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GRADUONOMIC SYNONYMIES IN THE LANGUAGES OF UZBEK, ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LEXICOGRAPHY
Nematova M.F.
Nematova Moxibegim Fazliddinovna - ESP Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN NATURAL DIRECTIONS, BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: in lexicology, the linguistic richness of a language is studied as a system, because this richness is not a simple, mechanical sum of words and phrases, but a system of interconnected linguistic units and elements, one of which requires the other to exist. In this system every problems of the word are studied such as lexic meaning, synonyms, stylistic, structural parts and etc. Specifically, this article focused on what is graduonomy and graduonomic degrees in synonyms of the three language's vocabulary: Uzbek, English and Russian.
Keywords: graduonomy, connotative, denotative, lexicography, equonims, verbal spiritual relations.
UDC 808.56
As a separate branch of inter verbal relations, Graduonomy (spiritual hierarchy) was studied in the late 80s.In linguistics, graduonymy is one of the separate spiritual relations between words a series of words that represent a degree of character. But until they are separated as a form, this relation was studied in the context of synonyms. For example, there are many words in the Uzbek and Russian dictionary of synonyms cases were given among the synonyms, because of not separating the phenomenon of graduonymy. According to a famous professor O. Bozorov, this phenomenon means increasing or decreasing words'
meaning at different levels. Lexical graduonymy acts based on denotative and connotative meaning, and is realized in plan of a noun, adjective, pronouns, verbs and adverbs. In Uzbek language graduating verbs will be as in example: shipshitmoq — pichirlamoq — shivirlamoq— aytmoq — baqirmoq. In English version: whisper- call - shout—scream.
There is also given term logical graduonymy in the lexicography of the English language which is considered to form gradual line by using both synonyms and antonyms. In this time words line starts from weak to strong words such as: "bad - good - excellent". Moreover, in English lexicography, according to meanings (connotative and denotative), graduonomic line can form semantic connection of the lexemes. For example: "freezing - cold - cool -warm - hot - chilly - boiling".
There are some differences between Uzbek and English languages. In the Uzbek language, in contrast to Russian, between the meanings of the equonyms "novvos" (in certain dialects: juvona) - "bull at the age of 2-3 years" - "buqa" - "untamed bull" - "hokiz" - "ox", semantic relations of a different nature also function, which are called graduonomic relations (graduonomy), which is not typical for the meaning of the Russian equivalent of the word bull. In addition, in the semantic structure of the word ox (ho'kiz) there is a same "attracted by necessity to agricultural and other works", which is absent in the semantic structure of other equonyms (soghyponyms) of this word. A similar feature (graduonomic relations) is observed between the meanings of the words - equonims heifer, heifer (g'unojin) and cow (sigir), the semantic structure of which differs from each other in relation to the same "degree of age"; in the semantic structure of the word sigir, the seme "parent", "mother" is the main, nuclear; and in the semantic structure the word "g'unojin" means "young woman". In today's linguistics, the term graduonymy and its Uzbek alternative degree is gaining popularity as a scientific concept that refers to a form of interverbal spiritual relations. Now it is necessary to understand what spiritual relations are understood under this concept and to focus on the linguistic essence of the group of words connected with these relations.
A series of words related to hierarchical relations can be distinguished on the basis of: a) pure linguistic bases, b) non-linguistic bases. The essence of the non-linguistic factor is that there are quantitative differences along with qualitative differences in the thing-object, character-properties. For example, any type of organism grows. Its growth is related to time (time or age). For example, a person experiences infancy, youth, adolescence, maturity, old age, plant germination, planting, maturation, and dryness. The color and other characteristics in nature are so varied that two red flowers on the same bush differ from each other in whether they are darker or pure darker in color. Quantitative differences between things are so varied that they cannot be fully described and enumerated. The active consciousness of man must and does reflect such quantitative differences in existence. Since language is a form of consciousness, it must also express such quantitative differences that are reflected in the mind. Such quantitative differences are represented by different methods (determinants, quantitative indicators, units of measurement, etc.), including individual words: "nihol-ko'chat-daraxt" (seedling - tree); "nini-go'dak-bola" (baby- child). This factor is a non-linguistic factor of the existence of graduonymy relations in the lexical system. The linguistic factor of separation of graduonymy relations is observed in the following two phenomena: a) the spiritual factor; b) a factor of paradigmatic relations between words. The essence of the semantic factor in the separation of graduonymic lines is that in a number of words in the composition of noun semantics relates to quantity - more or less a certain sign, different levels. For example, let's pay attention to the interpretation of the meanings of the words window - door - gate in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek language": 1. A window is a small door or window with one or two panes, a door or a wall. 2. A door is an opening and closing device installed at the entrance to a house, room, building or yard. 3. Gate - a large door that opens and closes to the courtyard, fortress, castle, factory, etc.
It is clear from these examples that on the basis of hierarchy, certain semantic relations are established between Uzbek lexemes. According their meaning, graduonomic line can be formed in all three languages Russian, Uzbek and English. But sometimes we cannot find equivalence for each. In particular, the units of linguistics are closely interrelated, they have similarities and differences. Some of their features while studied, some are still awaiting their study. Without doubt this idea is related to the graduonymy and synonymy. There are thousands of words are in lexicography and works done by professors, but because of this new term graduonymy, there are several problems still needs to be solved.
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