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A REVIEW OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC CORRELATES OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Dr. Kosonogov Vladimir, Southern Federal University, Russian Federation E-mail: vkosonogov@sfedu.ru Dr. Vorobyeva Elena, Don State Technical University, Southern Federal University, Russian Federation
E-mail: evorob2012@yandex.ru Dr. Kovsh Ekaterina, Southern Federal University, Don State Technical University, Russian Federation
E-mail: emkovsh@sfedu.ru Dr. Ermakov Pavel, Southern Federal University, Russian Federation E-mail: paver@sfedu.ru
A R T I C L E I N F O Review Article
Received: November, 17.2018. Revised: February, 20.2019. Accepted: March, 03.2019. doi:10.5937/ijcrsee1901137K
UDK
159.942.072 159.922.072
Keywords:
emotional intelligence, neural correlates, EEG,
behavior genetics, brain,
neurotransmitters.
A B S T R A C T
The article is an overview of modern studies of brain organization and genetic correlates of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is becoming the subject of more and more attentive study of psychologists due to the fact that it influences the mental development of humans, plays an important role in many professions, and its impairment is a marker of some disorders. Nevertheless, the brain organization and genetic correlates of emotional intelligence have not been studied enough - first studies appeared only in the early 2000s. A review of the literature on the enceph-alographic showed that in rest, people with higher emotional intelligence show greater excitation of the left anterior regions of the brain. When perceiving affective stimuli, participants with high emotional intelligence show stronger synchronization of some EEG rhythms. Brain mapping technique made it possible to identify the areas of the brain involved in activities related to emotional intelligence. In regard to genetic correlates of emotional intelligence, some genes of neurotransmitter systems have been associated to this trait: the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene COMT, the dopamine DRD2 receptor gene, the serotonin receptor gene HTR2A, and the BDNF brain neurotrophic factor gene.
© 2019 IJCRSEE. All rights reserved.
1. INTRODUCTION
Emotional intelligence is an ability to process emotional information, including recognition of one's own emotions and emotions of other people, expression of emotions and adaptive regulation of emotions, which ultimately provides a more effective solution of applied life problems (Mayer, DiPaolo and Salovey, 1990). Nowadays the concept of "emotional intelligence" is widely used in applied research (engineering psychology, developmental psychology, psychiatry, behavioral economics, family psychology etc.) For
Corresponding Author
Dr. Kosonogov Vladimir, Southern Federal University, Russian Federation
E-mail: vkosonogov@sfedu.ru @©@©
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0. The article is published with Open Access at www.ijcrsee.com
example, patients with depression have low rates of emotional intelligence (Downey et al., 2008), and teachers with low emotional intelligence have higher probability of professional burnout (Pishghadam and Sahebjam, 2012). However, only now scholars begin studying the neurophysiological and genetic correlates of emotional intelligence.
Jausovec and coworkers (Jausovec, Jausovec and Gerlic, 2001), perhaps, was the first to study emotional intelligence using the method of electroencephalography (EEG); they found a slight desynchronization of the alpha rhythm and a large synchronization of the theta rhythm in the left hemisphere in participants with a high level of emotional intelligence. Kemp and colleagues (Kemp et al., 2005) revealed interhemi spheric asymmetry associated with emotional intelligence, namely, excitation of the left frontal regions was higher at rest in individuals with high emotional intelligence; although in a later study in children no such results were found (Santesso, Dana, Schmidt and Segalowitz, 2006). Later,
Mikolajczak and colleagues (Mikolajczak, et all, 2010) confirmed that the excitation of the left frontal regions at rest is higher in participants with the higher level of emotional intelligence. Freudenthaler, Fink and Neubauer (2006), in turn, found a larger amount of event-related desynchronization in participants with interpersonal low emotional management abilities in both sexes.
There are also few studies of neural underpinnings of emotional intelligence with the use of various stimuli. Jausovec and Jausovec (2005) found a high synchronization of the EEG gamma rhythm and low desynchronization of the EEG alpha rhythm in participants with high emotional intelligence during pictures with people expressing different emotions. Kniazev and colleagues (Kniazev, Mi-trofanova and Bocharov, 2013), presenting angry and happy faces, revealed a high synchronization of tetha rhythm in the first 500 ms in participants with high emotional intelligence; and the analysis of the activity after 500 ms showed that synchronization of the theta rhythm of the EEG in the left frontal areas was higher during the perception of happy faces in participants with high emotional intelligence. Raz et all, (2013) recorded eventrelat-ed potentials during watching affective pictures and revealed that participants with high emotional intelligence exhibited significantly greater P2 and P3 mean amplitudes at posterior-parietal and frontal scalp locations than participants with low emotional intelligence. Rusalova's laboratory, in turn, conducted several electroen-cephalographic studies of vocal emotion recognition and revealed a large initial (base-line or at rest) activation, as well as a higher level of local activation of the posterior temporal cortex of the right hemisphere and the anterior parts of the left hemisphere in the recognition of emotions in participants with low rates of vocal emotion recognition (Kislo-va and Rusalova, 2008; Kislova and Rusalova, 2009; Rusalova, Kislova and Sidorova, 2010).
Brain mapping with different types of tomography in participants with brain diseases and emotional intelligence impairment allowed to identify the following brain areas associated with emotional intelligence: left posterior temporal cortex, left posterior superior temporal sulcus, left temporoparietal junction, left orbitofrontal cortex, left anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula (Barbie, Co-lom, and Grafman, 2012). Earlier studies also found the influence of limbic areas, cerebellum, visual cortex (Killgore and Yurgelun-Todd, 2007) and dorsolateral frontal cortex
(Krueger et al., 2009) on emotional intelligence. Studies of emotion recognition in participants with brain lesions suggest that lesions in the right hemisphere lead to impaired recognition of emotions from speech (Heilman, Scholes, and Watson, 1975; Kucharska-Pietu-ra, Phillips, Gernand and David, 2003; Ross, 1981; Wunderlich, Ziegler and Geigenberger, 2003); however, lesions of the left hemisphere can also lead to a decrease in recognition of emotions from speech (Kucharska-Pietura et al., 2003, Seron X., van der Kaa M.A. and van der Linden, 1982).
Regarding the study of emotional intelligence in other species, we can mention the studies of the instrumental reaction to the release of pain of others. When a subject pushes a lever, another animal ceases to feel pain, that is a reinforcement for the subject animal. In dogs and rats, about 30% of individuals are capable of such empathy. The study of morphological structures, possibly taking part in the reaction of such emotional resonance, found that bilateral destruction of the hippocampus does not have any significant effect on this behavior. Destruction of the amygdala and hypothalamus led to the opposite results. Destruction of the cingular cortex improved this reaction; however, destruction of the periaqueductal gray worsened this instrumental reaction in rats during painful stimulation of another individual (Simonov, Pigareva and Brazovskaya, 1978).
Further studies of the brain correlates of emotional intelligence, in our opinion, will be focused on the identification of areas that is responsible for various components of emotional intelligence (recognition and use of one's own and other people's emotions), as well as on the study of the impact of different areas of the brain on activities that require a high level of emotional intelligence.
The analysis of modern studies of the genetic correlates of emotional intelligence shows the lack of the sufficient number of studies aimed at studying the molecular genetic prerequisites of emotional intelligence, although the formulation of the question of the genetic factors of the ability to recognise emotions is not new and goes back to the works of Charles Darwin (Alfimova, 2016).
Several papers postulate that emotional intelligence is a complex phenomenon that is the result of a complex genotype-environmental interaction. Genealogical and twin studies conclude that emotional intelligence probably is inherited via mechanisms like the other personal traits (Vernon, Petrides, Bratko and
Schermer, 2008).
Since environmental conditions differ for representatives of different ethnic groups, the frequency of polymorphic variants of genes associated with psychological characteristics (including emotional intelligence) should be different for different populations. Thus, there is evidence of ethnic differences in the various components of emotional intelligence (Naimanova and Adushinova, 2017). The effectiveness of the recognition of basic emotions is different in carriers of different ethnic groups as well (Karabuschenko and Khvorova, 2017).
The literature also broadly presents the results of the study of molecular genetic basis of psychological characteristics associated with emotional intelligence (neuroticism (Nagel et al., 2017), propensity to leadership and other characteristics (Forero, Pereira-Morales and Gonzalez-Giraldo, 2016). However, the molecular genetic basis of emotional intelligence has not been studied yet. Nevertheless, clinical studies in schizophrenia patients have shown an association of the ability to correctly recognize emotions and the gene of the serotonin transporter SLC6A4 (Alfimova, 2016).
The association of neurotransmitter systems with human emotional reactions (Iuma-tov, 1995) suggests an association between the genes of neurotransmitter systems and indicators of emotional intelligence. These genes are the gene of catechol-o-methyltransferase COMT, the gene of dopamine receptor DRD2, the gene of serotonin receptor HTR2A, and the gene of neurotrophic factor of the brain BDNF, associated with the development of hippocam-pal neurons, cortex and anterior brain (Mandel, Ozdener and Utermohlen, 2009). These genes take an active part in providing neuro-plasticity (Popova, Ilchibaeva and Naumenko, 2017) which can be associated with emotional intelligence.
It is known that the gene of catechol-o-methyltransferase COMT is associated with the brain dopamine system. In the work of Goya and coworkers (Gohier et al., 2014) women, carriers of the polymorphism val-158met of the gene COMT, were asked to solve a computerised task on recognition of facial expressions, which included a distinction between neutral faces and faces expressing emotions (fear, anger, sadness and happiness). It was found that the carriers of Met allele homozygotes of COMT gene were more inclined to recognise neutral facial expressions as angry compared to the carriers of Val allele homozygotes of COMT gene.
Lin and colleagues (Lin et al., 2013) found that the carriers of Met allele of the COMT gene are better than the carriers of the Val allele in differentiating expressions of emotions.
In clinical studies (Schneider et al., 2012) in a sample of patients with a deletion chromosome 22 (a neurogenetic disease associated with a high risk of schizophrenia), it was found that a more pronounced decrease in motivation was observed in the carriers of the Met allele of the COMT gene. Homozy-gous carriers of the Met allele, according to another study (Thompson et al., 2012), have an increased risk of behavioral and emotional problems at the age of 7 and 11 years compared to heterozygous or homozygous carriers of Val158Met polymorphism, but only if they were subjected to prenatal stress and were born with reduced body weight.
In the work of Williams and co-workers (Williams et al., 2010) the effect of the polymorphism Valte8/158 Met of catechol-o-methyltransferase of the COMT gene (that is involved in dopamine and norepi-nephrine catabolism) on the emotional function of the brain and on the predisposition to recognise negative emotions in the expressions of happiness and fear. According to fMRI data, the presence of Met allele of COMT gene is associated with an increased activation of the brain stem, amygdala, basal ganglia and medial prefrontal areas during recognition of fear and with a reduced activation of these areas during recognition of happiness.
Dopamine receptor gene DRD2. In a study carried out by Blasi and co-workers (Blasi et al., 2009) studied the association of the DRD2 rs1076560 genotype with emotional stability, and physiology of the brain during perception of affective stimuli. It was found that in healthy carriers of the genotype GG emotional control was reduced in comparison with the carriers of heterozygous genotype. They also found that amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal areas and medial pre-frontal areas took part in the facial emotional recognition.
Alfimova and co-workers (Alfimova et al., 2017) found the participation of DRD2 gene polymorphisms in emotion recognition in schizophrenics. However, the worst result of emotion recognition was observed in patients with the minor allele of dopamine receptor DRD2 gene in combination with the minor allele of the GRIN2B gene.
In the work of Gadow and employees (Gadow, et al., 2014), it was shown that do-paminergic system genes, including DRD2,
are associated with symptoms of emotional dysfunction, and attention deficit/hyperactiv-ity disorder in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Gene of brain neurotrophic factor BDNF. Koven and Demers (Koven and De-mers, 2014) shows the association of genes of neurotrophic factor of the brain (BDNF) and serotonin (5-HT) with emotional intelligence measured by the test of Mayer, Salovey and Caruso in healthy adult men.
Lau and coworkers (Lau et al., 2010) investigated the relationship between the genotype of BDNF gene and the accuracy of recognition of fear, anger, happiness and neutral expression in adolescents with anxiety and depression disorders and the control group of healthy adolescents with simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging. It was found that the carriers of the Met allele of the BDNF gene demonstrated a more pronounced activation of the amygdala and hippocampus during recognition of emotional faces than the carriers of the Val / Val homozygotes. These data show the contribution of BDNF gene variants to the brain correlates of adolescent anxiety and depression.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the genes of neurotransmitter systems, such as the gene of catechol-o-methyl-transferase COMT, the gene of dopamine receptor DRD2, the gene of serotonin receptor HTR2A, as well as the gene of neurotrophic factor BDNF can be considered a genetic basis associated with emotional intelligence due to their influence on the features of information processing by the limbic, striopallidary systems and prefrontal cortex regions, and also because of their connection with the duration, intensity, stability and sign of emotional reactions.
It is interesting and relevant to study the distribution of alleles of these genes in carriers from different ethnic groups, in combination with a psychophysiological study on the registration of electrical activity of the brain in the recognition of emotional faces. This would help defining the prerequisites for understanding ethnic differences associated with emotional intelligence.
To solve this problem, in our opinion, it is appropriate to use the method of recording the electrical brain potentials of people of different nationalities, carriers of various genotypes of the COMT, DRD2, HTR2A, BDNF
genes, while they are solving tasks, associated with recognizing facial expression, and during the search for solutions to problems with a difficult emotional context ("What does a person feel in a difficult situation?", etc.). This scenario of the experiment will allow evaluating the success of emotion recognition expressed by actors of different nationalities, as well as revealing electro-physiological and genetic markers associated with various levels of emotional intelligence in people of different nationalities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The reported study was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), research project No. 18-013-01019.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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