CC BY
11DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/cl-36892-2024-31-239-245
Pages: 239-245
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INITIATIVES OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND BUSINESS
4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
TA'LIM SOHASIDAGI GENDER TENGSIZLIK MUAMMOLARI
M. E. Xabibullaeva
Katta o'qituvchi Toshkent davlat sharqshunoslik universiteti
Toshkent, O'zbekiston E-mail: [email protected]
M. Shermatova
Talaba
Toshkent davlat sharqshunoslik universiteti Toshkent, O'zbekiston
_MAQOLA HAQIDA_
Kalit so'zlar: Gender Annotatsiya: Gender tengligini targ'ib qilish nafaqat
tengligi, inson huquqi, teng asosiy inson huquqi, balki tinch, farovon va barqaror global kuch, gender-transformativ jamiyatning muhim poydevoridir. Butun dunyo bo'ylab ta'lim, gender pariteti, ayollar ayollar erkaklarnikiga nisbatan cheklangan iqtisodiy ustunligi, diskriminatsiyaga imkoniyatlarga, boshlang'ich Va oliy ta'lim olish imkoniyati qarshi, gender nomutanosibligi, cheklangan, sog'liq Va xavfsizlik xavfi ortishi Va siyosiy mehnat bozori, uy vazifalari, vakillikning pastligiga duch kelmoqda.
erta turmush qurish, savodsizlar._
GENDER INEQUALITY ISSUES IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION
M. E. Khabibullaeva
Senior lecturer Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected]
M. Shermatova
Student
Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies Tashkent, Uzbekistan
_ABOUT ATRICLE_
Key words: Gender Abstract: Promoting gender equality is not just a basic
equality, human right, equal human right, but also a crucial cornerstone for a peaceful, power, gender-trans-formative prosperous, and sustainable global society. Women education, gender parity, female worldwide face limited economic opportunities compared to
advantage, anti-discrimination, men, reduced access to primary and advanced education, gender imbalances, labor increased health and safety hazards, and lower political market, household representation.
responsibilities, early marriage,
illiterates._
ПРОБЛЕМЫ ГЕНДЕРНОГО НЕРАВЕНСТВА В СФЕРЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
М. Э. Хабибуллаева
старший преподаватель Ташкентский государственный университет востоковедения Ташкент, Узбекистан E-mail: [email protected]
М. Шерматова
Студент
Ташкентский государственный университет востоковедения Ташкент, Узбекистан
_О СТАТЬЕ_
Ключевые слова: Аннотация: Содействие гендерному равенству -
гендерное равенство, права это не просто основное право человека, но и важнейший человека, равная власть, краеугольный камень мирного, процветающего и гендерно-трансформирующее устойчивого глобального общества. Женщины во всем образование, гендерный мире сталкиваются с ограниченными экономическими
паритет, преимущество возможностями по сравнению с мужчинами,
женщин, антидискриминация, ограниченным доступом к начальному и высшему гендерный дисбаланс, рынок образованию, повышенным риском для здоровья и труда, домашние безопасности и более низким политическим
обязанности, ранние браки, представительством.
неграмотные._
INTRODUCTION
Guaranteeing the rights of women and creating opportunities for them to fully realize their potential is critical not only for attaining gender equality, but also for achieving large-scale international development goals. Empowered women and girls contribute to the health and productivity of their families, communities, and countries, creating a ripple effect that benefits everyone. The word gender describes the socially-constructed roles and responsibilities that societies consider appropriate for men and women. Gender equality means that men and women have equal power and equal opportunities for financial independence, education, and personal development. Women's empowerment is an important aspect of achieving gender equality. It includes increasing a woman's sense of self-worth, her decision-making power, her access to opportunities and resources, her power and control over her own life inside and outside the home, and her ability to affect change. However, gender issues are not only focused on women,
but also on the relationship between men and women in society. The actions and attitudes of men and boys play an essential role in achieving gender equality.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Gender-trans-formative education unlocks the potential of learners in all their diversity, contributes to ending harmful gender norms, attitudes and practices, and transforms institutions to achieve just, equal and inclusive societies. Girls and women's education also has the power to save lives, stimulating multiplier effects that reduce poverty, maternal and infant mortality, and early marriage. In discussing education and gender, it is useful to distinguish between "gender parity" and "gender equality". Gender parity aims to achieve equal participation of girls and boys in education. Gender equality is broadly defined as the right to gain access and participation in education, as well as to benefit from gender-sensitive and gender-responsive educational environments and to obtain meaningful education outcomes which ensure that education benefits translate into greater participation in social, the economic and political development of their societies. Therefore, achieving gender parity is understood as the first step towards gender equality.
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
The measure GPI (Gender Parity Index) facilitates discussion of gender differences in education. A GPI value of 1 signifies that there is no difference in indicators for girls and boys. A GPI of less than 1 indicates that the value of an indicator is higher for boys than for girls, while the opposite is true when the GPI is greater than 1. UNESCO has defined a GPI value of 0.97 to 1.03 (after rounding) as achieving gender parity. This allows for some measurement error, but does not imply a judgment about the acceptability of any particular level of disparity.
Discussions about gender equity have traditionally focused on finding ways to help girls catch up with boys in terms of access, completion and long-term education. Through such measures, boys globally continue to gain significant advantages throughout the developing world. This is why both Education for All goals and the MDGs, have put so much emphasis and invested so many resources over the last two decades in "gender equity" - meaning helping girls catch up with boys. Many factors have contributed to the increase in women's participation in education, including the fact that higher levels of education and training are becoming necessary to ensure social mobility and to earn higher incomes. The global diffusion of ideas regarding gender equality has also been an important factor, especially in developing countries. But the situation has become increasingly nuanced. Developed countries report gender gaps that favor females in education, and similar patterns are evident to some degree in developing countries even though boys continue to enjoy an advantage in many such countries. As girls' educational
expectations rising at a faster rate than boys, as measured by their persistence, repetition, academic achievement and transition into secondary education learning outcomes will also increase. Once they gain access to higher education, women exceed men in grades, evaluations and degree finalizations. This growth should be seen as a positive development that reflects the changing values and attitudes related to the role and aspirations of women in society. Also relevant is the fact that stable social processes that make demands on men's masculinity, such as serving as soldiers or demands for labor calling for physical strength, for example, construction or mining work, prevent men from participating in the higher education system, as they will have other alternatives.
Most countries have achieved gender parity in primary enrolment, but in many countries, disparities disadvantaging girls persist
Comprehensive analysis provides a detailed examination of the multifaceted challenges and complexities surrounding gender disparities in education. By highlighting the persistent gender gaps in primary education and the various factors contributing to these disparities, your insights underscore the urgent need for comprehensive and inclusive approaches to address these issues. The emphasis on the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action and the progress made in achieving universal primary education and closing the gender gap in enrollment reflects the global commitment to promoting gender equality in education. However, the disparities in gender parity across different regions, particularly in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, highlight the ongoing challenges faced by many countries in ensuring equal access to education for girls.
Analysis also underscores that gender parity is an issue in all countries, with diverse challenges affecting boys and girls at different stages of development. The recognition that boys and girls face unique obstacles within educational systems, as well as the acknowledgment of the "boy problem" in some countries, highlights the need for nuanced and context-specific approaches to address gender imbalances comprehensively. The discussion of cultural, social, and economic constraints, such as household responsibilities, early marriage expectations, societal pressures, and limited opportunities within school systems, provides a holistic understanding of the barriers that hinder girls' educational advancement. By addressing these complex factors, societies can work towards creating inclusive and empowering educational environments for all children.
Furthermore, analysis emphasizes that achieving gender parity in educational attainment does not always translate to equal benefits, particularly in the labor market in developed
countries. This insight underscores the need for broader societal changes to ensure gender equality across all spheres of life, beyond educational attainment alone.
Analysis effectively highlights the pervasive nature of gender imbalances and inequalities within education systems worldwide. By shedding light on the diverse challenges faced by boys and girls across different contexts, your insights contribute to the call for comprehensive and targeted efforts to address these disparities and create equitable educational opportunities for all children.
Improved access to education at the primary and secondary levels leads to higher levels of educational attainment and literacy skills in the older population as a whole. However, current literacy rates still reflect historical social patterns and educational policies. The global adult literacy rate has increased from 76 percent in 1990 to 83 percent in 2009, resulting in a decline in the number of illiterates worldwide, including in countries with large populations such as China. Despite these improvements, the estimated 793 million adults lack basic literacy skills, with two-thirds of them (508 million) being women. Although the global illiteracy rate is decreasing, the percentage of illiterate women remains stable at around 63-64 percent.
It is concluded that higher GDP per capita is associated with lower levels of gender inequality. Halving gender inequality in education in sub-Saharan Africa could lead to an approximately 47 percent higher annual growth rate between 2005 and 2010 (UNESCO, 2013). While investments in infrastructure such as roads, ports, and railways are crucial for industrial development and economic growth, the most important investment is in people, especially children.
Furthermore, equality not only helps individuals escape poverty but also strengthens the collective potential of the population, contributing to national economic growth by increasing production efficiency and social innovation. Antidiscrimination is a crucial component of decent work, and its success extends beyond the workplace.
The Institute for European Gender Equality (EIGE) has published its annual report, the Gender Equality Index 2023. Each year, the index serves as a tool to assess progress towards gender equality in European Union member states. It assigns scores from 1 to 100 to both the EU as a whole and individual countries based on the degree to which full gender equality between men and women has been achieved. The main purpose of this index is to identify areas for improvement, assist policymakers and measure progress made. To more accurately reflect the current situation, the Index has been updated in 2023 with a survey focused on accurately measuring time spent on unpaid childcare, long-term care for the elderly and sick, and domestic work. This year's Gender Equality Index places particular emphasis on the impact of the
European Union's Green Deal transition on gender equality, particularly in energy and transport sectors, to support sustainable and equitable development in Europe.
For the first time in history, the Gender Equality Index surpassed 70 points, representing an increase of 1.6 points compared to 2022 - the largest annual increase since the Index's inception in 2013. Sweden (82.2), the Netherlands (77.9) and Belgium (76) are leaders in promoting gender equality and showed the fastest growth rates. Belgium's progress is also highlighted in the European Commission's 2023 report on gender equality in the EU, which mentions positive developments in the area of criminal law. At the same time, Italy (68.2) stands out among other countries as the country that has experienced the most significant transformations.
However, The persistence of gender segregation in key economic sectors is a serious concern. Women continue to outnumber men by four to one, just as they did ten years ago. The labor market remains similarly gender segregated, despite some improvements. At the same time, green and digital transitions require upskilling and retraining, increasing the risk of women being marginalized due to underrepresentation in STEM fields. This exacerbates gender gaps in employment opportunities and poses serious barriers to achieving substantive gender equality. Though, the EU Gender Equality Report 2023 highlights a positive trend: European University Strategy, launched in 2022, focuses on improving the gender balance among students and workers in higher education, especially in STEM, offering hope for a more equal future.
The Institute for European Gender Equality (EIGE) has published its annual report, the Gender Equality Index 2023. Each year, the index serves as a tool to assess progress towards gender equality in European Union member states. It assigns scores from 1 to 100 to both the EU as a whole and individual countries: based on the degree to which full gender equality between men and women has been achieved. The main purpose of this index is to identify areas for improvement, assist policymakers and measure progress made. To more accurately reflect the current situation, the Index has been updated in 2023 with a survey focused on accurately measuring time spent on unpaid childcare, long-term care for the elderly and sick. and domestic work. This year's Gender Equality Index places particular emphasis on the impact of the European Union's Green Deal transition on gender equality particularly in energy and transport sectors, to support sustainable and equitable development in Europe.
The situation in Uzbekistan, as in many other countries, indicates the existence of serious problems with gender equality. Despite legal guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for men and women, practical barriers such as gender segregation in the labor market, discrimination in hiring and unequal wages continue to pose obstacles to achieving substantive equality. When reviewing vacancies, a significant level of discrimination was found. For example, 68% of
vacancies seeking a secretary contained a gender requirement, and more than 70% required an age requirement. Thus, there is an artificial division of professions into conventionally "male" and "female" ones.
As of 2017, women dominate in the fields of health, social services and education - more than 75% of the total number of employees. Men are predominantly represented in construction (94.2%), logistics (92.8%), ICT (67.3%) and financial and insurance activities (61.8%). In addition, gender inequality manifests itself not only in employment, but also in access to education, the Internet and other resources. For example, inequality in Internet access and low representation of women in scientific fields are also serious issues that require attention and effort to change the current situation.
Conclusion
It is concluded that higher GDP per capita is associated with lower levels of gender inequality. Halving gender inequality in education in sub-Saharan Africa could lead to an approximately 47 percent higher annual growth rate between 2005 and 2010 (UNESCO, 2013). While investments in infrastructure such as roads, ports, and railways are crucial for industrial development and economic growth, the most important investment is in people, especially children. Furthermore, equality not only helps individuals escape poverty but also strengthens the collective potential of the population, contributing to national economic growth by increasing production efficiency and social innovation. Antidiscrimination is a crucial component of decent work, and its success extends beyond the workplace.
Thus, eliminating gender inequality requires a comprehensive approach that includes not only legislative measures, but also changing public consciousness and combating the structural barriers that maintain inequality.
REFERENCES
1. Education - UNICEF DATA
2. unesco-world-atlas-gender-education.pdf
3. Educational attainment worldwide by gender and level | Statista
4. What you need to know about how UNESCO advances education and gender equality | UNESCO
5. https://theworldonly.org/gender-obrazovanie/
6. https://moluch.ru/archive/21/2121/
7. https://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/gender-equality/WCMS_249140/lang--ru/index.htm
