the time of birth of the Universe.
Further, it is Tron that occupies a key place in the system of elementary particles, and this is why: first of all, as a quantum harmonic oscillator, it participates in the collective process of transferring energy quanta
(photons) from the generation region to the absorption region as a result of energy transformations; further it contains a compensated electron-positron pair which,
under certain conditions, can participate in nuclear reactions of the production and annihilation of electron-positron pairs; next - the Tron is the accumulator or carrier of negative elements of the energy of the Universe, which is the source of all the processes of its transformation along the flow of world time. Actually, the field of thrones of Vacuum is a densely packed discrete medium having a liquid crystal structure, density and other parameters of the physical medium. He is not directly observable because he does not participate in movements, but transmits clots of energy, particles and radiation, preserving the inertia of movement and counteracting its changes. For completeness of the Vacuum representation, let us add the concentration of neutral muons, as well as the fluxes of photons and energy elements Q!
We also note the absence in the proposed field theory of elementary particles of a virtual neutrino particle, due to its equivalence of phantoms, which greatly simplifies the mathematical formalism. The energy density of various forms of radiation is fantastically high and ensures all its transformations in the vacuum environment. The remaining elementary particles are resonances, with short lifetimes, and their nature will help to recreate the energy structure of the vacuum. Higher energy architectural forms of vacuum, formed by the interaction of neutral muons, thrones and protons, is the atomic structure of matter, governed by the law of a binding energy defect — stable and unstable atoms and their isotopes.
§8. What is established GRASS and the consequences for the worldview!
8.1. From the measured displacements from supernovae and quasar, the minimum element of vacuum energy Q is calculated - which, as it turned out, is a graviton or an ultra-light boson, which is expected to be predicted by theoreticians! A dissipative loss of an element of energy Q by photons is established for each pulsation, which cancels both the big bang and the expansion of the universe, which in turn represents an unnecessary dark energy responsible for the scattering of galaxies! It has been established that the Universe is not expanding - all the more rapidly! And the hot phase of the birth of the observable Universe occurred throughout its entire space, according to the Hubble telescope depth survey in a variety of centers, which is more acceptable from the point of view of the redistribution of energy and momentum! The 20th century astrophysics heel is the identification of distances to distant star objects, and so, the dissipative energy loss mechanism by photons allows precise measurement of both distances and radial velocities from measured wavelength and energy shifts! The correction of distances led to a linear dependence of the redshift - distance over the entire area of the observed Universe!
8.2. Photons do not have a rest mass, but have an impulse, a finite lifetime, slowing down the speed and dissolution in a vacuum environment! The finite lifetime of photons and the slowing down of their propagation velocity, which indicates both the existence of the outer radius of the observable Universe, and the application for revising the concept of the formation of
relic radiation, has been determined! Actually, the energy spectrum of photons in the field of energy e <, 03 ev, or X > 2 mm, has a decrease to the minimum, which does not contradict the concept of the scattering of photons in the field of relic radiation! This fact is also indicated by the constant concentration of photons of relic radiation - the flow of photons to update compensates for the runoff during their decay. The equilibrium law of the energy distribution of the background radiation is formed by different path lengths and isotropy of the photon trajectories of the set of centers of birth of galaxies. And as a result of the decay of relic photons, arrays of gravitons are formed, which form the fields of material bodies, and also gravitons are the source of their stability.
8.3. Hypotheses: Elementary particles electron e- and positron e + have a common root - the tron, which is the result of both their annihilation (disappearance) and the photo of birth from nothing, that is, from a vacuum. In these processes, photons, as carriers of energy quanta, take an active part. Moreover, if we accept the hypothesis of the existence of the triad law, that is, from the existence of positively and negatively charged particles, there follows the existence of a neutral particle of this cluster, in this case e0 ^ Throne's. But there is a law of conservation of charges q + - therefore, in e0 it is necessary to allow their existence in a bound and pulsating state. The relationship between the pulsation frequency and the energy of the throne determines the solution of the Schrodinger equation for a quantum harmonic oscillator, and the energy can take on both positive and negative values. And now let's voice the main hypothesis: the liquid crystal structure of a vacuum is created by arrays of thrones, which accumulate elements of vacuum energy Q and moreover, play the role of translators of energy quanta - photons. The level of vacuum energy fluctuations (positive or negative value) determines the integer quantum number in the harmonic oscillator. In the reverse process of photo production of an electron of a positron pair, photon energy is absorbed by the binding energy of the throne in the field of nuclear forces, and as a result free particles are formed.
8.4. Quantum hypothesis.
A stable elementary particle can be represented as a pulsating "quantum" which is "glued" by a charge q, therefore, with each pulsation, a "quantum" loses an element of energy Q (the fundamental property of EMR) and, by the stability property, this loss is compensated for by the charge q that determines electrical properties of an electron or positron, and the flow of energy elements Q in the direction of the center of mass creates a field of aggression!
8.5. Graviton.
The proposed model of elementary particles allows the development, namely: the rule of dissipative energy loss by photons of electromagnetic radiation implies a loss of 1 Q MeeV for each pulsation of y -quanta of leptons. But on the other hand, the particles are stable and therefore this loss of energy must be replenished from a vacuum, which forms the energy flow of gravitons Q.
Other facts are indicated by the quantization of all stars and planets and which leads to the conclusion that the beginning of all the beginnings of our galaxy is the "Black Stars" stellar object with a quantum number 0 and with such parameters: M / Msun = 234797; R / Rsun = 10666; Rsh = 2GM / c2 = 7.425E+14; P (g/cm3) = 2.74E-07. There are two interesting points in these data: with the compactness factor k ~ 1, the Schwarzschild radius puts the maximum dark energy density of a stellar object close to the density in the core, but on the other hand, the density of the bosonic form of matter is minimal. That's why the transformation of the dark energy "Black Stars" into the bosonic form of matter leads to the birth of the whole diversity of the stellar world of our galaxy.
P.S. Hyperspace is like the real space of the Universe [5].
In the complex space, each event corresponds to a point of Euclidean space, in Galilean coordinates, the three coordinates of which are the Cartesian coordinates of the three-dimensional vector of the Euclidean space r, and the fourth coordinate is ict, where c is the speed of light, t is the time of the event. The relationship of distance and time interval separating events is characterized by the square of the space-time interval s2 = r2 + (c*t)2, which can be represented as the scalar product of complex vectors s2 = (r + i*c*t)*(r - i*c*t), where the vector r is the real part, which defines the space of the flat world in time, and its imaginary part, c*t = r0 - determines the vector (orton of the photon), which connects the radiation source and the observer's detector!
Further, in addition to the interval S, we introduce a dynamic parameter, this is the total derivative of the time interval, which takes the form:
St = (ds/dt) = V ± i*(C+t*Ct) (10)
provided that the partial derivative of the velocity Light Ct = (dc/dt) is non-zero! When Ct 0, we have the equation for the imaginary part C + t*Ct = 0, which has such a solution (in terms of displacements) Zc = Zt, where Zc = c0/c - 1 and Zt =At/tc (with an increase in the time interval At there is a red shift Zc which is caused by the slowing down of the speed of light C) and therefore St = V, that is, the 4-dimensional complex interval St degenerates into the observed real space of the velocity vectors V! The proposed space, with a metric on it, has unique properties: setting dc 4 0, where c is the speed of light, we end up with the identity dS/dt = V for a space-time interval and then we arrive at the identity Zc = Zt, that is, the flow world time is identical to slowing down the speed of light. And finally: The Euclidean-Poincare space is invariant to the Lorentz transformations, but it requires a slowing down of the speed of light identical to the flow of world time, as a necessary condition for its use in the Cosmology basis.
What is the fourth parameter coordinates of the full space of the universe. The Euclidean - Poin-care space has the norm s2 = r2 + (u)2, where s is the interval of full space, r is the vector space of Euclidean, and the vector space u = ict, proposed by Henri Poin-care, connects the observer, the object of observation and the ray of light. The subspaces r, u are connected by the scalar product (r, u) 0 (this property is assigned
by the norm c), which determines the properties of the complete space c. That is, the elements of the spaces r, u are orthogonal and allow the construction of an orthonormal basis in a 3-dimensional complex Euclidean space which also satisfies the condition of the singleness of the norm of all its elements. That is, it is an orthogonal basis with normalized elements which is written using the Kroncckcr(e''ej) ~ symbol: for each pair of basis vectors, it is zero when i 4 j, and is equal to one with the same index, that is, when the scalar product of any basic vector is taken with itself. Much is written in an orthogonal basis much easier than in an arbitrary, so we will use just such a basis. First of all, contrary to expectations, the Euclidean - Poincare space turned out to be three-dimensional, but the fourth dimension is established by the observer himself. Indeed, the introduction of space u postulates the fact that the observer receives absolutely all the information from the past ... by sending an impulse to the EMP beam in the direction of the object.
Actually, the Euclidean - Poincare space contains the ability to take into account the physical nature of observation, that is, this space is not an abstract idea of the geometry of the world. By its dimension, the fourth coordinate is a measure of the path traveled by the material body until the moment of arrival of the photon EMP pulse from the observer. For this reason, the reflected beam will bring information about exactly this place.
The timer of lifetime is defined by the identity Zt s Zc.
It was previously established (9) that the extraga-lactic redshift is due to the slowing down of the speed of light Zc = (co/c-1), which, in turn, is associated with an increase in the time interval At in the life time timer Zt = (n/nmax)2 = At/t, where the number of pulsations is n = (eo - e) / Q=(vo - v)/H, a nmax = vo/H. And as a result: parabola life time timer:
Zt = (1-v/vo)2 s (n/nmax)2, (11)
always positive, with the frequency v ^ 0 or n ^ nmax, and its value in the interval 0 <Zt <1. The proposed law is universal as for photons of electromagnetic radiation (frequency ^ pulsation), stellar objects and planets (frequency of alpha rhythm ^ pulsation), as well as living objects (pulse frequency ^ pulsation). In any case, nmax is a key parameter that determines the death rate when observing an object. For "homo sapience", the approximate number of pulsations is nmax ~ 3,416,400,000 per 100 light years that one would like to live in the absence of "force majeure"! Suppose that you are 80 years old, which is equivalent to the cost of your resource 2,733,120,000 heartbeats. And this is equivalent to the reading of your parabola - Zt = (n / nmax)2 = At/t = 0.64 timer or t = to*2.7777777777 timer, that is, the feeling of the pace of your life is so much less than in youth and you, for example, have no desire to build a house for your family on your own!
The question remains - where is the timer of time of life?
References
1. Ibragimov Rafael, The nature of gravity and the radiation of gravity, Austria_journal_2_part_13.pdf
2. Raf Ibragimovic, GREAT ASSOCIATION PHYSICAL THEORIES
3. Ibragimov Rafael, ELEMENTS OF COSMOLOGY, XXI CENTURY.
4. Ibragimov Rafael, ELEMENTS OF COSMOLOGY 2.
5. Рафаэль Ваоммаа, THEORY TRONOV 3.
ПРИНЦИПЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ШАРОВОЙ МОЛНИИ
Рысин А.В. Рысин О.В.
АНО «НТИЦ «Техком» г.Москва, радиоинженеры
Бойкачев В.Н. АНО «НТИЦ «Техком» г.Москва, директор кандидат технических наук Никифоров И.К.
Чувашский государственный университет, г. Чебоксары, кандидат технических наук, доцент
PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF BALL LIGHTNING PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF BALL
LIGHTNING
Rysin A. V.
Rysin O. V.
ANO "STRC" Technical Committee "Moscow, radio engineers
Boykachev V.N.
ANO "STRC" Technical Committee "Moscow, director, candidate of technical sciences Nikiforov I.E.
Chuvash State University, Cheboksary, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor
АННОТАЦИЯ
В данной статье показано, какие парадоксы были допущены в гипотезах при объяснении концепции формирования шаровой молнии. На основе теории Мироздания показаны математические и физические аспекты этого явления.
ABSTRACT
This article shows what paradoxes were allowed in the hypotheses in the explanation of the concept of the formation of ball lightning. On the basis of the theory of the Universe the mathematical and physical aspects of this phenomenon are shown.
Ключевые слова: уравнение Шрёдингера, СТО и ОТО Эйнштейна, преобразования Лоренца - Мин-ковского, волновое уравнение, уравнения Максвелла, усовершенствованные уравнения Максвелла, принцип Гюйгенса-Френеля, вектор - потенциалы, система уравнений Дирака, термодинамическое равновесие.
Keywords: the Schrodinger equation, Einstein's SRT and GRT, transformations of Lorentz - Minkowski, wave equation, Maxwell's equations, advanced equations of Maxwell, the principle of Huygens-Fresnel, the vector - potentials, a system of Dirac equations, thermodynamic equilibrium.
К необъяснимым загадкам природы можно отнести шаровую молнию, которую наблюдало множество очевидцев, причём, не по одиночке, но получить её в лабораторных условиях не удавалось никому, даже академику П.Л. Капице [1]. И пока нет достоверно зафиксированных подтверждёний, хотя фотоснимков и видеоизображений немало (рис. 1).
Рис. 1. Шаровая молния Кроме того, теорий, как бы объясняющих возникновение шаровой молнии, написано достаточно
много. Но, ни одна из них не может логично описать причину появления плазмы и её удержания в пределах шарообразной формы. Например, известна гипотеза д.ф.м.н. С.П. Курдюмова [2], суть которой основывается на вихревых явлениях и существовании локализованных диссипативных структур в неравновесных средах. Однако объяснение процесса, помимо наличия вихревых явлений, далее не продвинулось. Проблема возникла из-за того, что надо было описать принцип долговременного разделения зарядов, а принцип этого разделения только на наличии вихревых процессов в неравновесных средах не обеспечивается. Вихревые процессы в атмосфере происходят достаточно часто, но вот шаровая молния возникает очень редко и это означает, что необходимы ещё какие-то условия по разделению зарядов и возникновению плазмы и свечения довольно длительное время.
