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Geo-demographic features of national composition of Uzbekistan’s population
Aerotechnogenic influence also causes morphological changes in the soil profile structure — the upper horizons are destroyed and washed away. Moreover, under the pollution impact the spaces with a reduce thickness of debris layer, that increase approaching the source ofcontamination. In those areas where vegetation persists, debris layer is the same to non-polluted areas, but it has a gray color, a high degree of decomposition and is filled with technogenic dust. If the vegetation is absent, debris layer is also absent, and the upper mineral soil horizons are partly destroyed, and above it a thin silty technogenic layer forms in “Pechenganickel” nearby areas [2, 198-200].
Thus, the aerotechnogenic pollution in the vicinity of Nickel affects primarily vegetation and soil. Pollution components of emissions (sulphur compounds and heavy metals) damage the pine needles, leaves and root systems of plants, affecting their growth and development that, in the long run, leads to a change in the species and age composition of plant communities. Pollution also affects the soil covering by causing breakdowns and morphological changes of the soil structure properties.
As a result, there is a vegetation degradation and the formation of heathlands.
References:
1. Biomonitoring air pollutants with plants/William J. Manning, William A. Feder. London, Springer, 1980. 142p. (Russ. Ed.: T. A. Golovina, L. F. Salnikova. Biomonitoringzagriazneniaatmospherispomoschiurastiniy. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat Publ., 1985. 143p.)
2. Lukina N. V. Pollution-induced digressions and rehabilitation successions in northern taiga forests/N. V. Lukina, T. A. Sukhareva, L. G. Isaeva. Moscow, Science Publ., 2005. 244p.
Tojieva Zulkhumor, Ph. D., Professor National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo-Ulugbek, c. g.s., associated professor Department of Geography E-mail: Z_Tadjieva@mail.ru Dusmanov Farhod Azamkulovich, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Scientific researcher Department of Geography E-mail: nemo_33@list.ru
Geo-demographic features of national composition of Uzbekistan’s population
Abstract: This article analyzes the formation of Uzbekistan’s population’s national composition. We also have reviewed demographic processes.
Keywords: nation, population, demography, demo-geographic processes, ethnic growth, geographic peculiarities, birth-rate.
Population’s national composition is a result of long historical demo-geographic processes as well as socio-economic phenomena. Usually, population’s natural and mechanic movement, ethnic growth and administrative-regional changes do play an important role in the formation and location of nationalities. Under the influence of these very developments national composition of countries’ population takes shape and grows. But these developments occur in different ways in different countries due to geographic peculiarities.
In the formation of Uzbekistan’s population’s national composition a mechanic movement rather than a natural movement, in other words the migration of foreigners from abroad, plays a greater role. Traditionally, a significant part of the country’s population’s national composition was made up of local nationalities, namely, the Uzbek, the Kazakh, the Kyrgyz, the Turkmen and the Tajik. However, despite this the national composition of Uzbekistan’s population was made up of, in 1979 120, in 1989 125 and in 2013 130 different nationalities and ethnicities. The growth and the geography of the nationalities living in the republic differ from each other. In every region of Uzbekistan there are certainly more than one nationalities living side by side.
Therefore, it is impossible to claim that there is a region of Uzbekistan which is populated solely by one nationality. Majority of Russian-speaking nationalities arrival into Uzbekistan is closely linked to the growth and dislocation of productive forces that took place in the middle of last century. That is why they mainly live in big
cities or administrative centers of the regions that are industrialized and have a well established social infrastructure. These regions include Tashkent city, Tashkent, Navoi regions and their Chirchik, Angren, Olmaliq, Navoi, Zarafshan and Uchquduq cities, Syrdarya region, Gulistan city as well administrative centers of Ferghana, Samarkand, Bukhara regions. To a certain extent the collapse of the Soviet Union did lead to changes in the national composition of the population in many countries, including Uzbekistan. The collapse of the USSR triggered an emigrational activity by Russian-speaking nationalities living in many of the newly-independent countries. The exodus of many different nationalities from Uzbekistan to such countries as Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus and other countries of Europe, Asia and North America resulted in a considerable decline of their share and percentage in the national composition of Uzbekistan’s population.
Since the last registration ofpopulation (1989-2013) the number of Russians and Ukrainians 1,8, Belarusians 1,4, Tartars 2,8, Latvians 7,3, Estonians 1,6 times decreased in the national composition of Uzbekistan’s population. The above mentioned decrease in the number of Russian-speaking nationalities is due to both mechanic as well as natural movement of population. Because among these Russian-speaking nationalities birth-rate is very low, death-rate is relatively high and figures of natural reproduction are not very high.
In Uzbekistan, absolute and relative growth of local nationalities is taking place. During 1989-2013 the number of Kara Kalpaks
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Section 2. Geography
grew 160,6 percent, Tajiks 155,3, Kazakhs 99,4, Kyrgyzs 148,9 and Turkmens 147,7 percent. Similar growth did take place in the number of Uzbeks too. In 1989 Uzbeks made up 71,4 percent of the total population of Uzbekistan, while this figure reached 82,9 percent by 2013 or the growth rate during that period was 175,8 percent, with an annual growth rate equal to 2,45 percent. The increase of Uzbeks share in the national composition of population was a result of their natural growth combined together with the departure of other nationalities for other countries.
From local nationalities in the national composition of Uzbekistan's population Kazakhs hold a special place in terms of their number and share. During the years the research was carried out, the number of Kazakhs decreased by 99,4 percent, while their share in the total number of population declined 1,2 times. The overall decrease of their share in the total number of population could be explained by both on-going decline of birth-rate as well as external migration, namely to Kazakhstan. During 1989-2001 absolute and relative figures of Kazakhs in the national composition of Uzbekistan's population did grow, however starting from 2002 it has been declining again. In 1989 72,4 percent of Kazakhs of Uzbekistan were mainly concentrated in two areas of the country- the Republic of Karakalpakstan and Tashkent region, by 2013 this figure has grown to 78,7 percent. In both of these areas the number of Kazakhs has grown 1,2; 1,3 times during the research. This could be explained in terms of their natural and mechanic movements, their historical formation, location, administrative-regional changes, close proximity to the borders of neighboring countries as well as economic geographic location.
Unlike other nationalities, 51,9 percent of Kazakhs live in rural areas, especially in areas bordering with Kazakhstan. Despite the fact that Kazakhs make a sizeable majority in rural areas, in relation to Kazakhs living in urban areas their share in the total number of population has been declining steadily. This is mainly due to low birth rates as well as the fact that majority of those leaving for other countries are mainly from rural areas.
In 2013, 94,4 percent of the fifth largest nationality in terms of numbers Karakalpaks live in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and 3,4 percent of them live in Navoi region while the remaining live in other regions of the country. Similar cases of high concentration of nationalities in terms of their regional allocation can be seen in Tashkent region where 40,6 percent of Koreans and 42,1 percent of Kazakhs, in Andijan 38,8 percent of Kyrgyzs, in Tashkent city 43,6 percent of Tatars, 42,4 percent of Ukrainians, 46,7 percent of Russians, 45,4 percent ofArmenians, 34,2 percent of Belarusians of the country live. Navoi, Tashkent and Sirdarya regions, the Republic of Karakalpakstan can be distinguished from other regions with high numbers of different nationalities living there. For example, population of Navoi region counts for only 3,1 percent of the total number of Uzbekistan’s population yet it is composed of Uzbeks
(85,7%), Russians (2,6%), Kazakhs (4,6%), Karakalpaks (2,5%), Tajiks and Tartars (2,4%) and other nationalities. The size of other nationalities is less than 1% of the total number of the population, yet they differ from each other due to geo-demographic peculiarities.
Demographic processes play an important role in the formation, location and growth of nationalities. Especially, national birth co-efficiency plays an essential role in the assessment of their demographic situation. The highest birth-rates are still recorded among the members of local nationalities namely, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Karakalpaks, Turkmens, Kyrgyzs and Kazakhs. For example, according to reports from 2013, birth co-efficiency in the Republic was 23,6%, among Uzbeks it was 25,4%, among Karakalpaks it was 25,2%. In this regard, they are in a leading position compared to other nationalities. The following positions belong to Kazakhs (21,2%), Turkmens (19,6%), Tajiks (19,8%) and Kyrgyzs (19,1%). In stark contrast to these local nationalities Belarusians, Russians, Armenians, Ukrainians and Koreans had the lowest birth rates. National birth co-efficiency has a tendency to differ/change based on the each region’s national composition. In rural areas the share of local nationalities in comparison to the total number of country’s population and urban population is big and still growing yet population’s natural reproduction and birth co-efficiency has declined steadily compared to urban areas. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Latvians, Germans and Koreans make less than 1% of Uzbekistan’s rural population and their natural reproduction/fertility rates remain below the zero mark.
Local nationalities count for 86,4% of the urban population. In these rural areas while the birth-rates among Russians was being researched (1989-2013) it declined to 7,7 points and among Ukrainians declined to 10,9 points. Different birth rates among different nationalities can be explained in terms of their type of employment, their traditions and regions where they live. National composition of Uzbekistan’s population plays equally an important role in high or low birth rates, just like the socio-economic developments do. However, despite the increase in the number of Uzbeks and other local nationalities in the national composition of Uzbekistan’s population, they do not want to have too many children in their families.
Death rates just like the birth rates have declined steadily among all nationalities, yet total death rate among Tartars, Russians and Koreans remain the highest (18,7%, 12,8% and 9,6%). For these very reasons, among them population’s natural movement figures remain in the negative. Death rates per one thousand persons remain lower among these nationalities: Tajiks (3,6%), Kyrgyzs (4,3%), Azerbaijanis (5,1%), Turkmens (5,0%).
The results gained from this research show that Uzbekistan’s population’s national composition due to natural and migration movements is changing in time and space. This change will lead to the creation and expansion of regions populated solely by one nation.
References:
1. Tojieva Z. N. The transformation of the age-specific birth rates of the population of Uzbekistan//International conference “Demographic Development Challenges of Globalization.” Seventh Valentey reading, Moscow, November 15-17, 2012. - M. 2012.
2. Key trends and indicators of economic and social development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in post-independence years (1990-2010) and forecast for 2011-2015. Statistical Yearbook.-T.: Uzbekistan, 2011. P. 91.
3. The socio-economic situation of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2011. State Committee on Statistics of the Republic Uzbekistan.-T., 2012. P. 17.
4. www.demoscope.ru.//Population Reference Bureau. 2012 World Population Data Sheet.
5. www.stat.uz-The official website of the State Statistics Committee of Uzbekistan.
6. Statistical Review of Uzbekistan. 2011. - T., 2012. P. 34.
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