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10PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
QUANTUM MECHANICS, THE THEORY OF GRAVITY AND ATTRACTION ^ A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF COMPATIBILITY AND EFFECT FOR 21ST CENTURY ASTROPHYSICS!
Ibragimov R.
Virtual Astrophysical Observatory, Motleys Mountains, Alma-Ata, CHC.
Kazakhstan, Almaty
ABSTRACT
In fact, E. Hubble himself did not confirm the Doppler nature of redshifts, and the discoverer of "new" stars and supernovae Fritz Zwicky as early as 1928 associated these shifts with energy loss by electromagnetic radiation quanta at cosmogonic distances. Moreover, in 1936, on the basis of a study of the distribution of galaxies, E. Hubble came to the conclusion that this cannot be explained by the Doppler effect, and the Zwicky hypothesis is most likely the "slight fatigue" that he put forward in 1928. But with the adoption of the Big Bang theory, with the expansion from the star of the Sun, it turned out that astrophysics was directed along the wrong path of development! And then, with the rapid development of observational astronomy, in a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths, along with amazing discoveries, a mass of unsolved problems arose, the solution of which this work is devoted to. And as it turned out, the root of the problems lies both in underestimating the structure of photons and in the absence of additions to elementary particles of the graviton a and the carrier of the physical medium of the vacuum - the throne. Moreover, it was found that a photon is an unstable elementary particle with a lifetime that depends on the number of pulsations in each of which there is an equidistant loss of the minimum vacuum energy a, which leads to a dissipative loss of its energy in galactic space, to a slowdown and decay in the region Microwaves [1].
Keywords: universe, galaxy, stars, big bang, gravitational radiation, hyperspace, attraction
Part 1. Preamble. PHOTON, as an unstable element of an open universe.
1.1. The physical vacuum is "nothing" from which "something" arises, and in such a variety that we ask the question - is there "nothing"?
1.2. Further, I would like to draw attention to the existence of more than 700 stars in the immediate vicinity of the Sun, the shift of the spectrum of which is in the violet region! Astronomers do not seem to notice them - they measured spectra and distances and forgot! And if you apply the Hubble law, formally, it turns out that this mass of stars moves toward us with acceleration! And during the existence of planet Earth, we should not be alive for a long time, but nonetheless we exist. And this fact leads to the conclusion about the virtual nature of this movement, that is, when photons enter the gravitational field of our star, their energy increases, and this leads to a violet shift of the spectrum of radiation frequencies from stars. Another interesting fact is the determination of the abnormal braking of the spacecraft - pioneer's, which is set by shifting the frequency of the control signal from the station. And again, the purple shift, which is interpreted as a slowdown, but pioneers acceleration is virtual [2]!
1.3. And then it is logical to assume the existence of the inverse effect, namely, when the radiation leaves the star's gravitational field, the photon energy is lost, that is, their redshift of the spectrum is formed! And for nearby stars, the mutual compensation of effects from the spectra of the input - output and emission of stars does not change and this boundary is Rg ~ 4.77 pc!!!
1.4. Well, but if there is a distance in Mpc between stellar objects, then it is generally accepted that the Hubble law in combination with the Doppler effect is valid. But let's not rush and do this procedure: divide the photon energy loss by the number of ripples at a
distance that we calculate from the frequency and time in transit. And it turned out that this small part of the energy is a constant value for Sn1a and quasars and is equal to a \u003d 1.5629E-33 ev - the ultralight Rafa boson! Moreover, it turned out that the product of the fundamental constants of astrophysics a = h * H (Planck and Hubble) is equal to the same quantity. And if you imagine it in the form of a wave, then we have a distance to the border, and as a frequency, then the lifetime of the universe! Such a coincidence cannot be called accidental - it is only 'a - particles from God.'
1.5. We conclude: each photon pulsation n is associated with an energy loss a, and therefore the extraga-lactic redshift of the photon energy is the sum of the energy losses, and the magnitude of these losses linearly depends on both the initial energy and the distance n. And this process is a dissipative and equidiscent mechanism of extragalactic redshift of photon energy. We believe that the expansion of the Universe, all the more accelerated, as well as the term "dark energy" and especially 70% of the total amount of this energy, lose their meaning and significance!
1.6. In fact, the EMR parameter n is the number of photon pulsations, because in the case of a long lifetime it can theoretically lose its energy by e = ]£n * a and dissolve in a vacuum medium - or rather, the photon is predictably unstable [2]!
1.7. The properties of Red photons allow it to be used to quantize the space of the Universe, that is: d = ^ ^n, where n \u003d N is the total number of pulsations, and the frequency is v = vo - n*A/h. And now we got the opportunity to calculate the partial speed of photons - Cn = Xn*vn, which was done! And it turned out that the partial speed of photons also slows down to Cn = 4 * Co, where N ~10E + 35, and it goes out in the region of microwave radiation! Obviously, an increase
in the initial energy of photons increases its lifetime. Well, the sacred cow of physics - the postulate about the constancy of the speed of light of Einstein could not resist, but it needs to be clarified - at the beginning of the path it is constant and equal to the measured one, but then with time the photon "gets tired"!
1.8. Some of the extensions of the Standard Model proposed by physicists-theorists predict the existence of super-light bosons, the class of which, for example, includes photons. These hypothetical bosons are much lighter than any known particles with nonzero mass and energy! And the GRASS theory established this hypothetical particle, which is the minimal element of vacuum energy a [ultralight boson - ULB]. The identification is obtained from the analysis of data on Sn1a, as well as on quasars, that is, if the energy loss of photons L e along the distance R is divided by the total number of pulsations N of these photons, this leads to the following constant: a \u003d 1,5629E-33 ( 1.840E-33) eV and unexpectedly it turned out that there is a coincidence a = (h*H0) & (A*Ho) connecting the fundamental constant of vacuum a (Rafel boson), microworld h, A (Planck) and macrocosm H (Hubble ) An increase in the photon frequency leads to an increase in the number of pulsations N, which leads to an increase in energy loss and, therefore, a is constant [2].
1.9. Statement: Each photon pulsation is associated with energy loss a. And the extragalactic red shift of the EMP energy is the sum of the energy losses a, and the magnitude of this loss depends linearly on both its initial energy and distance. We conclude that a is the minimum element of energy and if we represent it as a wave, then comparing with the formula for the photon energy e = h*v we have the value of its frequency H0 = 2.310-18 Hz, close to the Hubble constant! And the time value T0 = 1,336E+10 ly is equal to the age of the Universe, from the moment of its birth at a distance L0 = 1,264E+35 nm, which is equal to the wavelength a. Mysteriously, but interesting because these numbers cannot be called an accident! Indeed, it can be assumed that a is a kind of string from the event of the birth of the Universe in its space and time, and perhaps it is -particles of god.
1.10. The GRASS theory claims that the pulsating photon model assumes the presence of a third state of uncertainty, that is, two spin states pulsate virtually and only at the moment of absorption of the photon does one of them occur. And if the observer with his fixation equipment becomes a participant in the experiment, then the next state during the fixation will become a different spin state, because - in total, the equality of spin states must be observed! A virtual device is triggered - a trigger, if so, then the following will be no. This is the effect of entanglement - and the observer is a party to the disclosure of uncertainty!
Part 2. Corpuscular - wave dualism of photons
[4].
2.1. Corpuscular - wave properties of photons reflect the constants h and A, and, the wave constant A = h * c, and this indicates their equal importance because they allow independent experimental definition. Using the relationship formula for the basic parameters of the
EMR C = v*X and determining the module in normalizing the identity, we arrive at the following complex form of representation of the photon energy:
E = V2 * (h*v ± i*AA.), (1)
Which reflects the wave-particle duality of EMP. Obviously, at high energy, before the formation of elementary particles, it is more acceptable to consider the corpuscular nature of photons, and at low energy, for the wave energy, the wave vector is more acceptable.
2.2. Next, we find the full differential (3) by pulsations which is equal to a = h*H! We have: de/dn =h*(dv/dn) ± i*A*(dp/dn) = h*H, where dv/dn = t and we have the complex expression for the photon momentum: h/T ± i*A*(dp/dn) = h*H:
i*dp/dn = -h/(A*t)*(1 - H*t) = -c/t*p (2)
By dimension, momentum, and an imaginary unit means either acceleration or deceleration. The coefficient p = (1 - H*t) <1 means the contribution from the galactic shift of the photon energy. The value p = 0 -means photon decay.
2.3. According to the concept of the theory, the GRASS law of energy conservation also holds in the microcosm of vacuum, but with the amendment - when the energy transitions to honey, work is done! A typical example is the process of pulsation of the electromagnetic energy of photons in a physical vacuum environment. We calculate the value of the work when moving the photon in hyperspace according to the formula A=(S * e), where the interval is S = r ± i *c*t, and the energy is in (1). As a result, using the quantization of hyperspace r=n**X, we have:
A=V2*n*(h*c+ A). (3)
Note that the work is invariant and therefore takes on real value. And the quantum number n means the dissipative and equidiscent nature of the energy loss by photons.
Part 3. Quantization of space by RED photons
[5].
Statement: An arbitrary distance r can be represented as an integer photon wavelength RED, that is: rn = n*X, where n = Ae/*!
3.1. And photons from the past bring information about the world, and the answer is sent to the future, in this way the observer takes a central place in time. At the basis of linear quantization of space, we use the mechanism of dissipative extragalactic redshift of a known wavelength or, more precisely, an integer quantum number n of the number of photon pulsations over a distance rn = n*Xn! It is obvious that the extragalactic redshift increases the wavelength Xn and reduces the photon energy so n therefore, correctly reasoning, the distance r is a nonlinear function n!
The dissipative model of photon energy loss leads to such a frequency: vn = (v0 - n*Ho), with the number of pulsations n = h*(e0 - en)/A = (v0 - vn)/Ho.
After that, we assume, to a first approximation, that the distance can be represented as follows: d = ^n*Xn, but the extragalactic red shift (RED) increases the wavelength according to the law Z= Ho*r=(X/Xo-l) , and therefore Xn = Xo*(1+n*HoXo), where n \u003d 1,2,3, ... N and further, D =£Xo*(1 + n*HoXo) = Xo*(l+ Xo*Ho^n), and
taking into account the value of the sum of the photon pulsations ^n = N*(1+N)/2, we obtain the final expression for the precision measurement of distance with the deduction of redshift as the wavelength , and the radiation frequency of the source: D = A,o*[1+ Xo*H°*N(1+N)/2], где N = Av/Ho. (4) The first surprise is to increase the real distance from the accepted one order of magnitude (~ 10 times)! Quasars whose displacement is Z> 1 (red) are located
on the new boundary of the Universe! And the Star World in Sn1a is located an order of magnitude farther than previously thought, and the relationship of displacements with distance is linear: Z = H0*r, where H0 = c*H0 =2,374E-19 Hz.
3.2. Further, the values of the wavelength and pho- Cn/Со = (1 - n*Ho/v0)*(l+ n*H°*ta), где co=A,°*V0. (5) ton frequency make it possible to calculate its partial velocity c = X*v:
350000
300000
250000
s
200000
y
it is
lo 150000
cu
>
100000
50000
Photon partial velocity km/s
x.
10 15 20 25
distancy log n
30
35
40
The photon lifetime is x -3.74176E+13 l.y, and the path to decay is S-1.15E+7 mpc!
The graph shows the relationship of the partial speed of photons depending on the number of ripples at a distance. The yellow color indicates the region of CMB radiation, which indicates a slowdown in the speed of photons with their subsequent dissolution in vacuum. And despite the low energy of relict photons E ~ 3 10-4 ev, there is a release of 1.92E+29 Q, or gravitons, when the relict photon dissolves (decays)! Actually, both the wavelength and the EMP frequency can differ significantly from relict photons, and their lifetime creates an insurmountable barrier for distant stars!
We conclude: there is a dissipative mechanism of the red galactic shift of photon energy (RED), a slowing down of distance and dissolution in vacuum at the end of the path (the finite lifetime of a photon) and therefore, a century-old debate about the legitimacy of the Hubble law in combination with the Doppler effect and much more Resolved not in favor of the latter.
Part 4. Confirmation of the deceleration of the speed of photons from quasars
4.1. Practice has shown that the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light and the particle-wave duality of photons turned out to be incompatible and
0
0
5
this fact did not allow the combination of general theory and quantum theory and, moreover, they persuaded physicists to consider microworld processes as either particles or waves. But the established fact of slowing down the speed of photons allows us to combine the results of observations of both the corpuscular - h and the wave nature - processes of the Universe.
Trend Zc(N)
4.2. The first attempt to share the properties of the corpuscle and wave led to the measurement of the displacements of Zfot and Zspec from distant quasars [7].
To analyze the data, the identity (1 + Zc) * (1 + Zv) = (1+ ZX), ) was used, which led to the construction of such a trend of displacement Zc by quasars [8]:
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
z -0,1
o
z -0,2
ao
_o -0,3
*
]] -0,4
rvl -0,5
-0,6
-0,7
-0,8
• •
•
•
• % i,5 32 32 .....34 34
•
•
•
•
Log N (No = l,155E+33)
Note that the discussion identity Zv = Zfot was used, and apparently therefore the data volatility is high, but a significant number of quasars allow us to establish the main trend for slowing down the speed of photons from the region of their location.
A deceleration of the speed of light affects both photometry (a decrease in the momentum and therefore Z>1), and for the time of photons on the way! The data
are presented as a function of a universal parameter -the number of photon pulsations.
4.3. The outer gravitational boundary of a Sun star.
In the vicinity of the Sun, there are more than 700 stars whose spectrum shift has a purple color. And if according to the Hubble law, then we have as a result the movement of this array of stars in the direction of the Sun with an ever increasing speed at a = 7.8E+6 km/s/mpc [3]!
But during the life of our star, they should already be here, but they are not there and therefore we conclude that this movement is virtual! Such a high value of the acceleration a at the outer gravitational boundary of the solar star does not significantly affect the final result because the radiation from the source loses the same part of the energy when it leaves the gravitational field and therefore is compensated. In the field of distances, a.e. Acceleration takes on the value of the Hubble constant, but with the opposite sign, which is established by the virtual braking of spacecraft both Pioneer and Voyeur. In this way, the external gravitational
boundary of the Sun star is established, which is 4.77 pc [4]!
4.4. Now about the red extragalactic shift of photon energy.
First of all, the general theory of relativity predicts a change in frequency (redshift) when a photon passes the gravitational potential: Zv = (vo-v)/v = (U0-U)/c2, where (vo - v) is a change in the photon frequency. This fact is experimentally established. Comparing with the experimental data on displacements v = H0*r obtained by Edwin Hubble, we finally obtain the identity: Z= (Uo-U (r))/c2 = r*q0, where q0 = H0/c = .000313/mpc. We conclude: when passing through the
galactic space, from the source to the detector, the photons experience a linear drag of the medium identical to the drag of the linear gravitational potential of the Universe. And the process of redshift of energy is similar to the effect that is observed when radiation leaves the star's gravitational field! But if the Universe is presented as a superstar, then the movement of photons inside the gravitational medium will be inhibited according to Hooke's law.
4.5. Hubble constant (experimentally determined value) - its dimension is mysterious and incomprehensible km/s/mpc, but it allows such a decoding of GRASS theory - as a change in the speed of light km/s in one mpc of its path. Another version of the representation H = 2.3E-18/s has a frequency dimension, that is, in fact, the energy loss is also in one mc of its path. But, the energy is ei = h*vl - at the beginning of the path, and e2 = h*v2 - at the end of the path and therefore the difference Ae \u003d h*(vl - v2) and finally The displacement has the form: Ze = (vl - v2)/vl = Av/v.
And therefore, the Hubble law takes the form suitable for constructing the metric: d = (c/Ho)*Zn or, more precisely, dn = n*c*X0 where n = Ae/* and to a first approximation, it depends linearly on the number of pulsations! But the real connection is the distance from the number of pulsations established by quantization of the Red space by photons and, therefore, nonlinear (4). So, the Hubble law is transformed and takes the form of being free from philosophical considerations about the recession of the stars of the Universe from the
star of the Sun. But in reality, everything is more complicated - the basic parameters of photons are being transformed: frequency, wavelength, and the speed of R photons also slows down. And what's more: the photon, as it turned out, is an unstable particle, has a finite number ofpulsations with decay in the region of relict photons!
Part 5. Gravitational lensing of the gravitational field of the Sun.
5.1. And the light travels the distance from the star's gravitational edge in 3.25 Julian years, and therefore, despite the weak field value, its long-term effect on photons from distant stellar objects has a noticeable effect on the trajectory. And the established gravitational lensing confirms these statements, but this effect is the result of the total influence of the input-output gravitational field. But we are interested in lensing light rays from stellar objects inside our star's gravitational field! In this way, we establish the presence of a gravitational thick nonlinear lens G2V! And now the question arises - what are we actually observing through terrestrial telescopes [5]?!
For example, consider a photograph of the Hubble telescope of the distant planet Neptune - and we see a fuzzy blurry picture. But distant stellar objects are obtained with amazing clarity! We conclude: the focus of the gravitational lens of the Sun's star is 4.77 rs, and here the objects beyond this border are high definition, but those objects that are fuzzy inside. What was required to install!
5.2. Superposition of displacements and energetics of supernovae formation.
The basic properties of photons, such as speed, pulsation frequency, and wavelength are related as follows: co = vo*Xo for the radiation source and c=v*X -for the detector system, which ultimately leads to a connection between the parameter shifts EMP:
(l+ZX)*(l+Zc) = (1 + Zv), (6)
Where Zc = (co/c-1), Zv = (vo/v-l) and ZX = (X/Xo-l). A feature of the observed spectral shift Z is in the fact that it contains and is divided into con-
tributions, both of the Doppler effect from the radial velocity of formation of Sn - Zv, and the change in displacement from the distance traveled ZX. By their nature, these processes are sequential: first of all, this is a change in the photon wavelength from X0 to X' (Doppler effect - Zv = v / c), with its subsequent increase from X' to X, on the way to the observer Zv. As a result, we have The golden rule of superposition for the displacement of Z, from these processes: (1 + Z) = Zv + Zv * ZX + ZX. Actually, the Doppler shift from the radial velocity of the bounce of the flare, during the formation of Sn1a, is an indicator of the energy of this process, and it
turned out that with the removal into the past the explo- Mo - log Rmpc, where Rmpc > 1 and Mo = -19.74m for
sion activity increases. Thus, Sn1a is not a standard the candle standard adopted earlier and used in the con-
candle, but it will remain so if the absolute magnitude struction Metrics. Snla is corrected by such a simple dependence: M =
Radial velosities (v/c) rebound flaresSupernovae
0,4 Fw
0;3 o
0,2 O
0,1
0
0
0
-0,1 -0,2 -0,3
The established fact of an increase in the absolute magnitude of Sn1a leads to the elimination of a longstanding inconsistency in cosmology known as the 'horizon problem.' Pushing the boundary of the universe, we remove this difference, and with it the problem of the horizon. And it turned out that the use of correction leads to an increase in the distance to the edge of the universe at times [6]! According to the proposed protocol, the size of the Universe is calculated and has the value D = A/a = 2.57E + 04 mpc, which is close to estimating the maximum possible distance of 28194.57497 mpc.
5.3. The inner region of the star G2V (Sun).
Consider the anomalous acceleration «pioneer 10.11»: When spacecraft leave the solar system, violet
braking is observed with acceleration ap = -7.8*E-8 cm/s2, while the braking parameter is qp = -, 0002994/mpc! It can be seen that qp is almost equal to q = H0/c = .000313/mpc, but with the opposite sign, which is consistent with the virtual nature of the violet shift Zf. Moreover, if the nature of RED is the essence of the dissipative loss of EMP energy, then the violet shift is undoubtedly caused by an increase in the EMP energy when it enters the star's gravitational field! Thus, the established dynamic properties of electromagnetic radiation reflect the gravitational properties of photons - when a star enters the field, the acceleration of photons (their violet shift) is observed, which is interpreted as braking of the pioneer 10, 11 spacecraft!
Part 6. a - elementary particle model and MT gravitational field!
6.1. Statement: Each pulsation of electromagnetic energy is associated with the loss of the minimum elements of the vacuum energies a.
Hypothesis of Quantum. A stable elementary particle can be represented as a pulsating quantum that is
"glued" by a charge q. Therefore, with each pulsation, y - quantum loses the minimum element of vacuum energy a (the fundamental property of electromagnetic radiation) and, due to its stability property, this loss is filled by the charge q (which determines the strong interaction) from the vacuum medium, and the flow of
energy elements a towards the center of mass and Creates a gravitational field of the material body by transmitting its momentum.
Thus, the proposed allow model allows you to combine all the processes of transformation of elementary particles, including the graviton a, and simultaneously justify the theory of gravity, which previously could not be understood and accepted! The extension of this model to MT leads to acceptable gravity results for both the Sun's star and the Earth! And this formula of the energy flow of gravitons to the square meter MT site:
P = W / (4 * rc*R2) (J/m2/s). (8)
Which is known since historical times as the magnitude of the gravitational force!
6.2. Gravitational radiation, phantom detection.
It was established [1] that the transformation of the energy of motion into energy of the potential or in the opposite direction is accompanied by the performance of work! But there is also "hidden" energy - the binding energy, that is: any material body consists of small parts - atoms, the sum of the masses of which is not equal to the mass of the MT. This mass difference, by the principle of its equivalence of energy, is the binding energy. This principle is valid both in the macrocosm of hyper-mechanics and in the microworld of elementary particles! Moreover, the value of Ae > 0 determines the unstable state of the particles, which leads to its decay over time inversely proportional to the value of the log binding energy. And the value Ae < 0 determines the stable state of the MT, but stability is ensured by the work of the binding energy, the result of which manifests itself in the nature of gravity as a result of the flow of gravitons in the direction of the center of mass of the body.
Actually, the material body is a bunch of pulsating energy with a certain architecture, the stability of which provides an influx of binding energy. And from the property of stability of architecture follows the discreteness of changes in its states or the quantum nature of its energy levels.
Further, in the case of harmonic oscillation of a flat pendulum, in the field of gravity of the earth, both the minimum (when deflecting) and maximum (when its vertical position) values of the binding energy of the plate take place. Synchronously with the oscillation of the plate, the process of radiation and absorption of binding energy in the form of gravitational waves with the frequency of the pendulum takes place.
And further, over time, in the process of successive approximation, the binding energy is distributed and absorbed by the vacuum medium and the oscillation of the pendulum slows down, but it does not stop completely, because there is "white noise", and this is already quantum effects! It should be noted that the oscillation frequencies of the pendulum are fixed, and even with a slow movement of the frequency control magnet, the oscillation frequency of the pendulum changes stepwise. Moreover, the energy levels of the pendulum are discrete and equidistant, and therefore the energy of the corresponding levels is given by the formula for the quantum harmonic oscillator: en = h*v0*(n + 1/2), where e0 = h*v0 is the unit element of the vacuum energy with Frequency v0 =, 122 Hz. Further, a flat pendulum can be either a source (emitter) or a detector of spherical gravitational waves, which is the main principle in the implementation of phantom detection.
Part 7. The main findings of the observation of phantom radiation.
Each planet of the solar system has its own frequency of alpha resonance - which is detected by the detector; With powerful cataclysms on the sun, the response of the planets occurs, which is recorded by the sensor on the planet earth; With more powerful cataclysms in remote space, the detector fixes the line of confluence of neutron stars of 24 Hz with the subsequent generation of alpha resonances of all the planets of the solar system. Mysterious is the constant resonance at a frequency of 50 Hz. Unidentifiable resonance lines are also observed - presumably the planets of Nibiru and Phaeton [17]! And the resonance of the planetary system of the sun was forced flash GW170817!
Part 8. Elementary particles (complement to the theory of vacuum).
8.1. The hypothetically elusive neutrino particle is a phantom.
In the concept of GRASS theory, the problems associated with neutrinos are easily solved! A mass defect is the binding energy and, in conversion reactions, is carried away with the emission of phantoms, which have ultra-low frequencies and also the pulsation frequency when it is captured, which occurs when the source and target resonance during the transfer of n quanta of radiant energy. And the process of energy transfer takes place according to the beat pulsation, as in the children's counting 'back and forth ...', and for the entire period between the source and the detector, the connection has been established by the thread of Ariadne! And this connection can neither be screened nor broken! Direct magic, some, but otherwise this process is beyond description.
8.2. Installed graviton 'ultralight boson a - particles of god'
First of all, this is the identification of the ultralight boson a = h*H = 1.5629E-33 (1.840E-33) ev, which turned out to be a carrier - transmitter of the MT gravitational field, that is, it is a graviton. And the parameters of the boson rafa a have a wavelength commensurate with the outer boundary of the open Universe and a frequency with its lifetime. To this it is necessary to add the fundamental property of EMP photons - each pulsation is accompanied by the loss of precisely this minimal element of energy. In turn, these properties indicate the possible structuring of a photon precisely by a packet of bosons, and not only them, but also stable elementary particles. All these properties testify to the fact that the element of vacuum energy a 'ultralight boson' is particles of god [1].
8.3. A neutral vacuum carrier, e0 -Thron, has been identified.
The axiom of clusters is triads: Given the existence of both positively and negatively charged particles, there is certainly a neutral particle of this cluster,
the triad. This rule holds for all clusters of elementary particles, with the exception of muon and electron. Therefore, from the existence of the electron e- and positron e +, it follows hypothetically the existence of a very neutral particle of the throne e0, which, for this reason, has not yet been identified! The discovery at the tip of the pen is the identification of the neutral Thron particle as the final product of annihilation of the electron-positron pair, which is represented as a pulsating virtual system of a "glued" pair of charges q ±. And here's what is interesting - when annihilating an electron - positron pair, their energy - mass is equated to the energy of 2x KB-quanta, but what about the charges q+ and q-? This is the virtual Thron! Properties, as a concentrator of vacuum energy elements seem, are represented by a quantum harmonic oscillator, and the solution of the Schrodinger equation for such a system in Euclidean-Poincare hyperspace has the form:
En = ± h * v*(n+l/2). (9)
This spectrum of energy values deserves attention for two reasons: firstly, the energy levels are discrete and equidistant, that is, the difference in energy between two neighboring levels is constant and equal to a. Secondly, the smallest energy value is equal to emin = h*v/2 = a and this level is called the main, vacuum, or level of zero vibrations and which is equal to emin = ~ 1 E-44 erg = 6,25E-33 ev. Actually, the throne field is a densely packed discrete medium having a liquid crystalline structure, density with a period of 8 = 1.62597E-35 meters. And the density of thrones (hard to believe) has a fantastic concentration of ~ 1088 in a droplet with a diameter of 1 mm, which is quite acceptable from the point of view of the unusual structure of the vacuum of the Universe. With an increase in the quantum level of the throne, the energy of its level also increases discretely and, in fact, the throne is a superposition of the possible energy levels of the physical vacuum! The latent energy of a vacuum or dark energy is localized in an array of thrones, and photons of electromagnetic radiation, of a certain pulsation frequency, are emitted in a vacuum medium by polarization of
throne resonantly with energy levels! In this case, with each pulsation, an energy element is lost a which is expended on the process of photon energy pulsation when moving in a vacuum medium, that is, pulsating electromagnetic energy moves, and not something!
8.4. Negative energy.
The negative value of the throne energy is determined by the following considerations: during the photo production reaction, the positive energy of the y-quantum is absorbed by the vacuum throne and, as a result, we have two free particles, an electron and a positron. A kind of filling of the potential energy well in which the throne is located takes place with the positive energy of the KB-quantum. And when the "E - P" pair is annihilated, the reverse process occurs, that is, the positive energy of the y-quanta is compensated by the negative energy at the birth of the throne, and therefore, the law of conservation of full energy is observed in both direct and reverse processes. At the same time, the positive value of energy (E> 0) is its material values observed in the real world, but the negative (E <0) or imaginary values of energy are vacuum energy. Therefore, the negative energy in thrones II □ is determined by the following properties: If | S | = E, then the difference, that is, the energy expended in performing the work, is E - S = 2*E, and the total energy of the system is E + S = ± n*A. But, as a rule, E + S 4 0 and therefore, the negative energy of the Vacuum thrones is a hidden source of binding energy during transformations of elementary particles, and, therefore, atoms, molecules, and so on. It is possible that the hidden energy of the vacuum is the "dark energy" of the cosmos, which cannot be observed and identified in any way, and which is the place of accumulation of energy elements a, for n >>> 1! She is everywhere and nowhere [7]!
8.5. Physical Vacuum.
For intrigue, I will cite the wisdom of the ancients: "The positive, vital energy of Qi arises as a result of the interaction of Yin energy and Yang energy. The harmony of qi energy lies in the balance between yin energy and yang energy. These energies are constantly striving to crush each other. Both are in close interconnection with each other and are able to turn one into the other, since Yang is Yin, and Yin is Yang." But are we interested in the superposition and result of the annihilation of the Yin + Yang energies? Here are the answers to these questions and is obliged to give the theory of Vacuum! The discovery of the graviton and the postulation of the antigraviton, as well as the neutral particle of the throne, as a filler of the energy of the physical vacuum, as well as a translator of energy quanta - photons, this is the beginning of a large deep level in the way of creating GRASS!
Part 9. The Universe under conditions of instability of photon parameters.
9.1. The equivalence postulate: the physics of space, the properties of space and time are inseparable from the metric that is given by EMR photons from the star. And the speeds, accelerations and distances, in one way or another, are determined by measurements of the radiation parameters, therefore, the nonlinearity of the metric, when the EMR parameters are inconsistent, and the expansion or contraction of space and time are
equivalent concepts! This postulate raises the problem of the legitimacy of our idea of distant worlds - what do we observe with telescopes and how correct is the accepted picture of the world? After all, a priori it is believed that photons are classified as fundamental stable particles, but it turned out that the number of pulsations, with their finite number, ultimately determines our idea of an open Universe [7]!
9.2. Spectrum of equilibrium radiation and cosmology!
Assuming that the spectrum of relict photons is unchanged, we conclude that the attenuation of the 'tired' and the arrival of photons with parameters is equal to the maximum at a frequency of 160.4 GHz, which corresponds to a wavelength of 1.9 mm. The partial speed max of photons c = v * X is more than 304 000 km/s, which indicates their difficult identification! And the energy density of relict photons is 0.25 eV/cm (4-10-14 J / m3) or 400-500 phot/cm3. Therefore, a RED photon is the most abundant particle in the Universe. There are at least 20 billion photons per nucleon. The wavelength and frequency (energy) of the maximum of the microwave radiation lead to a group photon velocity of C = 304.56 km/s, which c> C! This effect has been known since the time of M. Planck! Therefore, it makes sense to understand in more detail because the GRASS theory asserts the exact opposite, namely, the group speed of photons decreases over time! Let us consider in more detail the decay process of RED photons.
For the initial radiation, we take the maximum of the continuous spectrum of solar radiation located in the 'green' region of 550 nm, where the maximum sensitivity of the eye is located. The corresponding relict photon displacements are calculated and have values: ZX = 34544.5 and Zv = 3.63E + 06, and therefore, due to the relation of the photon parameter displacements, Zc = 1.06E + 02, and the speed of microwave photons is 2830 km/s, which was required to install!
Further, the experimentally measured spectrum of microwave radiation indicates a decrease in energy with increasing wavelength, which indicates, firstly, a decrease in both the speed and concentration of photons in this region of the spectrum. But the process of extra-galactic redshift constantly moves photons into the region of longer waves with their dissolution in a vacuum medium, while the shape of the equilibrium emission spectrum does not change! Thus, microwave photons are formed by the emission of all stellar objects from the early time of the existence of the world! And it is in the region of equilibrium microwave radiation that RED photons slow down and then decay into energy elements a! But these processes allow us to argue only about the minimum time of the existence of the Universe, and the slowdown in the speed of photons, depending on the number of pulsations, casts doubt on the distance to its edge! And the slowdowns in the speed of microwave photons (their defocusing) generally cast doubt on the postulate about the constancy of the speed of light and its consequences!
9.3. Paradox. It is known that Planck proposed two versions of the equilibrium radiation formula - for the
frequency scale and for the wavelength scale. Amazingly, these two options, describing the spectrum of the same radiation, give inconsistent positions of the maximum of the spectral curve. If we compare these two maxima on the wavelength scale, then they differ almost twice. Elementary logic suggests that both such different positions of the maximum cannot be confirmed by experiment. And, indeed, measurements con-finn only one version of the Planck formula - for the
wavelength scale. Theorists, on the other hand, prefer to work with the frequency variant of Planck's formula, which contradicts experience. But this is not entirely true because, from distant stellar objects, measurements of the displacement of the spectrum by photometry are used, but if we take into account the deceleration of the speed of light, then the pulse decreases together with a decrease in the frequency, and these facts together lead to these facts.
To displacements Zfot> 1. And when measuring Zspec, only the wavelength is measured and therefore, of course, lead to different values, that is, Zfot 4 Zspec! And this fact leads to the truth in the proof of the deceleration of the speed of light!
Part 10. Cosmology, a model of the open universe.
10.1. The dynamic properties of photons lead to a model of an open universe, that is - no matter how much the observer shifts to either side, the observed Universe will definitely have the shape of a sphere! Equilibrium radiation is formed by replacing the black box with the black sphere, without loss of generality. And at the borders of this sphere there is an identical exchange of photon fluxes both outside and inside the sphere! But the radius of the open Universe is formed by the lifetime of photons, which after the limit breaks up into an a [ultralight boson - ULB] array in a vacuum environment and therefore, the observer does not have information about processes beyond this conditional boundary! An exception to this rule are high-energy cosmic rays - perhaps guests from the mega universe surrounding our universe [4]!
10.2. The processes of transformation of stars.
According to the basic quantum sequence [6], in
terms of compactness coefficient k (n), the entire stellar series is arranged in this order: Quasars (n \u003d 1), ..., Sun (n = 47), ..., Jupiter (n = 65), ..., Earth (n = 78), ..., Moon (n = 90), .... All these objects of the sequence are separated by a defect of radii, densities, masses, luminosity and which are installed. It remains to associate this sequence with the law of a discrete transition, over
the course of world time, with an increase in the quantum number of a star n, moreover, a discrete transition is accompanied by an explosive process with the formation of: gamma-ray bursts, gipernovae, supernovae, with a decrease in the released energy in accordance with AM (n). This fact is confirmed by an increase in the explosive activity of the formation of Sn1a, previously established. For stars close to G2V (the sun), the energy released is not enough for the supernovae fireworks and the transition process is more calm, and the proof is an example with Sirius (in the Middle Ages this star was red) [7].
But what kind of object X was at the beginning of time and its history - the theory of thrones postulates that they were "black stars" with a compactness factor k = 788; M/Msun = 234797; R/Rsun = 10666; Rsh = 2GM/c2 = 7.425E + 14; P(g/cm3) =2.73998E-07. According to the density of the bosonic form of matter, we can conclude about the almost 'pure' energy of a stellar object!
But what kind of object was earlier, when k ~ 1, it was still "Black Stars", because by its properties it was a stellar object invisible due to the absence of radiation and which, through the gamma of a flash, led to the formation of the galactic nucleus and then formed The galaxy itself.
Thus, in the proposed model of transformation of stellar objects in the Universe in the region of galactic nuclei, the birth of stars by the galactic nucleus occurs, and not a catastrophic disappearance in black holes.
And direct measurements of the speed of stars indicate their outflow from the center, but with a higher
speed. To explain this phenomenon, it must be assumed that star objects, all possible elements, photons, phantoms, and radiation of gravitons on a mass scale are born in the galactic nucleus and their flow gives the stars an additional force vector from the galactic nucleus by transmitting their momentum! But this stream of gravitons is not directly observed and therefore "invisible" - the ether wind is returning!
10.3. Spatial-temporal splitting of the spectrum of
sn1a.
Yes, in a first approximation, the initial speed of light is constant, but for different frequencies the final speed is different by a small amount, but enough to fix it! In figures, this influence is located at 10 decimal places of the speed of light, which is not available for direct measurement, but all-wave astronomy observes some stellar objects on various instruments - from x-ray to microwave telescopes.
The photo for illustration shows the remainder of supernovae E0102-72 compiled by an overlay of three ranges. When combining such images, interesting pictures are obtained that can be interpreted in this way: radiation from an explosion, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet and X-rays come to the observers' telescopes. Supernovae in this sequence - radio waves, microwave. And therefore, there is the effect of spatiotemporal splitting of the EMP spectrum from supernovae, which is due to the effect of a greater slowdown in speed with increasing photon frequency.
And as it was established above, the main factor in the transformation of the EMR parameters is the interaction of photons with gravitational fields of both the radiation source and the observer's star, as well as the extragalactic redshift caused by the dissipative loss of the vacuum energy element a with each of its pulsations! If these statements are true, then photons with a
higher energy, and, consequently, a larger mass, should lose more energy when braking by a gravitational field than photons with a lower energy, all other things being equal! This fact is also confirmed by observation of the formation of Sn87A - radiation in the X-ray range was detected on the Chandra telescope six months after the outbreak, in the visible region of the spectrum! Therefore, speed EMF photon inhibition is a function of the frequency (energy) of the radiation!
Part 11. The quantum evolution of stellar objects of the universe.
11.1. The Tron theory established [7] that the main parameters of stellar objects, such as compactness, density, radius, gravitational mass, and bolometric luminosity are quantized, that is, they vary discretely starting from quasars and galactic nuclei, and moreover, the found patterns are also valid for solar planets Systems and their satellites. The same place was discovered where the mysterious dark energy is located - and it turned out that inside the quasars and stars themselves.
And the photometric and spectral shifts of the EMR parameters, when considered separately, do not contain complete information about the processes that accompany the detection of radiation from quasars. But a spectral analysis of unique data has been developed on the measured displacements Zfot and Zspec of a large array of quasars with Z> 1 [5], with high volatility., Which leads to Zc 4 0. But if we take into account the effect of the loss of photon velocity over time, Then the compactness coefficients k for stellar objects provided in [7] are calculated. Quite unexpectedly, the array of quasars stratified into six discrete levels, which are characterized by compactness factors:
Log k = - 0.16 - (2n - 1) * 0.056. (7)
And the obtained quantum laws, during the transformation of stellar objects, allow us to clarify the understanding of the laws that determine the interconnection of quantum physics and cosmology, including the latest interpretation of observational astronomy data. And this is a discovery from the realm of fiction: a single integer quantum number defines all the parameters of stellar objects like stars, planets, and even their satellites! Ingenious!
11.2. Why are stars so different?
As stated above, in terms of their basic parameters, stellar objects, including planets and their satellites, are arranged in a row according to the integer quantum number n - which proves their common birthplace "Black Star". This star is so massive and dense that its transformation into a bosonic form goes through a series of explosions that occur in the surface layer. There is a massive release of matter, which consists of both a
boson form and dark energies in various random proportions, which, subsequently, determine its basis as a class. These "sprays" at the initial phase are shapeless and various in mass, but as they move away from birth, under the influence of their own gravitational force, they turn into spherical shapes, that is, into primary stars. Their further history depends on the mass (star or planet) and the proportions of the main components that determines the lifetime of a stellar object. In the same period, small objects are captured by stars, with their subsequent transformation into a planetary system, but very small ones are comets, asteroids and interstellar dust and gas! According to this concept, massive unstable stars gradually increase their quantum number by a series of successive explosions with the formation of giper - supernovae, which are determined by the conversion of dark energy into its bosonic form. But there was no place for a "black hole" in the general theory -this is a myth!
12. Review of research on the nuclei of galaxies by modern Astronomers.
Gradually, the idea was formed that compact blue objects of relatively low compatibility could be thrown out of the galactic nuclei as a result of enormous explosions in scale. It turned out further that we are dealing with at least three forms of nuclear activity. The first is the outflow of gas flows, the second is the ejection of blue clots, the third is explosions, leading to the transformation of the galaxy into a radio galaxy. All these phenomena turned out to be on such a large scale that there was no doubt about the possibility of a large influence of the nucleus on the development of the galaxy as a whole. The activity of the nuclei of galaxies and quasars is manifested by the release of a huge amount of energy - often in the short term in the form of explosions and emissions of huge clumps and clouds of gases, whose masses are millions of times greater than the mass of the Sun. To explain these unusual phenomena, it can be assumed that in each active core there is some supermassive body that makes up its core. The activity of the nucleus is the result of the activity of this supermassive body. Its mass can be equated to hundreds of millions and even billions of solar masses. There is reason to believe that the very existence of a galaxy around a nucleus is the result of the activity of such a supermassive body. Not the nucleus was formed in an already existing galaxy, but the galaxy arose as a result of the activity of the nucleus. The fact that the arms of spiral galaxies emerge from the nuclei is fully consistent with this hypothesis. The hypothesis outlined here is not yet a consistent theory. But it made it possible to combine a great many facts, anticipate many new data, and most importantly, pointed to the bias of previously existing ideas about the condensation of galaxies. If we accept this hypothesis, we must conclude that the nucleus of the galaxy, losing enormous masses of matter during its lifetime, undergoing an explosion and even sometimes fission, should change greatly over time and, possibly, disappear. However, it will take a lot of effort before you can establish patterns of change in the state of the nucleus. As a result of the modern development of astronomy, the use of increasingly powerful optical and radio telescopes, our ideas about
the Universe have completely changed. Even in the middle of the twentieth century, it seemed to be a calm and even solemn world of motionless stars in equilib-num. Now we are witnessing the violent activity of the same stars that are experiencing grandiose flashes and are rapidly evolving. The discovery of radio nebulae and radio galaxies led us to the idea of rapid changes on an even larger scale. You can see that the Astrophys-ical community is slowly but surely following the path of correcting the basic paradigms of this science of the 20th century and recognizing the need to introduce fresh ideas that are firmly rejected!
P.S. Thus, we confirm the commonality of the developed concept of the birth of galaxies and stellar objects black star ^ quasars and galaxies shown in this paper. The quantization of stellar objects is the development of a paradigm about the discreteness of all observable parameters of the Universe - everything flows, everything changes, but in a quantum way!
13. Other problems of modern astronomy and solutions.
13.1. Missing Baryons. 3.6% of our universe belongs to intergalactic gas and 0.4% to stars and planets. Baryonic matter is ordinary matter of which our and other planets are composed. But the catch is that almost half of this matter is not where it is supposed to be. Scientists all over the world are pondering over where bar-yonic matter has gone. Let's consider in more detail.
13.2. I consider dark energy in cosmology to be 74% - a hypothetical form of energy introduced into the mathematical model of the Universe in order to explain the observations of its expansion with acceleration. Simply put - the kinetic energy of the substance of the universe received by the Big Bang. With the adoption of the dissipative model of photon energy loss and the open universe model, the Hubble law and the next big bang theory and the term dark energy cease to exist and therefore 74% of the dark energy from the mass balance
- the energy of the universe drops out!
13.3. How the stars explode. The only thing scientists know about this process is that when the stars run out of fuel, the nuclear reaction in them comes to an end, which leads to an explosion. But what is the mechanism of this phenomenon is not known to anyone. The chain of thermonuclear reactions laid by Bethe as the basis of the star's life mechanisms is incorrect due to the cessation of the existence of the Sun's star long before our time. It must be an additional source of energy that nourishes its activity. And this source is the hidden energy of the vacuum - CMEA, which has been in the star since its birth. Each star receives its random percentage of CMEA, and therefore this factor determines the type of star and its lifetime. The thermodynamic equilibrium of reactions, including the process of converting CMEA into the bosonic form of matter, and the binding energy of a star can be disturbed spontaneously
- in this case, the star's death consists in a sharp change in the binding energy with increasing density of the star, which leads to the extrusion of electromagnetic radiation to the surface. This process leads to the emission of radiation and the surface layer of the star as a result of which a supernovae burst forms with the formation of a residue!
13.4. Dark matter or CMEA in astronomy and cosmology, as well as in theoretical physics, is a hypothetical form of 22% matter that does not emit electromagnetic radiation and does not directly interact with it. This property of this form of matter makes it difficult and, possibly, even makes it impossible to observe it directly. Moreover, in fact, something in the nuclei of galaxies greatly enhances gravity, and therefore the outer regions of the galaxy rotate faster than they should. To denote this "something", scientists also suggested the possibility of the existence of invisible matter, which, nevertheless, has a significant impact on all objects in the visible part of the Universe. Moreover, dark matter, according to calculations, should be several times larger than ordinary matter. More precisely, it is believed that 80% of the matter in our visible part of the Universe is dark matter.
According to the concept of the theory of thrones, during the ice age of the universe there was no radiation, but there were quasi-star objects of 'black stars' of dark energy with the energy density of the nucleus of atoms. The next stage in the birth of the universe is "hot" - as a result of which "black stars" give birth to quasars and already quasars give birth to galaxies with myriad stars. And galaxies with a quasar in the nucleus are the place where stars and planets are born, and in general all the matter of the universe, including the entire table of stable elements. For these reasons, the Sun also contains dark matter, percent of which is the source of that energy, which both shines and warms, and at the same time practically does not change the gravitational bosonic mass of the star.
13.5. Where did the galaxies come from - it is believed that the energy contribution is 4%? There are many versions about where planets and stars came from, but the appearance of galaxies is still an unsolved mystery to scientists. First of all, there are measurements of the velocities of the outflow of stars from the center of galaxies, which indicate the fact of the birth of stars in the nucleus - a quasar! The second fact is that in an in-depth review of the Hubble telescope, this is an early universe, only early galaxies are observed and there are no single stars! Two facts are quite enough to state that stars are born in large numbers in quasars, and galaxies are the result of a long and active process in the core of the galaxy, which rejects the existence of the quasi-stellar object "black hole" and the more so the accepted condensation model of star formation!
13.6. Gamma-ray bursts. During these incredibly bright explosions, a tremendous amount of energy breaks out into the Universe. In a few seconds, such a gamma-ray burst produces an amount of energy equivalent to the work of the Sun for 10 billion years. Bursts occur randomly. The process of birth of quasars from tlack stars' is the source of gamma-ray bursts, and possibly high-energy cosmic rays. These phenomena cannot be explained by the laws of physics, which puzzles scientists. Also, no one can explain where these cosmic rays came from, which literally flood the Earth. The energy of their particles is hundreds of millions of times greater than any laboratory-produced artificial particles. Now it's clear where to look for the sources of these processes: in the hot birth of the Universe, where
Black Stars gives birth to Quasar, in the initial stage of the birth of the Universe, and perhaps cosmic rays are wanderers from the mega universe that is beyond the borders of our universe!
13.7. How did the moon and other planets of the solar system form? The construction of a quantum sequence of stellar objects led to the sequence: the Sun (n \u003d 47), Jupiter (n \u003d 65), the Earth (n \u003d 78), the Moon (n \u003d 90), that is, almost all stellar objects have their own quantum number, according to To which other parameters of this object are calculated, such as radius, mass, density, luminosity for stars! We conclude - all the stars and planets were born in one place and this place is the core of the galaxy! The exceptions are the satellites of Mars Phobos and Deimos, as well as the moons of Jupiter N4, Amalthea also does not reach seven orders of magnitude in weight (it should be ~ 2.0E+25 kg instead of real 2.1E+18 kg), similarly to Phoebe. Therefore, along with the satellites of Mars Phobos and Deimos, the moons of Jupiter Amalthea and Phoebus are supposedly man-made objects.
13.8. How did the rings form around the giant planets?
An analysis of the planetary system of the Sun by equations of hypermechanics led to an unexpected conclusion: neither the mass nor other parameters of the dimensions of the planets affect the period of revolution and the number of the orbit! Like - where the planet jumped in there lives! And this is possible only if these orbits exist, regardless of the presence or absence of planets on it. Similarly, the planets are gas giants - they are simply not made stars and therefore have their regular orbits.
13.9. The reasons for the explosion of supernova stars are not completely clear? At the stage of mass formation of stellar objects in the nuclei of galaxies, the upper massif of the "Black star" shell is ejected, a Gi-
-flash occurs, in which the stars capture a random percentage of net latent energy, and this percentage determines both the type of star and its lifetime because How the annihilation reaction of this energy lasts already in the star and this, along with the chain of nuclear fusion reactions proposed by Be-the! When the star's energy balance is violated, a sharp increase in the binding energy and star density occurs, which leads to the extrusion of radiation along with the outer shell - this is the Supernovae flash.
13.10. Black hole. One of the most interesting questions of the past is the formation of stellar objects l Black Hole >>, leading to mass delusion! Nobody watched them, but let's calculate the energy balance, because the conservation laws for closed systems have not yet been violated. So, as you know, the process of supernovae formation is accompanied by the release of radiant energy ~ 5, * E + 53 erg, which is equivalent to Msn ~ 1, * E + 35g, while the gravitational mass of the standard star Msun ~ E + 33 grams! Actually, it is assumed that the mass of the star on the eve of the formation of supernovae is equal to Msn \u003d ~ 100 * Msun, but this gravitational mass is converted into electromagnetic radiation energy! But the exotic object Black Hole 'is not there, at the place of the outbreak,
because there is not enough gravitational mass in its remains necessary for its formation! Thus, during the Supernovae flare, the gravitational mass of a stellar object is annihilated into gravitational radiation, but with the remainder possible!
13.11. The latent mass problem is not solved, consisting in the fact that the gravitational field of galaxies and clusters of galaxies is several times stronger than the observable matter can provide.
In addition to the observed mass, there is also the pure hidden energy of the vacuum "Black star" which transforms into the bosonic form of matter and contributes to the gravitation of galaxies.
13.12. Particularly mysterious are the short bursts of gamma radiation that regularly occur in various directions in the sky.
These are the Black Star activation signals, which led to the birth of galaxies in the remote space and time of the Universe.
13.13. On a unified theory of galaxy formation.
Galaxies are the result of the activity of 'Black
star', a kind of monster of pure energy with a density of atomic nuclei. The energy density of galactic nuclei is equal to its density in the nuclei of atoms, and the size is M/Msun = 234797; R/Rsun = 10666; Rsh = 2GM/c2 = 7.42384E + 14; P (g/cm3) = 2.73998E-07. You can see that the mass and radius are incommensurably larger than the Sun's star, and the Schwarzschild radius is equal to the energy density in the nuclei, but the density of bosonic matter is practically a vacuum. This clot of pure energy with a core density is Black Star - "dark or hidden" due to the lack of electromagnetic radiation from them. The activity of this star begins to occur in the surface layer ("1 - burst), and so with each explosion myriads of stars are born, which fly apart from the now galactic nucleus. The sizes and masses of the clumps are different and over time they acquire a spherical shape, and then planets are formed from small parts, which are captured by more massive stars. The first explosions are more powerful and therefore the sleeves of galaxies further under the influence of gravity, and when the aging of the nucleus, then the density of stars in the center also screen the core of the galaxy. But in this model there is no place for Black Hole - the core of
Distance up to supernova
1kpc iMpc
the galaxy gives birth to stellar objects, but does not absorb them! That's how GRASS enlarged models the birth of a galaxy!
13.14. Solutions are the main problems of cosmology: there is no complete physical theory of the birth of the Universe and its fate in the future is not clear.
It is necessary to solve the problem of the emergence of 'Black Star', such monsters containing the hidden energy of a vacuum with a density of atomic nuclei. Perhaps these are the remnants of the early phase of the mega universe, which was a ball before the beginning of time. But this is not the Black Hole, why, but because it has physical parameters hypothetically predictable from the stellar series - geometry, etc.
13.15. Will the Universe expand forever, or will its expansion be replaced by a collapse? According to the concept of GRASS theory, the red shift of the photon energy has a dissipative mechanism of energy loss due to the loss of the minimum element of vacuum energy at each pulsation, which leads to a finite number of pulsations and, consequently, the photon lifetime, and therefore the expansion of the Universe is virtual, and the dark energy of which is assumed 74% not and instead of expansion the model of the open universe is true!
13.16. The modern stage of the cooling of the universe
Given the known travel time, one can plot the formation of Sn1a, according to the observer's time scale, and not by the arrival of radiation at the detectors. You can see several features: firstly (A), there is a time limit of ~ 65 million light years, when the formation of sn1a ceased, and if these processes took place, then single ones (Sn87a, Sn72E, Sn93j)! Moreover, the formation of historical supernovae also stopped ~ 10,000 light years - these are interesting dates from the perspective of astro paleontology, and secondly. You can see (B) that with increasing distance, the speed of the rebound, and with it the energy of supernovae, increases with distance to the past, and significantly! This increase in the absolute magnitude Sn1a occurs according to the rule M = 19.4 + log (d, mpc), which corrects the standard candle. It is no longer standard, but the law of its adjustment is known, which led to an increase in the boundaries of the Universe by an order of magnitude!
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And if we consider these facts in a complex, we get the following picture - over the course of world time, the activity of transformation of stellar objects decreases from the maximum, at the birth of galactic nuclei, and the absence of which is noticeable in our time, and this indicates the global 'cooling' of our universe!
P.S. Over the course of the 20th century, ideas have repeatedly been put forward about the weakness of the idea of a big bang that gave rise to the Universe, as well as about its accelerated expansion relative to the planet Earth and their theories. But of course, slaughter compromising information is associated with the detection of a violet shift of light from more than ~ 700 closely spaced stars, because according to accepted concepts, these stars are moving with increasing speed in the direction of the Sun as billions of light years! Where are they? And they are not, which proves the virtuality of both this movement and the distance from the sun of arrays of stellar objects! And the postulate about the constancy of the speed of light is erroneous, because the reality of the physical vacuum denies such a possibility, that is, any medium has a density, and therefore, the Hubble law needs to correct the view on the 'fatigue' of light. Namely, there is a dissipative and equi disciplinary loss of energy by photons, which leads to its defocusing and determines its finite lifetime!
Further, the general theory of relativity, the theory of gravity and space-time of Einstein, has been quite successful over the years. However, no scientific theory is a sacred cow! As a result of the modern development of astronomy, with the use of increasingly powerful optical and radio telescopes, our ideas about the Universe have completely changed. Even in the middle of the twentieth century, it seemed to be a calm and even solemn world of motionless stars in equilibrium. Now we are witnessing the vigorous activity of the same stars that are experiencing tremendous flashes and are rapidly evolving, but in the distant past! You can see that
the Astrophysical community is slowly but surely following the path of correcting the basic paradigms of this science of the 20th century and recognizing the need to introduce fresh ideas in the 21st century, which they firmly rejected earlier!
Remark:
"Now, theorists absolutely do not understand
how to
combine the physics of the interaction of elementary
particles with gravity and gravity. Second Einstein,
we all really need you!"
I'm not him, but just call me, РафГM
References
1. Ibragimov Rafael, The nature of gravity and the radiation of gravity, Austria_journal_2_part_13, (2019)
2. Ibragimov Rafael, FIELD THEORY OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES WITH VACUUM ELEMENTS, Sciences of Europe, vol 1, No 38 (2019).
3. Ibragimov Rafael, GREAT ASSOCIATION PHYSICAL THEORIES: QUANTUM HYPERMECHANICS AND ASTRONOMY, Sciences of Europe, VOL 2, No 40 (2019).pdf
4. Ibragimov Rafael, GREAT ASSOCIATION PHYSICAL THEORIES, Preamble.
5. Ibragimov Rafael, Field theory of elementary particles with vacuum elements.
6. Ibragimov Rafael, Quantum hypennechanics and astronomy.
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