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Original scientific paper
UDC: 159.942:575.1 159.922
d 10.23947/2334-8496-2024-12-2-351 -356
Received: March 07, 2024. Revised: June 22, 2024. Accepted: July 06, 2024.
'II) Check for updates
Genetic Correlates of Behavioral Self-Control: COMT and DRD2 Associations With Self-Regulation, Reflection and Meaningfulness of
Life in Women
Pavel N. Ermakov1 , Anastasia S. Kolenova1 , Ekaterina G. Denlsova1" , Anna M. Kukular1
1 Regional Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Education, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don,
Russian Federation,
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: The objective of our study was to investigate the genetic predictors of self-regulation and related characteristics indicative of a higher level of rational behavior control. The study 107 female participants aged between 22 and 52 years, with an average age of 33.5 years (Russian Federation). In order to measure level of self-regulation and other characteristics corresponding to a higher level of rational behavioral control the following psychological tests were employed: the "Differential Type of Reflection" questionnaire (Leontyev D.A.), the "Style of Self-Regulation of Behavior" questionnaire (Morosanova, Kholopova, 1995), and the Test of Life-Meaning Orientations (D.A. Leontyeva, 1988). Genotyping was use to examine polymorphisms of the COMT, DRD2 genes. Our findings demonstrate significant differences in the level of systemic reflection among carriers of different genotypes of the DRD2 and COMT genes. The highest level of systemic reflection in carriers of the CC genotype for the DRD2 gene and a heterozygous variant of the COMT gene suggests a balance between the elevated dopaminergic activity characteristic of the CC DRD2 genotype and moderate COMT activity, fostering optimal dopamine metabolism.
Keywords: behavioral self-control, rational behavior, self-regulation, reflection, gene polymorphism, COMT, DRD2, psychogenetics
In today's dynamic world, understanding the genetic factors influencing human self-regulation is essential. Exploring the interplay between personal choices, habits, and the pursuit of rationality has become a focal point of modern society. Codependent behavior, characterized by irrational attitudes, impulsiveness, and reactivity in decision-making (Artemtseva, Malkina, 2022; Faizova, 2020; Stebakova, 2023), can be considered a model behavior for studying rationality and behavioral control. Furthermore, the ability to construct and sustain healthy long-term interpersonal relationships is integral to sustainable behavior (Pardee, 1990).
The semantic content of the term "codependency" has evolved over years of addiction research. Presently, codependency is not only perceived as cohabitation with a dependent person but more broadly as "behavior motivated by dependence on other people" (Barone, Leedom, 2017; Askian, Krauss, Baba et al., 2021; Vederhus, Kristensen, Timko, 2019). Current research, including our own, indicates that women in relationships with or connected to addicts exhibit high levels of anxiety, decreased self-esteem, and a propensity for using pseudo-compensations and psychological defense mechanisms. These factors can impact their adaptive capabilities in conditions of health impairment (Kolenova, Denisova, Kukulyar, Ermakov, 2023; Ismailova, 2020; Tulebaeva, 2020).
'Corresponding author: [email protected]
Introduction
© 2024 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Literature presents some controversy concerning the relationship between self-regulation and codependency. Medvedeva O.L.'s (2020) research discovered a negative relationship between self-regulation and mental health participants with low emotional intelligence, lacking experience as mental health professionals. This negative correlation extended to emotional intelligence. Krasnyatova Yu.A. and Stoyanova I.Ya. (2018) identified a negative relationship between self-regulation and codependency in women. Kupchenko V.E. (2020) demonstrated that mothers of chemical addicts with moderate codependency exhibit higher self-control compared to those with severe codependency. The level of codependency in individuals associated with substance users hinges on their ability to effectively regulate emotions (Berdichevsky, Padun, Gagarina, Arkhipova, 2021).
The field of behavioral genetics recognizes that genetic factors may underlie individual differences in self-regulation, including stress responses and the ability to regulate emotions, maintain internal balance, and make rational choices effectively. In psychogenetic research, significant attention is directed towards genes within neurotransmitter systems, particularly the dopaminergic system responsible for endogenous reinforcement of behavior. Studies have demonstrated that the DRD4 gene, regulating do-pamine receptors, is associated with interest in social stimuli, impacting attention to social events and sensitivity to social rewards (Golimbet et al., 2005). Associations of the DRD2 gene have been identified with various aspects of cognitive abilities, such as long-term memory, attention, and information processing (Li, Backman, Persson, 2019). Variations in genes linked to the serotonin system, like 5-HTTLPR, may influence social sensitivity and responses to stressful situations (Alfimova et al., 2017; Kosonogov et al., 2018). Genes regulating monoamine catabolism, such as MAOA and COMT, are linked to the level of cognitive decline. Variants of these genes influence individual sensitivity to neurotransmitters and impact a range of cognitive processes, including emotional and executive functions (Mueller et al., 2014; Cha et al., 2022).
In summary, despite increasing interest, a comprehensive theory on the psychological and genetic factors shaping sustainable behavior remains elusive. Our study aims to explore the genetic predictors of self-regulation and related characteristics indicative of a higher level of rational behavior control.
Materials and Methods
Participants
The study involved 107 female participants aged between 22 and 52 years, with an average age of 33.5 years. Among them, 60 women aged 22 to 52 years (average age 35.3 years) were included, all of whom were either in a relationship or had a connection with an individual struggling with addiction, including alcoholism, drug addiction, or non-chemical addictions.
Research methods
In order to study the self-regulation, reflection, and the meaningfulness of life, the following psychological tests were employed: the "Differential Type of Reflection" questionnaire (Leontyev D.A.), the "Style of Self-Regulation of Behavior" questionnaire (Morosanova, Kholopova, 1995), and the Test of Life-Meaning Orientations (D.A. Leontyev, 1988).
Genetic predictors were examined using the method of molecular genetic analysis, considering the genotypes of the dopamine receptor DRD2 (rs1800497) and the COMT enzyme gene (Val158Met) as candidate genes. Genetic material (buccal epithelium) was collected from participants immediately after the completion of psychological diagnostics, primarily in the first half of the day. Dna analysis employed allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with real-time detection.
Procedure
The study was conducted in person in online format from September 13, 2022, to March 20, 2023. The participation of respondents was voluntary. Prior to the study, goals of the study was explained to the respondents. Personal data has been anonymized.
Statistical data analysis
Statistical analysis involved the use of the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess normal distribution. Differences among subgroups were examined through ANOVA analysis of variance, with pairwise comparisons conducted using Dunn's method as a post hoc analysis. The JASP 0.16 software package was utilized for statistical processing.
Results
At the initial stage of data analysis, the percentage distribution of various genotypes in the sample was computed (Table 1).
Table 1. Quantitative distribution of the representation of various genotypes of the COMT and DRD2 genes
Genotypes Entire sample (N=107) Codependents (N = 60) Control group (N=47)
N Percent N Percent N Percent
COMT MM 31 29% 15 25% 16 34%
VM 50 47% 31 52% 19 40%
VV 26 24% 14 23% 12 26%
DRD2 CC 63 59% 31 52% 32 68%
CT 40 37% 26 43% 14 30%
TT 4 3,5% 3 5% 1 2%
For the COMT gene, the sample revealed the smallest number of carriers of the homozygous variant MM (29%) and the largest number of carriers of the heterozygous variant VM (47%). No deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected. Concerning the DRD2 gene, the majority of the sample consisted of CC homozygotes (59%), CT heterozygotes accounted for 37%, and TT homozygotes represented only 4 people (3.5%). Analyzing genotype distribution between the control and experimental groups, it was observed that the number of MM homozygotes for the COMT gene was higher in the control group, while VM heterozygotes were more prevalent in the group of women in a relationship or related to an addict. For the DRD2 gene, a slightly higher percentage of CC homozygotes was noted in the control group, and CT heterozygotes were more prominent in the codependent group. However, no significant differences in the representation of different genotypes between the groups were detected.
Table 2. ANOVA Results
Depended variable Factors Sum of Squares Mean Square F p n2
General level of self- DRD2 5.733 5.733 0.046 0.831 4.501e-4
regulation COMT 376.119 188.059 1.505 0.227 0.030
DRD2* COMT 239.255 119.628 0.958 0.387 0.019
Residuals 12116.796 124.915
Systemic reflection DRD2 6.019 6.019 0.279 0.598 0.003
COMT 23.422 11.711 0.543 0.583 0.010
DRD2* COMT 213.429 106.715 4.949 0.009 0.091
Residuals 2091.467 21.562
Meaningfulness of Life DRD2 1140.345 1140.345 3.462 0.066 0.035
COMT 825.431 412.715 1.253 0.291 0.025
DRD2* COMT 1155.676 577.838 1.754 0.179 0.036
Residuals 29314.376 329.375
To examine the significance of the effect of the genotypes of the studied genes and their interac-
tions on the level of self-regulation and other characteristics corresponding to a higher level of rational behavioral control, an ANOVA analysis of variance was conducted (Table 2). Since no significant differences in genotype representation were found in the control and experimental groups, ANOVA was carried out on the entire sample, without dividing into subgroups. Additionally, carriers of the TT genotype for the DRD2 gene were excluded from further analysis due to their small number. The obtained effects can be visually represented as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Graphic display ofthe levels ofthe studied variables in subgroups ofcarriers ofdifferent COMT and
DRD2 genotypes
The obtained results reveal a significant average effect in the interaction between DRD2 * COMT genes and the level of systemic reflection (f = 4.9, p = 0.009, n2 = 0.091). Specifically, carriers of the CC genotype for the DRD2 gene and the VM genotype for the COMT gene exhibit the highest level of systemic reflection (average score of 87.72 points), while the lowest level (average score of 79 points) was observed in carriers of the COMT MM and DRD2 CC genotypes. Additionally, small effects, as indicated by eta-square values, were observed between the level of meaningfulness of life and the genotypes of the DRD2 gene (n2 = 0.035), genotypes ofthe COMT gene (n2 = 0.025), and the interaction DRD2 * COMT (q2 = 0.036). Concerning the general level of self-regulation, a small effect was noted for COMT gene genotypes (q2 = 0.030).
Discussions
The described results of the study revealed significant differences in the level of systemic reflection among carriers of different genotypes of the DRD2 and COMT genes. Consistent with existing literature, these genes are associated with various aspects of behavior and cognitive function. Individuals with the CC genotype may exhibit more pronounced dopamine receptor activity, linked to characteristics such as increased speed of information processing and behavioral reactivity (Li, Backman, Persson, 2019). The COMT gene, responsible for catecholamine metabolism, including dopamine, displays different variants (VV, VM, and MM genotypes) reflecting enzyme activity levels. Carriers of the VM genotype, with intermediate enzyme activity, may demonstrate greater variability in regulation, including enhanced emotional and executive functions, contributing to more efficient neurotransmitter pathways (Mueller et al., 2014; Cha et al., 2022). The highest level of systemic reflection in carriers of the CC genotype for the DRD2 gene and a heterozygous variant of the COMT gene suggests a balance between the elevated dopaminergic activity characteristic of the CC DRD2 genotype and moderate COMT activity, fostering optimal dopamine metabolism. This reveals potential interpretations for the functioning of the brain's reinforcement system in consolidating dysfunctional behavioral patterns. The heightened dopaminergic activity associated with the CC genotype of the DRD2 gene may contribute to reinforcing specific behavioral responses, potentially amplifying reactivity and influencing information processing. This increased reinforcement could perpetuate and solidify certain dysfunctional patterns in behavior. Moreover, the interplay with the COMT gene, particularly in individuals with the VM genotype, introduces an intriguing dimension. The intermediate enzyme activity associated with the VM genotype might contribute to a nuanced balance in dopamine metabolism. This equilibrium could affect the reinforcement dynamics, potentially influencing the persistence of specific behavioral patterns. Further investigation into these potential interpretations is warranted to unravel the complex relationship between genetic factors, brain function, and behavioral outcomes.
Conclusions
The objective of this study was to explore the genetic predictors of self-regulation and related characteristics indicative of a higher level of rational behavior control.
This study aimed to identify genetic predictors of self-regulation and related characteristics indicative of a higher level of rational behavior control. The selected candidate genes were from the dopaminergic system, specifically the dopamine receptor type 2 gene DRD2 (polymorphic locus rs1800497) and the COMT enzyme gene (polymorphic locus Val158Met). The findings indicate significant differences in the level of systemic reflection among carriers of different genotypes of the DRD2 and COMT genes. Notably, carriers of the CC genotype for the DRD2 gene and a heterozygous variant of the COMT gene exhibited the highest level of systemic reflection.
While these findings contribute valuable insights into the genetic correlates of self-regulation, reflection, and meaningfulness of life, several limitations should be acknowledged. Firstly, the sample size of 107 participants, though providing meaningful data, might limit the generalizability of the findings. Secondly, the choice of candidate genes was based on the dopaminergic system, excluding potential influences from other genetic factors. Future research incorporating a broader range of genes could offer a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic underpinnings of behavioral self-control.
Acknowledgements
The study was carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Scientific Foundation No. 2178-10139 (Psychological and genetic mechanisms of adaptive and maladaptive behavioral strategies and value-semantic predictors of codependency in women (alcohol, drug, gaming addictions)), https://rscf.ru/ project/21-78-10139 / at the Southern Federal University.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization - P.N.E. and A.S.K.; Data curation - E.G.D.; Formal Analysis - E.G.D. and A.S.K.; Investigation - E.G.D., A.S.K. and A.M.K.; Methodology - E.G.D. and A.S.K.; Project administration - P.N.E.; Software - E.G.D.; Supervision - A.S.K.; Validation - E.G.D. and A.S.K.; Visualization - E.G.D. and A.M.K.; Writing - original draft - E.G.D., A.S.K. and A.M.K.; Writing - review & editing - P.N.E., E.G.D., A.S.K. and A.M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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