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10ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: PROBLEMS AND
SOLUTIONS Ochilova GA.1, Ochilov BA.2, Aralov M.В.3
1Ochilova Guzal Aralovna - Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Docent, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, KARSHI ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTE, KARSHI;
2Ochilov Bakhrom Arolovich - Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY MEDICINE № 1, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND CIVIL PROTECTION, TASHKENT PEDIATRIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE; 3Aralov Mirzobek Bakhromovich - Student of Master's degree, DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTAL PROSTHETICS, TASHKENT STATE DENTAL INSTITUTE, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article reveals the role of ecological globalization in the system of globalization of social processes, its influence on the fate of mankind, the content and essence of the socio-historical dynamics of the relationship between society and nature. From a philosophical point of view, the objective causes of environmental problems, the role of subjective factors in the exacerbation of problems are analyzed. Contamination of soil, water, air, global warming, depletion offlora and fauna, as well as the negative impact of the use of natural resources on the environment are discussed. It also pays attention to the study of the causes and effects, factors and directions of environmental globalization, as well as topical issues of the implementation of state policy to stabilize environmental problems in accordance with international standards.
Keywords: ecological problem, ecological character, ecological attitude, ecological situation, ecological globalization, ecological consequences, ecological policy, ecological integration, bifurcation state, global character.
The globalization of the ecological situation has given rise to both positive and negative processes. In other words, the globalization of the environmental situation has led to the globalization of environmental problems .. If we look at the socio-historical dynamics of the environmental situation on the planet, in its various regions, the interaction inherent in the "nature-society" system, we will see that the origin of environmental problems and their universal character in the 21st century is not an accident. To be convinced of the correctness of this idea, it is necessary to turn to the conceptual ideas of the doctrine of synergetics.
It is well known that, according to the ideas of synergetics, being, which is a self-organizing and self-developing universe, includes several open, that is, systems that are not free from the influence of external factors. In modern philosophy, these systems were called the basic forms of being. Nature and society belong to such a system of systems. The process of formation of both dynamic systems can be interpreted through the Darwinian triad "variability-inheritance-selection". At the same time, as we noted above, neither nature nor society can be free from external influences. In particular, nature is necessary for society as a source of various types of energy, resources, wealth. The interaction between them has become so necessary and consistent that modern specialists prefer to analyze nature and society as a whole. In particular, Professor A.K. Berdimurodova points out some of the features of this interaction and interdependence [1; 14-19]. The most important of these is the influence of the social subsystem on the adaptation of the natural environment.
Indeed, in the early stages of the development of human society, a person formed as a heterotrophic creature could only use natural resources that existed in nature and were assimilated by physical strength. At this stage of its development, it was only a link in the
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trophic chains of the biosphere. Consequently, it was inseparable from the biological forms of the movement of matter and could not affect the natural biogeochemical exchange. Indeed, how can human consumption of ready-made natural resources, their primitive use, affect biogeochemical metabolism?
But soon humanity began to use natural resources that are inaccessible in nature. Initially, he mastered the use of biogenic sources (wood, peat, coal, oil, etc.), which release solar energy with the help of fire. In addition to this, humanity's need for natural resources has increased. As a result, it became necessary to find new sources to meet the endless needs of man and society, as well as to influence the biochemical processes in nature. The twentieth century has provided humanity with such an opportunity.
The development of human consciousness and scientific activity, the growth of intellectual power, the growth of productive forces have turned man into a global geological force. A new evolutionary state of the biosphere emerged, the sphere of interaction between nature and society - the noosphere, in which human activity became a decisive factor in development. As a result, society acquired non-traditional sources of development and use of natural resources. At first glance, the emergence of such opportunities in lifestyles and in the national economy seemed to open up new prospects for human development.
In fact, the impact of biochemical processes in nature not only gives positive results, but these effects, in turn, can lead to catastrophic consequences for nature and society. The logic of the development of dynamical systems assumes that external influences in open systems can have two different characteristics. [2; 141]. One serves to strengthen the connection between the elements of the system, and the other is of a stochastic nature. The relationship between nature and society is no exception to this logic. The adaptation of the social subsystem to the natural environment has had a positive impact on both society and nature. While society satisfies its need for natural resources with the help of nature, nature continues to change its image thanks to society. But, on the other hand, the influence of man and society on biochemical processes in nature led to the emergence of a state of bifurcation. Bifurcation is a term used to describe the loss of memory in a system as a result of external influences, that is, a violation of continuity in it. Over time, any system will have its own trajectories of development. The change in the state of these systems has a peculiar character, which was first realized by Euler at the end of the seventeenth century, two centuries later, and was studied in detail by Poincare. In their opinion, there is a relatively stable period of the trajectory of systems, during which they undergo an evolutionary process. During this stable period, the system gradually changes its state under the influence of external and internal reasons. However, at the end of the period of stability, the system enters a new period, which is called the bifurcation state (the term was introduced by R. Thom). During bifurcation, the system loses its balance, stability goes into a state of instability, and cardinal changes begin to occur. The system moves from one direction of its development to another. Such cases in nature were repeated several times. These include the assimilation of photosynthesis by prokaryotes (organisms that do not have cell nuclei), a sharp cooling of the Earth's climate, the Neolithic revolution, and so on. [3; 3-10].
The formation of a number of universal problems in our time indicates the emergence of a new state of bifurcation in nature. In particular, environmental problems are echoes of an impending bifurcation. Its essence can be expressed as follows: today there is a contradiction between a sharp increase in society's need for natural resources and the limited ability of nature to form them.
The means of overcoming these contradictions known to the public no longer work.
Environmental concerns are reflected in the following:
1) The development of society has entered a new stage of social production. At this stage, the number of technical means used by mankind has increased so much that, as a result, the consumed natural resources have sharply increased. Therefore, humanity's need for them is growing from year to year;
2) The more natural resources are used in various spheres of life and the national economy, the less traditional sources that provide them. We know that the characteristics of natural resources depend on how long they have existed. It has been established that the existing coal reserves in our land of Kurrai are 600 years old, oil reserves - 90 years, natural gas reserves - 50 years, and uranium reserves - 27 years [4; 258]. Traditional natural resources appear to be extremely limited;
3) "Population explosion", which will occur in the near future, will lead to a sharp increase in demand for natural resources. Demographers predict that the world's population will reach 9.4 billion by the middle of the 21st century. However, only when the planet will be home to 5.7 billion people, ie 57 people per 1 km2, available natural resources will reach everyone [6; 54];
4) The use of traditional natural resources leads to excessive consumption of oxygen and environmental pollution. For example, burning coal, gas and oil consumes 20 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, and instead releases millions of tons of carbon dioxide and other toxic substances;
5) Recommendations for restoring and maintaining a balance between nature and society are not justified. For example, the representatives of the Club of Rome have put forward a number of proposals that would serve to establish such a reasonable relationship. In particular, recommendations were made on the need to establish strict, rigid, permanent state control over the use of natural resources in recent years. However, due to this lack of control, the environmental situation in the world is deteriorating, and environmental problems are becoming a set of threats that worry humanity. Moreover, the political nature of the issue of access to and use of natural resources gives it the status of a problem that is difficult to solve.
Since the creation of mankind, it has been "haunted" by various environmental problems. In the course of socio-historical development, environmental problems in this or that region of the planet have arisen regularly in one way or another. These problems were effectively solved in the short term at some stages and in the long term at some stages and ineffective methods. However, as we noted above, by the last quarter of the twentieth century, as a result of the complexity of environmental relations, the globalization of the environmental situation, environmental problems also acquired a global character. In other words, on the eve of the new century, the globalization of the environmental situation came to an end with the globalization of environmental problems. The globalization of environmental problems means that the conflict between the need for natural resources and the ability of nature to form these resources will become global.
The globalization of environmental problems is reflected in the following:
First, soil pollution across the planet is limiting humankind's ability to meet its needs. In general, the share of soil pollution in the total environmental pollution remains high. For example, according to experts, 49% of environmental pollution falls on soils, 15% - on water bodies, 35% - on the atmosphere. [7; 3]. The main reason for this is the rapid development of industry and mining in the countries, a radical change in the nature of agriculture, the growth of transport infrastructure, and the growth of household waste. With the development of industry and mining, the amount of waste in them increases sharply. This waste exceeds the weight of heavy metals (mercury, tin, zinc, beryllium, etc.) in the soil. Chemicals used in agriculture to improve soil fertility and control pests cause excessive soil pollution. For example, experts explain in detail the impact of pesticides such as herbicides, insecticides, fungicides on soil quality. The proliferation of vehicles and the development of transport infrastructure lead to an increase in the amount of polycyclic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenalen, which negatively affect the quality of the soil. Driven by these anthropogenic factors, soil degradation is occurring across the planet, and the proportion of certain chemicals in its composition is growing at an unprecedented rate. As a result, humanity's ability to meet its soil needs is limited.
Second, global water pollution is limiting humanity's ability to meet its needs. "Water pollution is manifested in a change in its physical and organoleptic properties (transparency, color, odor, taste), an increase in the content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, toxic heavy metals, a decrease in the oxygen content in the water, the formation of radioactive elements and pathogenic bacteria." [8; 10]. As a result of human economic activity over the past hundred years, more than 400 substances have been formed that cause water pollution [8, 10]. The widespread use of these substances over the past half century has dramatically worsened the physical and organoleptic properties and composition of water in all regions. For example, the concentration of nitrates in uncontaminated water ranges from 0.1 to 1.0 mg / l. [9; 128]. However, the discharge of household, agricultural and industrial waste into water increased this volume several times. As a result, on the one hand, the flora and fauna of the regions suffers unprecedented damage. On the other hand, it is becoming increasingly difficult to fully meet the needs of mankind for clean drinking water. The limited ability to meet the demand for drinking water forces people in different parts of the world to use polluted water. Experts estimate that 80 percent of diseases in developing countries today are caused by the consumption of contaminated water. [10; 98].
Most alarmingly, by the 21st century, the trend of water pollution has spread to all continents. Therefore, in the countries of the world, the concern of international organizations with this environmental problem, efforts to prevent it become more and more active every year. These concerns and efforts lead to the emergence of many international documents aimed at preventing water pollution on the planet. These include the "Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Water Basins and International Lakes" dated March 17, 1992. [eleven].
Third, air pollution around the planet is undermining natural conditions that can fully meet human needs. Human socio-economic activity causes pollution of the Earth's atmosphere with various toxic substances. Road, rail, air and sea transport emit large quantities of gases into the environment. Waste generated in factories and plants also plays a role in environmental pollution. In addition, household waste also "contributes" to air pollution. As a result, there was no continent with a more or less polluted atmosphere. The United Nations estimates that nine-tenths of the world's population now live in highly contaminated areas. [12].
The constant pollution of the earth's air has tragic consequences. "According to the UN, in 2012, 7 million people died from various diseases caused by air pollution, and in 2018 more than 4 million people died prematurely. According to the World Health Organization, polluted air usually negatively affects the respiratory, cardiovascular and immune systems. " [12].
Fourth, global warming is undermining natural conditions that can fully meet human needs. The planet's climate is changing under the influence of many natural factors. However, the role of anthropogenic factors is especially great. According to the data obtained, as a result of human economic activity, the Earth's climate has warmed by 0.5 degrees over the past 20 years. However, "scientists warn that the temperature should not exceed 1.5 degrees, so as not to suffer terrible losses." [13]. Even today, global warming is causing serious humanitarian and economic damage in many regions. "In some countries, the decline in agricultural productivity due to climate change poses a direct threat to food security." [14] In addition, the number of natural disasters in the world is increasing due to global warming. Specifically, from 2000 to 2019, there were 577 natural disasters in China, 467 in the US, 321 in India, 304 in the Philippines and 278 in Indonesia. "Over the past 20 years, there have been 7,348 natural disasters that have killed 1.23 million people and affected 4.2 billion," he said. Droughts, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes and wildfires cause economic losses of $ 2.97 trillion. Global warming also plays a role in these disasters "[13]. The continuation of this trend could lead to serious problems in the future. "High temperatures will be our biggest problem in the next 10 years, especially for poor countries," warns Deberati Gucha-Sapir of the University of Louvain in Belgium. [13].
Fifth, the impoverishment of the plant world throughout the planet limits the satisfaction of human needs in it. For decades, human economic activity was carried out at the expense of the plant world and had a serious impact on it. But this effect was not always positive. For example, human economic activity, as we noted above, has led to a deterioration in the quality of soil, water and atmosphere on all continents of the world. As a result, the natural conditions necessary for many plants have deteriorated. Some plant species, deprived of the necessary conditions, began to disappear. According to a study by an international group of botanists, over the past 250 years, 571 plant species have disappeared from the face of the earth as a result of human activities. Since the eighteenth century, two plant species have become extinct every year as a result of this activity. Over the years, this situation has turned into a trend: today, 60,000 of the more than 300,000 plant species known to science are endangered. [15].
The depletion of the flora is reflected in the reduction of forest areas. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, forest areas have shrunk by 178 million hectares since humanity began to actively influence nature. This process continues today in all regions of the world. For example, from 2010 to 2020, 3.9 million hectares of forest were cleared in Africa alone. [16].
Of course, the changes taking place in the plant world will not go anywhere. As a result of these negative changes, the natural conditions necessary for humanity in the first place are sharply deteriorating. Moreover, the possibilities of mankind to satisfy their needs for food, medicine, building materials, etc. are becoming more and more limited.
Sixth, the impoverishment of the animal world on the entire planet limits the satisfaction of human needs in it. The socio-economic activity of mankind has constantly worsened the natural conditions that ensure the existence of wild nature in all countries. The processes of urbanization, the development of industry and agriculture, technical progress - all this ultimately deprived animals of the natural conditions in which they live. Moreover, in recent years, there has been an increase in the irrational attitude towards the animal world. Illegal hunting and the growth of poaching have brought many animals to the brink of extinction. For example, musk deer became extinct in the Eastern and Western Sayan Mountains as a result of poaching. [17; 39].
The above factors have had a serious negative impact on the fauna in different parts of the world as a whole. Deprived of the natural conditions of their existence, many species of animals that became victims of the irrational treatment of mankind began to die out en masse. Between 1970 and 2016, more than 4,000 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish decreased by 68%, according to a WWF report. [eighteen]. Such processes are observed on all continents of the world. "According to the report, the highest losses were recorded in the tropics of the Americas - the number of animals living there decreased by 94%." [eighteen]. For centuries, the animal kingdom has been one of the sources of food, clothing, medicine and other products for mankind. Unfortunately, the impoverishment of the animal world in the last century limits human access to these resources.
Seventh, the negative impact of the exploitation of natural resources on the entire planet on the environment limits the satisfaction of human needs. The world economy has expanded, complicated and accelerated over the years. An economy that is accelerating in its growth requires more and more natural resources. Modern technologies for the extraction and supply of natural resources in all regions of the world significantly affect the agrochemical, physical, biological and microbiological properties of the soil, the physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of water, the nature of the atmosphere. For example, the following factors, associated only with the extraction and transportation of oil, cause soil pollution: a) discharge of wastewater from the oil industry into the soil and water sources for irrigation; b) accidents on ships, vehicles and pipelines carrying oil and other fuels; c) burning of oil fields; g) pollution of the soil cover and key parts of the ecosystem as a result of factors such as unfavorable conditions in oil storage facilities. [7; 10].
There is also a second side to the question. As the use of natural resources expands, these resources diminish. Experts predict that many natural resources will be depleted by the end of this century, as well as in the first quarter of the next century. By the new century, the gap between the periods of natural wealth creation and the periods of their extraction and use by man has widened. This situation could seriously jeopardize humanity's need for these natural resources in the near future.
Of course, there are other factors that point to the globalization of the environmental problem. However, it is also clear from the data presented that the fate of modern civilization depends on the extent to which the increasingly globalizing environmental problems are solved.
With the transformation of humanity into a global geological force, the rhythm of the impact of society on nature has increased several times. Interactions in the "society-nature" system have already gone beyond reasonable limits. Philosophy and science, on the other hand, are only preparing and working to unravel the essence of this interdependence, to analyze these complex and multifaceted processes.
Moreover, there are two obvious drawbacks to expert advice on this matter. First, these guidelines were developed without regard to social needs. As social needs grow, the influence of society on nature also grows - a situation that should be taken into account in any recommendations for solving this problem. Moreover, there are two obvious drawbacks to expert advice on this matter. First, these guidelines were developed without regard to social needs. As social needs grow, the influence of society on nature also grows - a situation that should be taken into account in any recommendations for solving this problem. Moreover, there are two obvious shortcomings of expert recommendations on this matter. First of all, these recommendations were developed without taking into account social needs. As the social needs of plants grow and the influence of society on nature is a situation that should be taken into account in any recommendations for solving this problem. Secondly, many of these recommendations do not correspond to the current capabilities of human society. Today, additional capabilities, material and financial resources are needed to implement many of the proposed recommendations. A recommendation that does not match the available resources will not lead to significant results. So, when thinking about environmental issues, it is important to remember that our considerations should ultimately focus on recommendations that are relevant to social needs and based on the current capabilities of society.
For this, first of all, "is there a solution to environmental problems"? we need to answer the question. A number of our logical conclusions allow us to answer this question in the affirmative.
Mine have already mentioned that environmental problems are an echo of a new state of bifurcation, and that nature has repeatedly become with this situation in the past. Now let's look at the medicinal aspect of this process. A dynamic system, which is speedy into a split state, not only loses memory and inherits, but is also radically renewed. Let us consider the composition of bifurcations resulting from the assimilation of prokaryotes by photosynthetic reactions. At a certain stage in their development (again, thanks to the same photosynthetic reaction), they began to produce oxygen, which was fatal to anyone. The steady increase in the amount of oxygen in the biosphere ultimately led to the death of prokaryotes and the formation of eukaryotes (organisms with cell nuclei), our "ancestors" 1.2 billion years ago. A sharp cooling of the Earth's climate drove Australopithecus into the savannahs (tropical deserts). But as a result, they learned to walk on their hind legs, transforming from peaceful herbivores to aggressive savages. Moreover, the complexity of life prompted the Australopithecines to believe that as a result, their brain size almost doubled in just 2 million years. The Neolithic Revolution was associated with the mastery of the technique of stone processing. As a result, man created tools for throwing stones and became the absolute ruler of the animal kingdom, soon destroying large ungulates. However, to support himself, he discovered agriculture and animal husbandry.
Thus, no matter how many times nature lost its stability, no matter how much it fell into a state of bifurcation, each time it managed to renew its state, and man was able to adapt to it. Therefore, there is hope for solving environmental problems of global importance and universal character. It is difficult to predict exactly what it will look like, but the general nature of the solution can be roughly formulated: the solution to the problem should be to restore and maintain a balance between society and nature based on real intellectual, material and financial resources.
In conclusion, the globalization of the environmental situation has led to the globalization of environmental problems. Environmental problems are a contradiction between the rapid growth of society's need for natural resources and the limited ability of nature to form these resources. Today, the globalization of environmental problems manifests itself in the pollution of soil, water and air around the planet, global warming, depletion of flora and fauna, and an increase in the negative impact of the use of natural resources on the environment. Accordingly, the policy of the state to stabilize environmental problems is reflected in the adaptation and implementation of international standards, which requires the implementation of the following tasks: first, the adaptation and integration of the policy of any state in the field of improving the global environmental situation in international standards - in the interests of all mankind; secondly, the formation of a system of state institutions responsible for the protection of nature in ecologically unfavorable areas, their integration and globalization is a historical necessity; third, the integration and globalization of international environmental political relations: in essence and functionally, adapting them to universal goals; fourthly, the ecological situation of states requires a socio-political mission in disadvantaged areas, their differentiated approach to democratic and humanistic principles and norms; fifth, the national institutional system for improving the environmental situation is regulated and regulated by universal moral and ethical norms and legal means.
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