CC BY
14
Section 7. Physics
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/AJT-16-11.12-53-62
Usachev Valery M.
Russia, Republic Of Tatarstan, City Of Naberezhnye Chelny.
E-mail: usachevvm1@yandex.ru
The beginning of the theory of space as an ideal quantum liquid (IQL)
Abstract: The author of this article (in 1967) sets out a number of new ideas and hypotheses about the physical nature of the elementary particles and physical interactions that are necessary and sufficient to the crisis in the field of theoretical physics to overcome.
These ideas, hypotheses and evidence are here in a very accessible way for professionals and for those, the physics course in High Schools and Colleges have studied.
Keywords: quantum liquid space, photon, electron, proton, physical interaction.
The beginnings of the theory of space as an ideal Since the beginning of the twentieth century ap-
quantum liquid (IQL) pears the hypothesis of relativistic expansion of space
Note: all physical variables, constants, and calculations are here in an "absolute System of physical units" GCSE.
1 Definition
1.1. "The beginnings of the theory " — it is new ideas, scientific hypotheses and mathematical proof of its adequacy with regard to the basic scientific theories and facts of objective reality.
1.2. "ideal quantum liquid (IQL)" — it is a liquid almost absolute zero Kelvin, in which:
a) the temperature depends on the concentration of photons (quasi-particles);
b) the value of the internal friction (dynamic viscosity) is very close to Zero;
c) the physical properties are independent of the geometric volume (from infinity to zero).
Molecular-kinetic theory based on ancient and medieval hypothesis of the atomic structure of matter and the "ether" is set and, therefore, can not explain why there are physical interactions (electroweak, strong and gravitational) through the void.
This was because it seemed completely empty the entire space between the smallest particles of matter ether. (Thus, it was impossible to offer a logical hypothesis of interaction of the physical body with the other physical objects in the distance.)
as the constant expansion to infinity of all the particles of matter. In this hypothesis, the "expansion of the universe" is interpreted as "the expansion of space-time continuum." This is the phenomenology of relativistic paradigm completely contradicts the real discrete quantum-mechanical nature of the microcosm and
macrocosm.
In the middle of the 60s of the last century not the adequacy of the Interpretation of the physical phenomena of objective reality reaches its peak. Then all the great physicists of the world, recognized this fact.
The author of this article in September 1967 proposed a number of basic ideas and hypotheses, which are necessary and sufficient for the overcoming of this crisis in theoretical physics. Listed below are these ideas, hypotheses and evidence in a very simple Form for professionals and those who studied the course in physics for secondary schools.
2. The basic ideas and hypotheses 2.1. The basic "elementary" particles (photons, electrons, protons, neutrons) interpreted (in a simple analogy) as different aggregate states ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS):
electron (and photon) is interpreted as a "vapor bubble" in IQLS;
"Proton" can be interpreted as the ball of the plurality of concentric spheres of liquid crystal in IQLS;
neutron can be interpreted as a foam formed from a mixture of these particles (electron, proton and "Photonneutrino"), which again decays into an electron, proton, and "photon-neutrino" for 15 minutes;
positron in this set of interpretations looks like a bubble cavitation in IQLS.
2.2. Based on 2.1., electrostatic forces of repulsion and attraction between electrons and protons are easy to explain on the basis of the laws of classical thermodynamics.
Since the electron is hot "vapor bubble" in IQLS, but the proton is very cold "LCD ball" in IQLS, the same particles are removed from each other, but different particles are approaching each other, to equalize the temperature in a physical system "IQLS-particles" (according to the second law of thermodynamics about the increase in entropy).
Experiments led by Academician Kapitsa and theory of quantum liquids (Academician Landau), showed that the photons appear or disappear in a quantum liquid, if it increases or decreases the temperature.
Therefore, in an ideal quantum fluid space (IQLS) around "hot" electrons form a zone of high concentration of photons, but around the "cold" protons (and positrons) in IQLS formed a zone of low concentration of photons. This allows us to understand the physical nature "of the electric fields of charged particles" (with opposite "signs").
2.3. Based on 2.1. and 2.2. we conclude that the elementary particles and photons in a perfect quantum liquid space (IQLS) are formed of different aggregate States IQLS. Localization (individualization) of a particle (and its internal structure) is formed by surface tension between phase condition IQLS.
2.4. Starting with 2.1.-2.3. it follows that the diameter of the surface electrons, protons and positrons in a free state must be equal to each other, if equal modules of electric charges "e" of these particles. (Under this condition, the resultant force of surface tension is equal and oppositely directed internal electrostatic force, which seeks to break the particle.)
2.5. Starting from 2.1.-2.4., One can understand (explain) why the proton density is three orders higher than the electron density. (Since the density of gas condensate at three orders of magnitude greater density of atmospheric gases under normal conditions).
2.6. Starting with 2.1.-2.5., an electron as a "bubble steam" in a perfect quantum liquid space (IQFL) easily and elastically deformed, the higher the energy of
colliding particles with him. So that the diameter of the electron cannot be measured in particle collisions in accelerators.
2.7. Based on these fundamental new ideas, the author formulated the system of equations (for the first time in August-September 1967):
hv=us=mc1 (1)
expressing the fundamental law of conservation and transformation of energy-mass; where h — is the Planck constant; v — is the frequency of the quantum; u — is the surface tension of the perfect quantum liquid space (IQLS);
s — is the total surface area IQLS formed a photon (or "elementary particle" and its internal structure); m — is the mass; c — is the constant speed of light. The left side of the Formula (1) is the formula for the Planck energy E = hv for photons (quanta of electromagnetic radiation). The right side of this formula expresses the value of the total kinetic energy E = mc2 for a particle with inertial mass m and the translational velocity c. The Central part of the (us) Formula (1) expresses the potential energy, which is equal to the work of the forces of surface tension IQLS in the processes of synthesis — annihilation of particles and quanta from one to another.
2.8. Total electrostatic energy of the electron is directly proportional to the square of the electric charge and inversely proportional to the classical radius of the electron (in accordance with the classical theory of electricity).
Therefore, based on the idea of the electron as a "vapor bubble" ideal quantum fluid space, you can simply calculate the values of u and d, solving two equations with two unknowns:
2.1) 2e2 / d = us;
2.2) 2e2/ d = mc2. Where:
e — electric charge of the electron; u — factor surface tension ideal quantum fluid space;
d — is the diameter of the electron; s = 3,14 d2 — is the surface area of the free electron; m — is the electron mass; c — is the speed of light.
Substitution of known constants, we can solve the system of equations 2.1) and 2.2), and calculate the two new constants: the diameter of the electrically charged "elementary particles" d = 0,563 x 10-12 cm ;
and the new fundamental physical Constant the surface tension of the ideal quantum liquid space (i. e., the strong interaction)
u = 0,823 x 1018 erg / cm2 = 0,823 x 1018 din / cm.
Note: The system of equations (1) shows a direct proportion to the mass of elementary particles and the surface area of an ideal quantum fluid space that forms the "elementary particles" (and its internal structure). This was confirmed experimentally. For example, "mass defect" is directly proportional to a change in the surface of the nuclei of atoms (and the release of atomic energy) in the synthesis and decay of atomic nuclei.
2.9. Presented in paragraph 2.1.- 2.8. the basic ideas and Formulas (1) of the law of conservation and transformation of energy-mass exhibit a unique combination of all the fundamental physical interactions on the basis of the principles and laws of classical physics.
2.10. For example, "wave-particle duality in quantum physics it is easy to understand, watching the bubbles of steam that rise from the bottom of the vessel on the water surface. The bubble moves not strictly in a straight line, but a spiral helical path around a vertical axis. Similarly, "elementary particle and photon (i. e., "liquid-crystal ball" or "vapor bubble") moves in IQLS not in a straight line, but a spiral-helical path.
2.11. Thus, the length of the "de Broglie waves" is the length of the pitch of the helical trajectories of particles and quanta. Therefore, the frequency of de Broglie waves", this value is the number of rotations that occur per second (particle or quantum around the axis of the helical path).
2.12. The rotation of particles and photons around the axis ofthe helical path can be "right" or "left" (50/50). Thus, it is easy to explain such phenomena as the "double refraction of light", "transverse electromagnetic waves", "spin" and its sign ("+" or "-").
2.13. The idea of the physical nature of the space as a perfect quantum liquid easily explains the reason for the existence of the law of universal gravitation (gravity). Indeed, just looking at the bubbles on the surface of tea or coffee in the Cup, it is easy to see that they are approaching each other with acceleration, forming Islands of foam. This is because water molecules evaporate from the surface of each bubble. The location of these molecules is occupied by the molecules of the surface layer of the surrounding liquid. Therefore, each bubble is constantly "pulling on" the surface layer ofthe liquid. Because ofthis, it attracts other bubbles. The same thing happens in a perfect quantum liquid space with all the particles and the physical body. Only instead of molecules in an ideal quantum fluid
space, there are gravitons — the smallest quanta of energy ("Nano"- bubbles), in accordance with formula (1).
2.14. From the laws of classical physics and the beginnings of the theory of IQLS (perfect quantum liquid space) the author received formula "lifetime", "frequency", "energy" and "length of step of a screw trajectory of a photon as a function of time t its free movement in space of the universe (IQLS):
T = (v0 / K)1/2 (2)
v, = Vo - Kt(2T0 -1) (3)
Et = h[v0 - Kt(2T0 -1)] (4)
\ = c / [v0 - Kt (2T0 -1)] (5)
In these formulas here and further: T0 — possible full life-time quantum in the case of free movement in IQLS from the Moment of its radiation with the energy E0 = hv0 until complete dispersion ofits energy in it (Et= 0 );
t — period movement (from the Moment of the radiation);
vt — frequency as a function of time t ; Et — energy of the quant (photon) as a function of time t ;
v0 — frequency of the quant (photon) at the time of its radiation (t=0);
K — factor offset (indicated capital letter of last name brilliant physics experimenter, academician P. L. Kapitsa);
— length step of the spiral helical trajectory ("the de-Broglie-wave"), as a function of time t of the motion of the free quantum;
h — Planck constant; c — constant speed of light. 3. Proof. (Mathematical principles of the theory of space as a perfect quantum liquid and particles and photons as different physical states IQLS, localized by surface tension IQLS.)
Theory IQLS (ideal quantum liquid space) expresses the law of conservation and transformation of energy-mass equation system:
hv= us=mc2 (1)
On the basis of ideas about space as objectively real quantum liquid with a very small coefficient of friction n (but not reduced to zero when the absolute temperature is not equal to 0), and on the basis of ideas about the Photon as the bubble vapor-liquid-room with a surface area of spherical surface geometrically equal to s = nd2 (where d is the diameter of the Photon), we find the formula fully kinetic energy of the photon according to the principles of classical physics.
To do this, we consider the de-Broglie wave to the photon as a complex helical traj ectory of the ball bladder with step-screws, equal to X and the frequency of rotation around the axis of the helical trajectory is equal to v. That is, how m00 simple movement of the ball: forward, (with a speed of light parallel to the axis of the screw trajectory of the movement of the photon) and rotation with the angular velocity rn = 2nv , and the speed V = g)R perpendicular to this axis (on the tangent to a circle with Radius R of the cylinder screws). Then, according to classical mechanics the complete kinetic energy E of the Photon-bubble with the mass m and moment of inertia I = mR2 is obtained from the summation of the kinetic energy of the translational and rotational movements:
3.1) E = 0,5mc2 + 0,5Irn2 = 0,5mc2 + 0,5m(R©)2 = = 0,5mc2 + 0,5mV2.
Please note that by the formula (1) mc2 = us, and that m = us / c2. Substituting the corresponding expressions in the formula, a full energy of the photon, we obtain:
3.2) E = 0,5us (1 + V2 / c2).
On the other hand, since the total energy of the photon is given by a formula-Planck E = hv, then, from the equation hv = 0,5us(l + V2 /c2) ,so we get V=c, so as hv = us.
That is, tangential (to the tangent to a circle with Radius R) component of the speed of the photons with respect to the axis of the trajectory is always equal to the speed of light c (i. e. the same as the translational component parallel to the axis of the screw).
HENCE. From equations 3.1) and V = c follows immediately:
1) the energy E = hv is full kinetic energy
W = 0,5mc2 + 0,5m V2 = 0,5mc2 + 0,5mc2 = mc2 with the free motion of photons in a spiral helical path. That is, from classical mechanics immediately
W = E = hv = mc2 ;
2) module full speed of a photon in a spiral helical path exceeds the constant c is the velocity of light propagation in times (it «1,414 c);
3) according to the formula (1), knowledge of the frequency v of the photon at time t, we can determine not only the photon energy according to the formula E = hv and mass m according to the formula E = mc2, but its diameter d (such as " bubble steam" IQLS) and the radius R of the helical trajectory (at time t).
For example, due to the fact that s = nd2 = hv / u, the diameter of the bubble-photon is found by the formula
3.3) d = Vhv /nu.
For a Photon of violet light ( v = 0,76 x 1015 Hz), so we get:
d = (6,62 m f0-ae m 0,76 m 0ef5)f/a /(3,04 m 0,823 m f0f8 )f/a = = 0,4 mf0-f5(cm).
Hence, the largest diameter of a photon of visible light (violet) is about 0.3% of the diameter of the free electrons. According to the formula © = 2nv and V = a>R you can calculate the radius R of spiral helical path around the axis of direction. Since V = c, we have:
3.4) R = c /(2nv).
Therefore, for light purple R = 6 x 10-6 cm, see, that is billions oftimes greater than the diameter d = 1,4 x 10-15 cm photon.
Thus, in accordance with the energy of photons at a certainpoint in time, we can calculate all the parameters of the photon, on the basis of the principles and laws of classical physics. (This confirms the prophecy P. Dirac, who claimed that "the generally accepted interpretation of quantum field theory should be considered as a palliative without any future".)
In modern theoretical physics, when moving from the source to the receiver, all the photons remained unchanged for billions of years. The understanding of space as a perfect quantum liquid requires new perspectives on Photon, given the loss of their energy. As the temperature of ideal quantum liquids just above absolute zero, the viscosity is very low. But at large distances between stars, galaxies, the photons lose energy to do work against fTic-tion forces in IQLS. Thus, in accordance with the principles and laws of classical physics, we find the equation of energy (and other parameters photons) depending on time (or distance), if these losses must be considered.
When the ball moves in a fluid, the friction force f is found by the Stokes formula:
f = 3nr]dV, where:
n — ratio of the viscosity of the liquid;
d — diameter of the ball;
V — the speed of his movement in the liquid.
The speed of the movement of the bubble-Photon along a spiral trajectory is always invariable. According to the rule of addition of velocities in classical physics it is equal to V2c «1,414c, because we found that both parallel and tangential (along the tangent to the circle with radius R ) the speed of the photon relative to the axis of the helical path is equal to the speed of light c. The diameter d of a photon by the formula 3.3) d = Vhv /nu. Therefore, the equation for finding the absolute value of the friction force in the motion of a photon in a spiral
helix in accordance with the Stokes formula becomes:
3.5) f = 3nn(hv Inu}112 x 21/2c.
Write the differential equation for the infinitesimal energy loss AE photon infinitesimal path length AL of its movement in a spiral helical path for an infinitely small time interval At. On the one hand, the magnitude of the energy loss AE is equal to the friction force f on an infinitely small interval of length spiral helix AL = 21/2 c At. That is,
3.6) AE = 3nr](hv Inu}112 x 21/2cAL = 6nmc2ri(h / u)1/2 x XV1'2 At.
On the other hand, infinitely small change in the size of the energy of the photon can be found according to the formula of M. Planck, such as AE = hAv , where A v — infinitely small change in the frequency of a photon to an infinitely small time interval At. Then we can write a differential equation of the type:
3.7) hAv = 6nmc 2n(h / u)mvmAt, that is,
3.8) At / Av = v"1,2(hu)1/2(6n1,2c n.
In the right part of this differential equation the value of v _1/2 depends on changes in the frequency of the photon. Other factors (hu)m(6nmc 2n)_1 — constant values, the product of which also has a constant coefficient K1. That is,
3.9) K1 = (hu)1l2(6n1/2c 2n)-1.
On this basis, we can write an integral equation of the type
T o
3.10) jdt = K1 j v -1/2 dv.
o Vo
We take a certain integral over the entire frequency range from the beginning v0 (at the moment of emission of a photon) to 0 Hz (when the final consumption of its energy), and we get the following formula full time T0 free movement of the photon to the complete dissipation of its energy in a ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS):
3.11) T0 = 2K v/2.
From this formula, we get:
V = KTn 2
(2),
where the constant K = (1 / 2K1)2, that is, 3.9') K = 9ntfc 4h ~lu-1.
The formula (2) offers the possibility to calculate the decrease in the frequency v0 of the photons at the preset distance from the source to receiver; or, on the contrary, the calculation of distances between source and receiver radiation in space, if you know the frequency v0 at the moment of emission and the target frequency vt at the time of admission. In fact, if t0 = 0 taken at the moment of emission of a photon with the original frequency radiation v0, and full time possible "life" of a photon T0 ;
then at each moment of time t after the moment of radiation (excluding the gravitational effect and the Dop-pler effect) instantaneous frequency value vt can be found by the formula
3.12) v0 - v = KT2 - K(T -1)2 = Kt(2T0 -1).
Hence (by the Planck formula E = hv ) for each
quantum of electromagnetic radiation are calculated all the parameters as a function of time t when its free movement in ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS):
T = (V0/ K )1/2 (2)
v, =v0 - Kt(2T0 -1) (3)
Et = h[Vo - Kt(2T0 -1)] (4)
X = c l[v0 - Kt(2T0 -1)] (5)
Formula (2) to (5) follows from the continuity of the functions of the lifetime of the photon in all the way L along the axis of the spiral helical path of free movement in IQLS (between the time of radiation t0 = 0 to time t = L / c ). That is, these formulas follow from the logical assumption that at time t, (if the frequency of the photon decreases to vt), then the remaining "life" Tt Photon will be less by the amount of time t. This means that Tt = T0 -1.
We can prove, justice, such a logical assumptions mathematically.
In time (10 = 0) Photon left the source of the radiation with the frequency v0. By the formula (2), we can find the time T0 (until complete dispersion of the energy of the photon in the IQLS):
3.13) T0 = (vj K )1/2.
Let at time t the frequency of the first photon is obtained by the formula
(3) der Wert vt =v0 - Kt(2T0 -1) Let at the same time, radiates a second Photon with the same frequency vt.
Full time live Tt second Photon, we find by the formula (2):
3.14) Tt = (vt / K)1/2.
Replace this expression, the frequency vt to the same value vt =v0 - Kt(2T0 -1) from equation (3), we get:
3.15) Tt = [ (v0 - Kt (2T0 -1))/K]1/2 =.
We have noticed that v0 / K = T02 according to formula (2). So we get:
3.16) Tt = (r2 - 2T0t +f )1/2 = [(T0 -1)T , so that
T = T -1.
That evidence.
The theory of dissipation of energy of quantum of EMR (photons) in the case of motion in ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) leads to completely different formula of the law of the «galactic red shift» than «law
Hubble» (V = Hr). From the formula (6) implies that the energy dissipation of EMR happens is that the difference between the square root of the frequency v01/2 EMR in the parent galaxy and the square root of its frequency vt 1/2 (received on Earth) is constant for all frequencies at the same distance between the source and the radiation detector. That is to say:
v01/2 -v1/2 = K1/2t (6)
or
v01/2 -v1/2 = K1/2r /с (6')
Constant coefficient Kapitza K "galactic red shift", we can calculate in theory IQLS by the formula 3.9') as a mathematical multiplication of the different degrees of the fundamental physical constants (which in fact is the most important physical parameters of ideal quantum liquid space):
3.9') K = 94n02c4/fV1,wO
K — is a constant "galactic red shift" (or "factor Kapitza");
n — number "Pi";
П — is the coefficient of internal friction in a ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS), (or "constant super-weak interaction");
c — is the constant speed of light; h — is the Planck constant;
u — factor surface tension ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS), (or "constant of the strong interaction").
Under the new formula "galactic redshift" astrophysics can calculate the distance r to distant galaxies, the more accurate than they are farther away from us. (The greater the distance r, the smaller the% error due to the Doppler effect, compared with the true the magnitude of the galactic red shift EMR).
K — factor can be calculated by the observed value of z relative red shift in the emission spectrum of nearby galaxies. The distances to these galaxies is well calculated with different methods of astronomy in the last century. The relative displacement z is expressed by the formula z = (v0 -vt)/vt, from which it follows that v0 -vt = zvt und v0 =vt (z +1).
Astronomy already in the first third of the last century has found that, on average, for the observed next to us galaxies (on a distance of one mega parsec) of the relative redshift of the Master-line spectrum is approximately equal to z = 0,0016706.
The Mpc distance light travels during time t = 1,0340487 x 1014 sek. t = 1,0340487 x 1014 сек. From these data according to the formula (6) 3.17) ^ ^ K = (v0 -2v01/2vt 1/2 +vt)lf =
= vt [z + 2 - 2(z +1)1/2 ]l t2 can be calculated, if the photons
from galaxies with a distance of one megaparsec has a frequency vt = 0,53060612035xl015Hz (mid-visible range), this parameter gives us the calculated value K = 0,34736 x10-19 sekT3.
Now, knowing the observed value z = 11,9 for galaxy UDFj-39546284, we can calculate the time of the movement of the light from galaxy to us, according to the formula
3.18) t = [(v01/2-Vt1/2)2/K ]1/2 =
= [(Vo -2Vo1/2Vt1/2 +v)/K]1/2.
For the average frequency of the visible range of light from this galaxy vt = 0,53060612035 x 1015 Hz according to the formula z = (v0 -vt )/vt calculate v0 = Vt (z +1) =vt (11,9 +1) = 12,9V.
There fore: t = [vt (13,9 - 2 x 12,91/2)/ K ]1/2 t = [0,53060612035 x 1015 (13,9 - 7,1833) / 0,34736 x iXl0-i9]i/2 = 3,203124 x1017(sec).
It is the time, in seconds, the light goes from the galaxy UDFj-39546284 up to us.
That is, the distance r of us up in the galaxy UDFj-39546284 is:
r = 3,203 1 24 x1017 / 3,155 76 x107 = 10,15 x109 (light years).
So, galaxy UDFj-39546284 at a distance of 10 billion 150 million light years away from earth.
Know coefficient K = 0,34736 x 10-19 sek-3 we can calculate new physical constant n — coefficient of internal friction of the ideal quantum liquid space. As was shown above
3.9') K = 9rnj2c 4h ~lu-1, wo
K — is a constant "galactic red shift" (or "factor Kapitsa");
n — number "Pi";
n — is the coefficient of internal friction in a ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS), (or "constant super weak interaction");
c — is the constant speed of light; h — is the Planck constant;
u — factor surface tension ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS), (or "constant of the strong interaction"). So n= [K / (9nc 4h ~lu ) ]1/2, where: K = 0,34736 x 10-19 sek "3 and u = 0,823 x 1018 erg / cm2 new physical constant, the received theoretically and on the basis of experienced scientific data. Substituting the known numerical values of the constants and calculating, we obtain: n = 2>882 x 10-36 (Poise).
4. Let us prove that the idea of the physical nature ofthe"physical vacuum" as the ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS), and electrons and quanta of elec-
tromagnetic waves, as bubbles of steam (ideal gas of quasi-particles"), corresponds to objective reality and all the principles and laws of classical physics and quantum mechanics.
If a free electron in a perfect quantum liquid space (IQLS) is an analogue of the vapor bubble in the water, in this case, some physical properties of the electron must comply with the laws of classical molecular-kinetic theory. Therefore, the pressure force "steam" on the inner surface of the bubble-electron must be equal to the force of the pressure surface tension IQLS on "steam" inside the electron.
The energy W of the compressed gas at pressure p volume V, according to the molecular-kinetic theory is determined by the formula W = pV x 3/2. This means that on the one hand, pressure from the inside to the surface of the electron is equal to the formula
4.1) p = 2 W /3V.
On the other hand, according to the theory of surface tension, pressure IQLS on pairs of electrons, find the Laplace formula
4.2) p = 4u / d, where d is the diameter of the bubble-electron, and
u — is the surface tension IQLS.
According to the classical theory of electrical potential energy E of the electron (diameter d ) can be expressed by the formula:
4.3) E = 2e2 / d, where e — is the electric charge of the electron. In absolute system of physical units CGSE (up to the second mark)
E = 0,82 x10-6 Erg.
According to the classical law of conservation and transformation of energy value E must be equivalent to the total kinetic energy of the mass m of the electron:
4.4) 2e2 / d = mc2 (in full accordance with the experimental results).
Geometrically, the area s of the surface of the electron is determined by the formula
4.5) s = 3,14d2.
Substituting this expression in us = mc2, we get:
u x 3,14 x (5,64 x 10-13 cm )2 = mc2.
Substituting known values and calculations, we find (as shown above), the surface tension of IQLS:
u = 0,823 x 1018 erg / cm2 = 0,823 x 1018 din / cm.
Now the pressure inside the electron will be found by the formula 4.2) Laplace:
p = 4 x 0,823 x 1018 / 5,64 x 10-13 = 0,584 x 1031(Bar).
The geometric volume of the electron will be found by the formula
4.6) V = 3,14d 3/6, that is,
V = 3,14 x (5,64 x 10-13 )3 / 6 = 0,94 x 10-37 (cm3). Substituting the values of pressure p and volume V of the electron in equation 1) and calculating, we get:
4.7) W = pVx3/2 = 0,584x1031 x0,94x10-37 x3/2 = = 0,82 x10-6 (Erg).
That is, the calculations confirm that, in accordance with the principles and laws of classical and quantum physics, the electrostatic energy of the electron is equivalent to its internal thermal energy. In addition, the energy of surface tension equivalent to the total energy of the electron mass. These equations are equivalent to the system of equations "triple Formula (1) of the law of conservation and transformation of energy, according to the theory of ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS). Now it's proven.
5. One more time, in a few words, as in the theory of the ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) appears the System of the equations
hv = us = mc2 (1).
Here (in the examples for photons and electrons): h — is the Planck constant; v — frequency quanta;
u — constant surface tension ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) (or constant of the strong interaction);
s — is the total surface area of a ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) forming a photon or "elementary particle" (and its internal structure);
m — is the mass of the quantum (or particles); c — is the speed of light.
Theoretically and experimentally proved the existence of inside the well-known quantum liquids dissolved gas of quasi-particles". This phenomenon can be interpreted as "sparkling water" (or "sparkling wine"). It was also proven that the free movement of quasipar-ticles inside the quantum fluid occurs as a wave process. "Wavelength" is defined in accordance with the equation de Broglie: X = h / mv.
In a ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) this relation is true for the movement of all particles and quanta (from zero speed to the speed of light).
In accordance with the ideas of the theory of the ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) X — step helical trajectories of particles and quanta. Formed such trajectory through drip-cluster hierarchical structure IQLS (like all liquids, according to the theory of academician Frenkel). NOTE
You can just see the wave-like movement and the helical trajectories of gas bubbles in a glass of soda water (or sparkling wine).
Knowing the step length X = h / mv, we can easily calculate the period T ofrotation of the particles (or quanta) around the axis of the trajectory T = X /v = h/mv2. Here
5.1) mv2 = h/T.
Da 1/ T = v — number of cycles per second particles (or quanta) around the axis of the helical path. Therefore, for a photon the expression mv2 = hv, s identical to the formula
5.2) hv = mc2.
Clarify the physical meaning of this formula.
It is easy to explain on the basis of understanding the physical nature of space as a perfect quantum liquid (IQLS). For the formation of a photon ("steam bubble diameter) is necessary against the forces of surface tension IQLS to do work equal to us.
I. e. for the formation of a steam bubble in a perfect quantum liquid space (IQLS), require energy quantum
5.3) hv= us = 3,14d 2u.
Experimental and theoretical total energy quanta is determined by the Planck formula E = hv. Therefore, for photons, we can write the equality us = hv .
On the other hand, in accordance with section "3. Proof', of the evidence" (see above) we find the equation hv = mc2:
The corollary. From equations 3.1) and V = c follows immediately:
the energy E = hv is full kinetic energy W = 0,5mc2 + 0,5m V2 = 0,5mc2 + 0,5mc2 = mc2 movement of photons (quanta) in a spiral helical path. That is, from classical mechanics should directly W = E = hv = mc2).
From these two equations, we get for the energy of the photons in ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) the third equality:
5.4) us = mc2.
Thus, proceeding from the principles of the theory of space as a perfect quantum liquid, we came to the conclusion formula of the law of conservation and transformation energy/mass in all the processes of synthesis-Annihilation "of elementary particles and quanta of energy: hv = us = mc2.
Values of h, u, c in this system of equations are the fundamental constants. Thus, the variables v, s, m is directly proportional to each other.
From the above, it follows that the full (according to the quantum theory) the energy E = hv the photon is equal to, on the one hand, the potential energy us (the surface tension) of the IQLS, and, on the other hand, it is a complete kinetic energy W = mc2, the movement of this vapor bubble (photon) along a helical trajectory
with a speed of 1,414 c (in accordance with the laws of classical mechanics).
It is easy to explain, from our understanding of the physical nature of the space as a ideal quantum liquid (IQL): to create a photon or an electron ("vapor bubble") should work, thermal energy of the quasiparticles against the forces of surface tension IQLS.
6. The calculation of the number of quasi-parti-cles of one free electron.
According to the ideas of the classical molecular-kinetic theory (ILC), the temperature T it is a quantitative measure for the energy of the thermal motion of molecules. This average kinetic energy of the translational motion of the individual molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the body T :
6.1) mv2 /2 = (3/2)kT.
In accordance with the principles of classical physics and the theory of space as a ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS), a free electron is a vapor bubble (or ideal gas of quasi-particles") in it. Therefore, according to the third Newton's law (equality of action and reaction), and according to the law of conservation and transformation of energy-mass, we can say that the thermal energy E = (3 / 2)pV electron must be exactly equal to the potential energy us tension of its surface:
6.2) us = (3/2)pV, where
u — factor surface tension of an ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) (or constant of the strong interaction);
s — surface of the electron as a "vapor bubble";
p — is the pressure in the electron as the "vapor bubble";
V — volume of the electron as "vapor bubble".
The pressure p in an ideal Gas is expressed by the fundamental formula of the kinetic theory of gases p = nkT, where n — the number ofparticles per volume V (the concentration). As n = N / V, where N — the total number ofparticles, therefore pV = nkTV expresses what
6.3) us = (3 / 2)pV = (3 / 2)NkT.
According to the system of equations of the Formula (1), which expresses the law of conservation and transformation energy/mass in the theory of an ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS), we obtain the equation:
6.4) us = mc2, where
m — mass of the electron;
c — the speed of light.
According to the equation us = (3 / 2)pV, the potential energy of the surface tension of the electron (like the vapor bubble) is equal to its total internal thermal energy, which is equivalent to the total energy mc2 the
electron mass; on the other hand, mc2 / 2 can be considered as the kinetic energy of the chaotic thermal motion of free electrons (as any molecules of an ideal gas). But in this case the energy of thermal motion of the electron is expressed through its absolute temperature:
6.5) mc2/2 = (3/2)kT.
The surface of the electron it is also a "corpuscle" gaseous bodies (spherical surface + quasiparticles). According to the molecular kinetic theory (MKT) continuous interaction with each other should be set between dynamic balance, which is expressed in the fact that the kinetic energy (RMS) of the particles in this system must be equal to (3/2)kT. Internal interaction of the quasi-particles with the surface of the electron manifests itself in the form of oscillations (vibrations) of an electron in a ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) with average square velocity chaotic translational motion is equal to the speed of light c .
From equation
6.3) us = (3 / 2)pV = (3 / 2)NkT,
6.4) us = mc2 and
6.5) mc2 /2 = (3 / 2)kT we get an equation
6.6) us = Nmc2 / 2, from which it follows that:
6.7) N = 2.
That is, a free electron consists of two quasiparticles localized in a ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) its surface tension.
7. The basic law for ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS).
The author in 1985 receives a formula — law for quantum condensed environments. Namely, that the elementary quantum of action (fundamental Planck's constant) is equal to the product of three physical quantities, which define the properties, composition and structure of quantum cond ensed matter:
h=mvd (7);
where:
h — is the Planck constant,
m — mass of elementary particles for a given environment,
d — is the diameter of the "elementary particles" for this environment,
v — velocity of propagation of the elementary quantum of action h in this environment.
According to the classical theory of the structure of liquids Y. I. Frenkel, ideal quantum liquid space (IQLS) also has a fractal-hierarchical drip-cluster structure. But, of course, for each level of this structure, the average di-
ameter of a droplet cluster has a different diameter droplets (from the infinitely large to the infinitely small). Thus, the product of two variables md varies from level to level and decreasing m and d, in the limit tends to zero. Accordingly, the value v = h / md (the same condition) is committed to the infinitely large value.
Based on these considerations, according to the formula (7), we can calculate the value of the sound velocity v in molecular quantum liquids, if known mass m and diameter d of the molecule. (Or you can calculate the diameter d of the molecules, quantum liquids, if known mass m and speed v for these fluids. And so on, and others).
You can check the execution of the basic law (h = mvd) quantum condensed media". (For example, in a known cryogenic physics quantum of liquid helium-II.)
The mass of an "elementary" particles (24He) is defined as
m = 6,65 x10-24 (g). The density of this quantum Fluid, 7 times less than that of water, so about to 0,14 (g / cm3). Therefore, we calculate the diameter d of the atom (on the basis of the dense packing of balls of atoms in the quantum liquid) so:
1) the number n of atoms in a cubic centimeter as
n = 0,14/(6,65xl0-24) = 0,02xl024 (cm*);
2) specific volume V1 fluid for a single atom we find
so
V; = 1/n = 50xl0-24 (cm') ;
3) we multiply with the factor of packaging of the specific volume V1 the liquid, and we get the volume V of a sphere-Atom
V = 0,74 x 50 x10-24 = 37 x10-24 (cm3) ;
4) according to the formula V = 3,14d3 /6, we find
d o(d e37 e10"2t /3,1tf = 70,701/3 e10"8 = t,135 e
e10"8 (cm);
5) now, theoretically we can find the speed of the dissemination of own oscillations (the quasiparticles) in the quantum-liquid Helium-II according to the formula
v=h/md:
v = 6,626x 10-27 /(6,65x 10-24 x4,135x 10-8) = = 0,24 x105 (cm / sek).
That is, v=240 m/sec, what is to be proved.
Experiment under the direction of academician P. L. Kapitza identified the speed of sound in the quantum liquid Helium-II even earlier, in 1940, about (240 ± 10)m/sec.
References:
1. Kapitsa P. L.: "PROBLEMS ofLIQUID HELIUM" (Report at the General meeting ofthe Academy of Sciences of the USSR, - 1940).
2. Kuznetsov B. G.: "the Principles of classical physics" - Moscow, - 1958.
3. Frisch C. E. and Timoreva A. C.: "the General physics Course, so 1" - Moscow, - 1956.
4. Jaworski B. M., Detlaf A. A.: "the physics Course, so 3, wave processes, optics, atomic and nuclear physics" -Moscow, -1967.
5. Dukov C. M.: "Electron, the history of the discovery and study of properties" - Moscow, - 1966.
6. Kalashnikov S. G.: "Electricity" - Moscow, - 1977.
7. The primary sources and the works of the great physicists (from I. Newton to our days).
