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40THE IMPORTANCE OF DICTIONARIES AND ITS TYPES
Khusenova M.U.
Khusenova Mehriniso Uktamovna - ESP Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN NATURAL DIRECTIONS, BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the creation of dictionaries is the undertaking of an uncommon part of the linguistic study of etymology. Dictionaries are various and changed. Exhaustive dictionaries portray the world, clarify ideas, give personal data about popular individuals, data about nations and urban areas, about extraordinary occasions. Philological dictionaries contain data about words. There are various kinds of philological dictionaries. A great many people know about bilingual dictionaries: we manage them, considering unknown dialects, deciphering writings starting with one language then onto the next.
Keywords: dictionaries, language, philology, dialects, types of dictionaries, literary pronunciation, spelling of words.
UDC 808.56
Monolingual dictionaries are particularly different. Sources about the right spelling of words can be gotten in the spelling dictionaries, about how the word ought to be articulated -in the orthopedic dictionaries (for example the dictionaries of right scholarly elocution). Etymological and chronicled dictionaries portray the beginning of the word, its way in the language, all changes, that happened to him enroute.
Grammar dictionaries contain data about the morphological and syntactic properties of a word; backward dictionaries, words are organized in the sequential request of their last letters (this is now and again essential for some etymological examination).
There are dictionaries of unfamiliar words, phrased, colloquial, dictionaries of the language of journalists. Dictionaries of discourse inconsistencies and challenges. The dictionaries can depict not all the jargon of the language, but rather a few gatherings of words: these are dictionaries of equivalents, antonyms, homonyms or paronyms.
This rundown would not be finished without two sorts of dictionaries that have the longest lexicographic convention. These are informative and ideographic dictionaries. Both depict the importance of words. However, in the informative dictionaries, the words are masterminded sequentially, and in the ideographic word reference, as indicated by bunches that are recognized based on some broad properties of things and ideas (for instance, for example, "man", "creature", "activity", "actual property", and so forth) and so on.
Present-day etymology is creating in two primary ways. One is the production of specific dictionaries, which would contain information of just one sort: for instance, just about the spelling of a word, just about its beginning, just about methods of consolidating it with different words, and so forth Another course is the making of complex dictionaries that would incorporate if conceivable, all data about the word: not exclusively would give translations of its implications, syntactic attributes, rules of elocution and spelling, yet additionally depict its semantic associations with different words, highlights of its utilization in various styles, its statement development abilities.
Various kinds of dictionaries are created relying upon what their identity is routed to. In this way, for instance, there are scholarly dictionaries, which contain the most complete information about the word, and instructive, which plan to show an individual who is dominating the language to utilize the word effectively. There are dictionaries routed to everybody, intended for any peruser, and reference dictionaries for individuals of specific callings. A unique kind is comprised of dictionaries for different specialized, applied purposes: for instance, for machine interpretation, and so forth
Gathering dictionaries is careful and long work. Present-day etymology is an entire industry that, delightful the requirement for a wide assortment of kinds of data about a word, effectively utilizes the abilities of current PC innovation.
The most far and wide are spelling dictionaries, which give data on the right spelling of words. Among the unique semantic dictionaries, different phraseological dictionaries are of extraordinary interest. They are deciphered and monolingual, giving an understanding of the implications of phraseological units by methods for a similar language. The material of phraseological dictionaries isn't words, however phraseological turns. An assortment of phraseological dictionaries are dictionaries of "winged words", that is, well-known citations from abstract works, truisms of acclaimed individuals and other phraseological units, essentially of book use, which have an artistic source. For the most part in dictionaries of this sort, an enormous spot is involved by "expressions" that have entered the social existence of numerous people groups, including those that are frequently cited in an unknown dialect, in the language where they were first detailed.
From other uncommon etymological dictionaries, we notice dictionaries of equivalents, antonyms, homonyms, unfamiliar words, shortenings, different dictionaries of appropriate names, dictionaries of rhymes. Among the bilingual uncommon word references, we note the word references of the alleged "bogus companions of the interpreter", that is, words that are comparable in sound and spelling in any two dialects, however dissimilar in importance.
We should investigate the dictionaries for equivalents. The understanding of equivalent words is joined by various instances of their utilization, taken from the language of fiction from famous writers to the current day and from editorial and logical works. Such dictionaries are of incredible useful significance in learning both your own and an unknown dialect. Alongside huge uncommon synonymic word references, short, for example, reading material, interchangeable word references are helpful.
A unique gathering is comprised of etymological reference dictionaries, in which not a clarification of the importance of a word or the characteristics of its utilization and inception is given, however different sorts of data about the word as a phonetic unit are given. Indeed, different dictionaries, principally informative ones, have a reference character, however, for this situation, those dictionaries for which the reference work is the primary one are recognized, for them, it is significant not to clarify the word, yet to give some phonetic reference about it.
In the conclusion of the survey of the main sorts of dictionaries, we note the presence of various moderate, temporary and blended sorts. Thus, temporary from etymological to non-semantic dictionaries are word references of terms of different sciences and parts of innovation. These dictionaries are monolingual, bilingual and multilingual. Expressed dictionaries are far and wide, incorporating unique terms utilized in any logical field: science, science, medication, pressure-driven designing, and so forth.
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GRADUONOMIC SYNONYMIES IN THE LANGUAGES OF UZBEK, ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LEXICOGRAPHY
Nematova M.F.
Nematova Moxibegim Fazliddinovna - ESP Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN NATURAL DIRECTIONS, BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: in lexicology, the linguistic richness of a language is studied as a system, because this richness is not a simple, mechanical sum of words and phrases, but a system of interconnected linguistic units and elements, one of which requires the other to exist. In this system every problems of the word are studied such as lexic meaning, synonyms, stylistic, structural parts and etc. Specifically, this article focused on what is graduonomy and graduonomic degrees in synonyms of the three language's vocabulary: Uzbek, English and Russian.
Keywords: graduonomy, connotative, denotative, lexicography, equonims, verbal spiritual relations.
UDC 808.56
As a separate branch of inter verbal relations, Graduonomy (spiritual hierarchy) was studied in the late 80s.In linguistics, graduonymy is one of the separate spiritual relations between words a series of words that represent a degree of character. But until they are separated as a form, this relation was studied in the context of synonyms. For example, there are many words in the Uzbek and Russian dictionary of synonyms cases were given among the synonyms, because of not separating the phenomenon of graduonymy. According to a famous professor O. Bozorov, this phenomenon means increasing or decreasing words'
