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20гейском языке, на основе чего можно сделать вывод, что влияние патриархата в адыгейском языке сохранилось дольше.
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GENOME & BIOINFORMATICS LEXICON RESEARCH HISTORY
Lavrova A.
Doctor of philology, professor, professor of foreign Languages Department. Nizhniy NovgorodAlexeev
State Technical University, Russia
Abstract
The goal of the paper deals with specialized vocabulary studies. The problem of the paper is concerned with the composition of this modern vocabulary forming history. The hypothesis is realized with the peculiarities of its architecture to construe the representation of this complex lexicon organization. The innovation of the very research is manifested through the experimental data analysis of this science and engineering language. The methods used in this research are realized through linguistic, statistic and math component analysis. The results of the studies to concern genome & bioinformatics are declared through concrete vocabulary details evidence.
Keywords: genome & bioinformatics, specialized vocabulary studies, many component analysis, many component professional units, specialized vocabulary forming history.
Genome & bioinformatics professional vocabulary is to be divided into the following stages of its development. The fact is that the development of specialized knowledge is deeply concerned with politics and economics. The growth of biology science and especially genetics wasn't supported financial and not only. It's known from the epistemological sources. The development of new science fields such as genomics and bioinformatics is of special interest, and correspondingly research and technology which provided successful evolution of the above science spheres professional vocabulary. It's obvious that the research of such a type is usually controlled by authorities and powerful institutions of countries. It's clear that policies of different institutions could be divergent which resulted in slowing down the progress of genomics & bioinformatics vocabulary promotion. Both genome research and the associated informatics needed supporting to be developed. Traditional genetics sometimes was favored over genomics with bioinformatics with continuous financial support. These epistemological factors paved the way to genome & bioinformatics vocabulary organizing. The problem of such a unique vocabulary is concerned with separate domains of biology, bioinformat-ics, computers, biological sequences as well as medical biology to include image processing. It gave rise to the professional science and engineering vocabulary with concrete computers specialized spheres included. Many component specialized word combinations joined the corresponding vocabulary to highlight the above stage
of developments of the sphere studied: structural biology, phase problem, crystal analysis, x-ray diffraction, models of behavior, ecology, medical biology image processing, polypeptides, genes, genome etc. Bioinfor-matics was widely spread, f.ex., in 1999. As for biological sequences its outstanding importance was clear after DNA sequencing was realized. The science declared the new specialized vocabulary to manifest the new science notions to correspond to such word combinations as nuclear acid sequence, development of all organisms, biological activities integrating, genome sequencing, geneticists, evolutionists, genomic bioinformatics, data sets, population genetics , multivariate analysis, school of statics factorial correspondence analysis, principal component analysis, continuous data , homogenous properties, aggregate data etc. The professional vocabulary counts at least three stages of its development in its realization. These stages are obviously to show all the prehistory formation and its further evolution of genome & bioinformatics elements to create, spread and keep the innovation information to response the demands of growing science to create progress. The organization of such a professional vocabulary should be in accordance with the inner standards to refer to its composition. The availability of the three lexical registers help organize all science lexis into the geometry sequence to be ready to fix notions subscribed to them.
Genome & bioinformatics represent a very actual problem of the modern science world. The main science interest of this professional science and engineering language deals with the vocabulary architecture. The
epistemological reasons of this professional vocabulary is concerned with this problem. So the historical intricacies of the development of such new fields like ge-nomics and bioinformatics are observed here. This field of science depended not only upon the world politics but also upon politics of the concrete country and correspondingly upon the funding to be secured. First the vocabulary observes the lexical units to refer to political situations towads the very science but especially epistemologists to have published their understanding of political and administrative systems made by them. The second very important factor of the vocabulary development is concerned with the reason and technology not to have gone together as it should be but it happened because of the fact that research and technology are really separated, f.ex. bioinformatics had to be placed at the core of genomics. And the evolution of the quality of the research was mostly performed by different Institutions. They created two independent places the research could be organized because of the polices of different institutions to have been divergent. So the most frequent lexical units and many component ones to have been used are such as in silico genomics, coordination, consortia, microbial genomes, large scale biology, the political structure, economic situation, outcome, genetics, epistemologists, epistemological, regular finding, consequence, bioinformatics, political and administrative systems, situation, effect, political choices, changes etc. The given above lexical units are to be referred to the common scientific register of the vocabulary examined. That is fully explained by the above information to follow the development of the very field of science and engineering presented common and science register vocabulary reveals the history situation observed at the time the science field to be developed. The verbs presented in the vocabulary confirm the professional language vocabulary: to progress, to establish, to create, to complete, to support, to develop, to root, to assess, to consider, to compare, to require, to present, to rely, to review, to circulate, to allude, to disclose, to function, to fix, to associate, to organize, to carry out, to control, to perform, to link to etc.
Specialized words and free word combinations are found in the professional vocabulary: genome programs, the domain of DNA construction analyses), to promote genomics, to appreciate the biased situation, to support genome research, associated informatics, large amounts of money, traditional genetics, to be favored over genomics, the lowest possible level continuous financial support, the local establishment homogenous discipline, three well separated domains of biology, structural biology, the phase problem, the crystal analysis, x-ray diffraction, medical biology, to include image processing etc. These verbal and nominal free word combinations help define the problem analyzed to include the study of biological sequences, polypeptides or genes and genome. The illustrated examples prove the science in itself like a view of life given by in vitro or in vivo experiments and an in silico view. This specialized vocabulary pays special attention to the notion of bioinformatics and then genomics, correspondingly. Then it develops into a "structural genomics" new field but it doesn't investigate the structure of chromosomes.
Such is the history of the analyzed professional vocabulary of genome & bioinformatics forming.
In the process of successful experiments of genome & bioinformatics there appeared structural biology under the cover of a very fashionable field. The notions were growing and demanded the corresponding specialized vocabulary units like biological sequences "nucleic acids sequences". These fixed lexical units were necessary to describe the structure, function and development of organisms. The new lexical units fitted the professional vocabulary with the words geneti-cisists, and evolutionists to concern the scientists involved in that new science. Genomic bioinformation needed special words to correspond with the contemporary experiments like data sets, continuous data, homogenous properties and appropriate data. Such notions like genome programs and bioinformatics, nuclear phylogeny and neuronal networks joined the vocabulary to make the history of genome prehistory more clearly for the present of this science.
Genome & bioinformatics epistemology vocabulary is very rich. It is contributed to the professional specialized vocabulary sufficiently: population genetics, multicellular organisms development, cytoplasmic heredity, gene-protein correspondence. The appearance of a school of qualitative and quantitative genetics brought a new stratum of specialized word combination like bacteriophages and bacteria; the techniques of mul-tivariate analysis, analyses of molecular processes, taxonomy. Other schools were developing the analyzed vocabulary by such notions like corresponding specialized word-combinations especially in molecular phy-logeny: the first protein sequences, nucleic acids sequences, numerical taxonomic. The great contribution to this specific vocabulary was the concept of a "molecular clock", statistical clustering, ordering techniques, the underlying hypothesis, mutation rate, living species, the generation time. Each new hypothesis brought some new additional lexical units like biochemical data, geological data, discontent contribution, multidisciplinary research, a fashionable concept phy-logenies exploration. Among the lexical units one can find such specialists sections like biologists, molecular biologists, biochemists, computer scientists, NMR spectroscopists and geneticisists, innovating community. The vocabulary was replenished sufficiently when the work was continued on phylogenicies: the family of globines phylogenetical relationships, intracellular cal-ciproteins, especially when using parsimony methods like challenge to the concept of a molecular clock when debates started actively. Then the major trends of bio-informatics were investigated by many students when they created relational database system, for nucleic acid and sequences. That brought the whole raw of notions corresponding to such lexical units as original management system, data structure, efficient data base including such a many component free word combination like the most efficient sequence data base management system.
The work that led to genomics proposed another stratum in the very vocabulary: biological problems, formal terms, modern mathematics, the formalization
of selective properties, biological molecules. The theoretical work extended the vocabulary by such units as memory in the animal nervous system, the formal properties of learning the theory of fractals, selective properties of neuronal networks. The most of the used many component free specialized word combinations are characterized by the prepositional linking. Their length is controlled by three, four or five components and that is the bright characteristics of the genome & bioinfor-matics professional science and engineering language. The field of immunology brought the terms of networks - the concepts of large integers, neuronal networks model, irreversibility of the learning steps, the launching of the Bacillus subtilis genome program, the work of local automata, the firing squad 'theorem', specific organization of the genes in a cell, a global property. The vocabulary demonstrated such word combinations like global behavior, local properties ad hoc solution, genes organization, the appropriate hierarchy, genes chromosomes, fine tuning collective expression. It is evident that the vocabulary has been developed sufficiently owing to the above inclusions, f.ex. ad hoc solution, global behavior, cells in perspective gene organization, global properties, the appropriate hierarchy organization. The research activity of the very field was observed when artificial intelligence became relevant to biology. The vocabulary changed completely with the hypothesis of the cooperation between genes followed by the harmonious development of the cells processors. These revolutionary notions corresponding to the very lexemes together with everchanging environment found their place in the specialized vocabulary together with sequencing genomes program. This developed vocabulary reacted directly upon the necessity of elaborate informatics usage to understand the meaning of the genomic text. There appeared many new professional word combinations like medical expert systems and correspondingly the efficiency of the developed under the progress of the declared genome and bioin-formatics research. The vocabulary is deeply rooted in history and prehistory in the very development of genome and bioinformatics. The development of Latin origin scientific and engineering vocabulary repeats the stages of professional progress of in silico genomis. The history was long, and full of dramatic events in the whole world, it depended upon the politics and economics of concrete countries which contributed greatly into its sphere. In fact it was difficult for those who wished to promote genomics to support genome research and the associated informatics. So the composition of the genome & bioinformatics specialized science and engineering vocabulary is rather complicated. It reproduces the main four sections of the science. The first one is devoted to formal genetics, the second one to molecular phylogeny; as for the third one, it is concerned with neuronal works. The last stage is nominated like services to community networks. These are very large sections to highlight the prehistory details of the analyzed vocabulary. As for formal genetics its vocabulary deals with the quantitative and qualitative genetics; in particular it's concerned with and bacteri-aphages bacteria, multivariate analysis, molecular processes, and taxonomy analysis. Molecular phylogeny
vocabulary realizes numerical taxonomy, and geological data, multidisciplinary research, fashionable concept, the exploration of phylogenies, an active and innovating community, the family of globines, an original management system, phylogenic data structure, the most advanced analyses. The suggested specific vocabulary registers many component free word combinations with or without conjunctions. That is the specificity of the unique vocabulary to interpret all the peculiarities of the stage called molecular phylogeny suggesting a very big stratum of specialized units to refer to its Latin origin to illustrate their one hundred percent science character. That's why the structure of specialized units consists of many components to fix the idea of very complicated processes concerned within this specialized language. The average number of components is coming here to two elements but in reality there can be more components, f. ex., neuronal networks stage, ad hoc solutions etc. The last stage of genome & bioinformatics science proclaims services to the community. This part of the innovation vocabulary registers the following units: biological sequences, significant computer sequences, significant computing facilities, invention and rapid spreading of Mac Intosh computer. It is evident that this vocabulary unites computer clubs to create computing labs etc. This stage of genome & bioinformatics choses it is powerful this innovation vocabulary to correspond the evolution of its science. This vocabulary progresses greatly with the developing of this innovation science and engineering sphere.
This vocabulary uses widely the infinitives introductory blocs to be clear, to be famous, to be evident, to bring benefits, to lead to major improvements, to become feasible, to allow to participate. The above predicatives are of the Latin origin indicating their scientific belongings. There also observed the whole list of old Germanic irregular ones: to be, to spend, to find, to understand, to go, can, to build, to write, to grow, to spread, to become, to mean, to lead, to know etc. supporting the idea of the analyzed vocabulary of the Latin origin and the research field of genome & bioinformatics to be referred to the roots of the ancient science culture. The use of old Germanic units confirms the idea of the verbs of Latin origin to be non emotional and deprived of the inner power like about Germanic ones to refer to the common vocabulary register. The professional specific lexis exercise their terminological power upon these common words that's why the last ones are allowed to be fixed in this science and engineering vocabulary. As for the basic irregular verbs they are realizing the linking functions in the phrases.
In conclusion the experimental observations showed the history of the process of the formation and developing of the genome and engineering bioinfor-matics vocabulary. The science and the engineering language created its specialized vocabulary adapted to the corresponding science progress representing a system of science and engineering notions like professional lexical units and word combinations to consist of two-and-many components to help organize them like a system to interpret the progress of this specialized field of knowledge. This specific knowledge demands
the corresponding vocabulary to be able to involve and interpret every new coming science and engineering notions to be adequately interpreted. This vocabulary keeps the lexical units induced by every new stage of the science developing. The growth of each new component repeats every new stage of knowledge progress to concern new specialized lexis and word combinations. The prevailing number of specialized many component units over single ones is proved by the history of the genome & bioinformatics language vocabulary forming.
The epistemological reasons are too complicated and their influence upon the dynamic vocabulary development is too obvious. The progress of the technologies in the period of the vocabulary forming brought benefits to scientific knowledge growing to concern genome and bioinformatics research to create such a specialized vocabulary the evolution of which is proved by the lexis to have joined it. Also the organization of the vocabulary is influenced by the historical role of scientists and epistomologists to promote the new sections of ge-nomics & bioinformatics. This specialized vocabulary counts a very high percentage of lexis of the Latin origin. Despite the fact the verbs to fulfil the important role to induce some concrete scientific actions to do (the role of predicates) they are widely used side by side with irregular old Germanic verbs. It is clear the specific knowledge with the help of learned Latin words exercising their influence upon irregular ones forces the latter to undergo the process to become terms. The specific organization of this specialized vocabulary helps promote the genomics & bioinformatics science.
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УДК 81'255.4
FUNCTIONAL STYLISTIC CONDITION OF SYNTACTIC TRANSFORMATION OF TEXT IN TRANSLATION (ON THE BASIS OF LEGAL ANDLITERAL TEXTS)
Kaliyeva A.,
Undergraduate of Translation Studies speciality Kh.Dosmukhamedov Atyrau State University, Kazakhstan
Khairzhanova A.
Translation and Foreign Languages Department, Candidate of Philology.,Senior teacher
Kh.Dosmukhamedov Atyrau State University, Kazakhstan
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ОБУСЛОВЛЕННОСТЬ СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ТЕКСТА В ПЕРЕВОДЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПУБЛИЦИСТИЧЕСКИХ И
ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ТЕКСТАХ)
Калиева А.Ж.,
Магистрант по специальности Переводческое дело Атырауский государственный университет имени Х.Досмухамедова
Хайржанова А.Х.
Кафедра Переводческого дела и иностранных языков, к.ф.н., старший преподаватель Атырауский государственный университет имени Х.Досмухамедова
Abstract
In this paper, we consider the functionally stylistic conditionally of the syntactic transformation of the text in the translation of the Kazakh and English languages. The study of syntactic structures is of interest in the light of modern theories, according to which syntactic constructions are largely dependent on the semantic content of the text in the translation. The transformation scheme that is used in the case of the translation rule for surface structures is described in more detail.
