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92УДК 398.21: [821.111+821.512] = 811.111
GENRE FEATURES AND AESTHETIC DIMENSIONS OF KAZAKH AND ENGLISH FAIRY TALES
Turlybekova Inkar Altynbekovna,
Master of Arts, teacher of the Department of Philology, Faculty of Education, Institute of Mardan Saparbayev
ЖАНРОВЫЕ И ЭСТЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ КАЗАХСКИХ И АНГЛИЙСКИХ СКАЗОК
Турлыбекова Инкар Алтынбековна,
магистр гуманитарных наук, преподаватель кафедры филологии, педагогический факультет, Институт Мардана Сапарбаева
The purpose of this study is to identify the similarities and differences between the literary-aesthetic function of fairy tales by comparative and linguistic-cultural analysis of folk fantasy tales of Kazakh and English people. The aim of the study is to systematize the genre features of fantasy fairy tales and describe the literary-aesthetic activity. The peculiarity of the fairy tale genre is studied and the concept of aesthetics is analyzed.
© И. А. Турлыбекова, 2019
The fairy tale is a kind of folklore that has come to our forefront from the imagination of the dreams of the people in the past. Folk fairy tales were designed in the early centuries when they were not written, and they were distributed orally and then printed on paper. So now we can only search and collect the works that are written on the paper page. The writings are initially determined by the name of the author, rather than the folk tales. Therefore folk tales should be preserved. And the author's fairy-tales have a dynamic nature, reflected in cartoons and computer games. Folk tales for research are selected for the following reasons:
1. People's fairy tales were originally authored, but then changed into folk tales.
2. Folk fairy tales are not from the same region, but the imagination of people from different regions of the country, covering a wide array of words in the country.
3. Folk fairy tales do not only describe one stage, but also describe different periods. Ancient fairy tales give the reader the story of that age.
4. Folk tales illustrate different traditions as mirrors of culture.
Considering the English folklore, the term "folk fairy tales" has a
number of controversial issues in English. As the world encyclopedia shows, the term "English folk tales" is explained differently by each scientist. American folklorist Steve Thompson considers myths as a kind of folk tales. Some scholars perceive myths and folk tales as two different, but interconnected categories. In the encyclopedia a British scientist J.C. Kirk tells that folk tales refer to stories based on fears and desires and that the term "myth" is for stories that are used exclusively for entertainment purposes. The term used in the late 18th century was for ordinary people. At that time, referring to all the stories except those the aristocrats told as the folk stories, this interpretation caused the controversy of the terms of the fairy tales [1, p. 6].
The fairy tale reflects the social, historical, and political life of the people. For example, fairy tales depict the Kazakh nation during the patriarchal-feudal relations and reflect the political climate in the country that was influenced by the neighboring countries at that time [2, p.3].
According to S.A. Kaskabasov, the story of fairy-tale genre emerged and its history was long. Its origin is the ancient myths, hunting stories, various poems and myths born in the first community. Myth is the secret story and chronicle of the early tribes, which is considered sacred. However, all this was perceived as true, and people believed in it. Gradually, the old sculpture of the myth became narrow, and the myth became tale, then it became fairy tale [3, p. 405].
One of the main genres of folklore is folklore art prose 6 a fairy tale. The "fairy tale" in the Kazakh language is understood by its name "Yertegi", meaning "yerdeegi, yerte kezdegi oqiga" means "an early, early event." The concept of fairy-tale refers to various definitions in Kazakh and English folklore, dictionaries, in encyclopedias. For example, the fairy tale is defined in the explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh language as 1. An epic product based on imagination and dream, legend. 2. Legend, historical event, story [4, p. 233]. The fairy-tale is an epic product, which is given to the imagination and dreams in the form of a legendary story [5, p. 362].
Here is another example of the definition of the fairy tales: Fairy-tale is a wonderful world created by human imagination. It makes the person happy and uplifting, increases confidence in the future, and impels them to succeed. Fairy tales came from generation to generation [6, p.6]. And Malik Gabdullin describes fairy tales as follows: The ancient people who did not fully understand the phenomena of nature, the essence of nature, and who did not fully understand the reasons for their existence, imagined everything; and they made efforts to mitigate their hard work. Fairy tales depict people's dreams, worldview, class viewpoints, lifestyle and public traditions, growing in line with people's lives, labor processes, with social development. [7, p. 97-151].
Looking at another definition given in the book "Fairy Tales", we see the following: "Fairy tales represent not only the notion of self-knowledge of ancient people, but also tribes, which determine the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people and the stages of the ancient ancestral life" [8, p.163].
Let us look at fictional fairy tales: "The fantasy is a kind of fairy tale genre that lies far away from reality. In fantasy fairy tales, the dream of
the human race in the first-ever society is presented through imaginative images in a miraculous way "[5, p. 363].
The French writer who used the "Fairy Tale"' for the first time was the Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barneville, known as Countess d'Aulnoy, Baroness d'Aulnoy (1650 / 1651- 4 January 1705). She founded her work called contes de ffies (fairy tales).
Let us take a look at Steven Swann Jones's definition: "Fairytales depict magical or marvelous events or phenomena as a valid part of human experience". And Davidson and Chaudri think that the main characteristic of the fairy-tale genre is "to change, to look at other shapes."
According to the authors (Hilda Elis Davidson and Anna Chaudhri) of the book "A Companion to the Fairy Tale", the term "marchen" is used not only for fantastic fairy tales, but also for tales and for the term fairy tale was offered the term "wonder tale". However, the authors point out that the word "fairy tale" is used extensively for fantasy fairytale. In this classification, fairy tales in Western folklore are often based on magic-based stories. And Kazakh fairy tales differ from Western fairy tales with its fairy tale classification as Kazakh fantastic fairy tales, satirical tales, tales about animals, household tales etc.
The interpretation of the word "fairy tale" in dictionaries and encyclopedias is somewhat different from those given in the Kazakh language. The English encyclopedia defines the word "fairy tale" as "something that is happening in amazing elements and situations." Although the word "fairy tale" literally means "stories about fairies," it does not mean that fairy-tale characters must be compelled to be fairies.
The meaning of the word "fairy tale" is given in the dictionaries in a similar way to each other. For example, the Oxford Dictionaries suggest the following explanation of the word "fairy tale": "a story about magic or fairies, usually for children" [9, p. 475], [10, p. 435].
Another version of the explanation of fairy tale is given in the dictionary: "Fairy tale is a story about fairies or other supernatural beings" [11, p. 604].
Mariam Webster Dictionary explains ''fairy tale'': "a story involving fantastic forces and beings is called fairy story" [12].
In Collins dictionary, the word "fairy tale" is interpreted as a story about fairies or other mythical or magical beings [13].
In another dictionary, the word "fairy tale" is interpreted as a combination of folklore heroes (fairies, goblins, elfs, trolls, giants, and talking animals). In English, there are some similar words of "folk tale" and "nursery tale" to the meaning of "fairy tale". Although the phrase "folk tale" is a "folk story" in Kazakh language, the meaning of the word "fairy tale" does not correspond to the Kazakh word "fairy tale - yertegi". The word "folk tales" is often used to describe legends, but the word "nursery tale" is used as a common denominator for "storytelling for children".
Therefore is a collection of fairy tales of English folklore by Joseph Jacobson is called "English Fairy Tales". According to Joseph Jacobs it is hard to imagine a little boy would say, "Grandmother, tell me another story for children!" or "Tell the folk story!" In this way, Joseph Jacobson wrote "Fairy Tales" in 1889, titled "English Fairy Tales", as he adapted them to the children's language and called it so. Jacobson explains the meaning and use of the word "Fairy Tales" as follows: The words "Fairy Tales" must accordingly be taken to include tales in which occurs something "fairy," something extraordinary 6 fairies, giants, dwarfs, speaking animals. It must be taken also to cover tales in which what is extraordinary is the stupidity of some of the actors. And according to the definition of this English folklore, it is possible to describe Kazakh satirical tales with the help of the word "Fairy Tales". That is, for an English scientist, stories that reflect the simplicity of some of the characters may also be fantastic tales. But Kazakh satirical stories in Kazakh folklore are not considered as fantasy fairy tales.
Some folklorists prefer to use the German term Marchen for a fantasy fairy-tale genre (small stories, miraculous fairy tales). Thompson defines this term as the episode and the sequence of episodes. The event takes place in a world of imagination, where the unknown is alive. In this never-ending world, heroes kill their opponents, succeed in kingdoms, and marry princesses.
The fairy-tale characters are simpler and archetypal: princesses and the youngest sons, polite princesses, ghosts, dragons, trolls, evil
stepmothers, false heroes, fairies and other wonderful assistants. For example, horses, foxes, birds, mountains and banners.
Unlike the English fairy tales in Kazakh folk tales, many heroes are considered to be brave men. Here, however, the idea of the heroic fairy tale differs from events in fantasy fairy tales. Kazakh fantasy fairy tales with brave men as heroes are similar to heroic tales about brave men. Both fairy- tales tell about courage and strength of the heroes. But S.A. Kaskabasov's description opens the essence of two fairy tales: "The heroes of fantasy fairy tales go through the monsters, and in the heroic tale, the hero protects his land from invaders" [14, p 196]. What makes fantasy fairy tale different from heroic fairy tales is that the fantasy fairy tales help their heroes, friends or helpers who are in love with their heroine. But nevertheless, it is evident that the Kazakh fairy tales should not be distinguished by the fiction of Kazakh fairy tales and that some fairy-tale collectors have embodied a fairy tale in different collections. For example, the ancient Kazakh fairy tale "Er Tostik" is included in a collection of fantasy fairy tales and also in a collection of heroic fairy tales [15, p.3], [16, p. 37-66]. And Malik Gabdullin has named this fairy tale "Er Tostik" as a fantastic fairy tale [7, p.106]. That means there are no the exact dimensions between fantastic fairy tales and heroic tales.
Distribution of fairy-tales in Kazakhstan differs in different regions. In the north and east of Kazakhstan, most of the fantasy fairy tale genre is widespread, and in the west there are many customary ritual tales and heroic fairy tales. Traditional household fairy-tales are common in southern Kazakhstan and in Zhetysu [14, 47].
The similarity observed in the history of the Kazakh and English fairy tales showed that both folk tales were first published in newspapers and magazines, and later in the collections of individual folklore researchers.
All Kazakh fairy tales reflect the reality of the Kazakh village, their life, their attitudes, their form of thinking and their rights. Most Kazakh fairy tale tellers were often shepherds. Because Kazakhs were engaged in animal husbandry, shepherds were not able to see their villagers everyday They were supposed to know fairy tales to spend an interesting night. That is why Kazakh villages did not have professional fairy tales.
And poets, who were considered to be masterpieces of artistic words, had not been dealing with fairy tales. The fairy tales were used only for the purpose of relaxing before rhetoric aitys, epos jyr. These situations have affected the composition of fairy tales. In the Kazakh fairy tale there is no funny introduction. The composition of the Kazakh fairy tale is as follows: the beginning, the epic section and the end [14, p. 171].
The Kazakh fairy tale begins with the story about the heroes and the place of the event. The uniqueness of the Kazakh fairy tale is the use of prologue and epilogue to accelerate the story. The prolog usually describes the miraculous birth of the main character, the future of the epilogue hero, and the life of his family. Hero of epilogue is the youngest brother or the son of the hero [14, p.42-43]. It is because of the fact that the Kazakhs had become a minority in the nineteenth century, therefore the owner of the father's house was the younger son, who became the owner of the "big shanyrak", became the ideal hero of the Kazakh genre of fantasy fairy tales "[14, p. 115].
Fairy tales arise aesthetical feelings. The etymology of the term "aesthetics" comes from the Greek word "aisthetokos" "Sense" means "sensuality", meaning "sensed". The etiological root is so-called "anesthesia" (Greek "an" (no), "aisthesis" (loss of the body's sense)) "[17, p. 5].
The English word "Aesthetics" is interpreted as "Belonging to the appreciation of the beautiful, having such appreciation." [18, p.22]. In the following dictionary, aesthetics is translated into English as "philosophical research into the nature of beauty," particularly in arts; the theory of art or of artistic taste "[19, p.3]. Another definition is also quoted in the Oxford dictionary: "aesthetics" 6 concerns the beauty and appreciation of beauty; Appreciating beauty and beautiful things; pleasing to look at [10, p.19]. The word "aesthetic" is also explained as follows: "Relating to having a sense of beauty, artificial or affecting" [11, p.25]. Aesthetics in English is explained more in terms of beauty.
Aesthetics in the Kazakh language is as follows: "Aesthetics - philosophical doctrine on the theory of artistic cognition, beauty, common laws of artistic creativity and the aesthetic attitude of man" [4, p. 961]. "Aesthetics is a sense of emotion derived from the Greek word "esthetic "[20, p. 30].
Let's look at a few more references to aesthetic: Aesthetics is the the science of artistic creativity with beauty and art [21, p.675].
Aesthetics is a philosophical doctrine designed to explore the ideological essence and art forms, nature and life, as well as to someone's artistic attitudes [22, p.475].
Aesthetics is philosophical doctrine or science of art as a special form of public ideology designed to study the essence and shape of the artistic scene in nature, in life, philosophy of artistic work; the concept of consciousness and art of (beauty) "[23, p.192]. Another dictionary of aesthetics is "Aesthetic is a set of principles about beauty of art [24, p. 28].
By pointing out that the aesthetic is associated with ethics, Aryngazieva believes: "The philosophical science that examines moral philosophy is ethics, and the perception of the human being from the point of view of the world, and of the nature of the works of art are called aesthetics "[17, p. 28].
According to S.Abenbayev, "Aesthetics is the main way to experience life through feelings. Human beings have aesthetic feelings that give them a moral quality and a noble image [20, p. 37]".
According to Borev, aesthetic is the development and adoption of art, the essence of creative laws, the nature and diversity of true aesthetics, the general position of the world in the art and every aspect of human activity, the universal values of the acceptance and evaluation of values. [25, 13].
Let us take a look at some of the scientists' findings in aesthetic science research regarding aesthetic categories that help to detect aesthetics of fairy tales: for example, as Sh. Alibekov noted, aesthetic specialist: "The aesthetic categories are divided into three categories. The first major group includes heroic, elegant, gentle, tragic, comedy, which includes aesthetic issues. In the second group, the so-called "structural" categories such as proportion, symmetry, and dimension are mentioned. Third, it has been found that the category of the aesthetic features in the negative form shows the opposite concepts [26, p. 61].
According to GVF Hegel, the work creates all feelings in human consciousness [27, p.79]. Aesthetics depict reality in a multifaceted way. Aesthetic categories are general concepts that reflect the essential human
qualities. Universal human values are the basis of the aesthetic system "[25, p.19].
We understand that the notion of "folklore aesthetics" is a set of traditional approaches to collective creativity, collectivism, commonly accepted in the public, about the beauty, gentleness, misery, indifference, tragic, and gray condition. According to S.A. Kaskabasov, the Kazakh fairy tale is a form of aesthetic attitude of folklore to the truth, reflecting the people's view of beauty and decency, gentleness and indifference, tragedy and comedy, goodness and evil, justice and injustice. In fairytales these views are reflected in the image of heroes, their assistants, enemies, and artistic and composite tools. The fairy-tale aesthetics of Kazakh fairy tales is younger children, younger women, homeless people [30, p. 153-161].
All fairy tale texts are characterized by aesthetic qualities that create a sense of beauty in the reader. Through fairy tales, children adopt the world in beauty. Only fairy-tale characters are really clever and cruel. Heroes are characterized by the beauty of aesthetic.
Stephen Swan Jones tells about the story of fairy tales as follows: "The poetical devices of exaggeration, metonymy, simile and metaphor "[28]. That is, the fairy tale symbolizes the image of the world in the minds of the world through metaphorical conceptualization.
As O.A. Plakhova says, the folklore image of the world is a global image of the truth, which is characterized by a system of language units. However, this image is not worth the real world, but a glorious world, which is concentrated in the world of people's dignity, the people's dreams, hopes, spiritual well-being and human dimension [29, p.3 5-49].
For Kazakhs, the fairy-tale was regarded as folk tales, while in English these terms were considered socially, and in that time, all the stories, except for aristocrats, were related to folk stories, and this had been the argument in understanding the term folk tales.
The Kazakhs perceived the fairy tale based on their imagination, while the Englishmen perceived the fairy tale as an essential part of the experience of people who were surprising and marvelous. English fantastic fairy tales are often based on magic stories. Tales for Kazakhs are regarded as a work that describes the dream and imagination of the
people, and the fairy tales for the English are regarded as a work for children. English fairy tales describe stories that show the foolishness like in Kazakh satirical tales. But Kazakh satirical stories are not considered as fantasy fairy tales.
Unlike the English fairy tales in Kazakh folk tales, many heroes are considered to be brave men, batyrlar. Aesthetics in English language is used as sense of beauty and in the Kazakh language it is considered as the main way of connecting with the senses.
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