0GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE CHOICE OF LEXIS IN ENGLISH AND
UZBEK LANGUAGES
Charos Ubaydullayevna Nurulloyeva
University of Exact and Social Sciences Email address:charoskhan86@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The article deals with the problem of gender linguistics in, its origin and formation, primarily in the English-language linguistic literature; a review of scientific literature, its analysis and a brief description; the analysis of the specifics of gender speech on the material of the Uzbek language is carried out; The subject of the study is the Uzbek speech of a man and a woman, mother and son, mother and daughter in the form of brevity of dialogues, as well as material from fiction; the dominant specifics of female speech are determined by shyness, faith in a man, diminutive caress, attractiveness, submissiveness, etc.; male Uzbek speech is characterized by some cat-egoricalness, brevity, combined with respect and attentiveness to the interlocutor.
Keywords: gender, linguistics, male, female, Uzbek language, diminution, petting, shyness, categoricalness
ANNOTATSIYA:
Maqolada farmatsiyadagi gender tilshunosligi muammosi, uning kelib chiqishi va shakllanishi, birinchi navbatda, ingliz tilidagi lingvistik adabiyotlarda; ilmiy adabiyotlar sharhi, uning tahlili va qisqacha tavsifi; o'zbek tili materiali bo'yicha gender nutqining o'ziga xos xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi; Tadqiqot predmeti - erkak va ayolning, ona va o'g'ilning, ona va qizning o'zbekcha nutqi dialoglarning ixchamligi, shuningdek, badiiy adabiyotdan olingan materiallar; ayol nutqining dominant o'ziga xosligi uyatchanlik, erkakka ishonish, erkalash, jozibadorlik, itoatkorlik va boshqalar bilan belgilanadi; erkak o'zbek nutqi suhbatdoshga hurmat va e'tiborlilik bilan uyg'unlashgan ba'zi kategoriyalilik, qisqalik bilan ajralib turadi.
Kalit so'zlar: jins, tilshunoslik, erkak, ayol, o'zbek tili, kichraytirish, erkalash, uyatchanlik, kategoriyalik
АННОТАЦИЯ:
В статье рассматривается проблема гендерной лингвистики в фармации, ее зарождение и становление, прежде всего в англоязычной лингвистической литературе; обзор научной литературы, ее анализ и краткая характеристика;
April 23-24, 2024
47
проведен анализ специфики гендерной речи на материале узбекского языка; Предметом исследования является узбекская речь мужчины и женщины, матери и сына, матери и дочери в форме краткости диалогов, а также материал художественной литературы; доминирующая специфика женской речи определяется застенчивостью, верой в мужчину, уменьшительной лаской, привлекательностью, покорностью и т. д.; Мужская узбекская речь отличается некоторой категоричностью, краткостью в сочетании с уважением и внимательностью к собеседнику.
Ключевые слова: пол, лингвистика, мужской, женский, узбекский язык, умаление, ласка, застенчивость, категоричность.
Introduction: Gender linguistics is currently a relevant and interesting direction in science and language. Research in the field of gender linguistics is carried out on almost all modern written languages. In this regard, there is a lot of work done in English and Russian. In these works, the object and subject of study is the material not only of English and Russian, but also of many other languages, but the language of design of the works, usually English or Russian. Each language has a common and specific use of the language means of the male and female part of society - a native speaker of this language. This specificity, on the one hand, is universal, and, on the other hand, national and language. It is the second side that determines the gender specificity in the speech of the male and female half of native speakers of a particular language. The essence of gender linguistics is to study, describe monolingual, comparatively and comparatively (bi- and polylingual) gender speech both on the material of closely related and on the material of unrelated languages. Below we will briefly dwell on the history of the formation of gender linguistics and illustrate on the material of the Uzbek language some specific features of male and female speech in it, which will give a general idea of genderism in the language of genetic Uzbek phones.
Main part:
The "New Women's Movement" in linguistics has sharply increased the volume of research on "Brender linguistics" and feminist linguistics has emerged. In her book "Language and the Status of Women" on gender research, Robnie Lakoff substantiated a new direction in the science of language1. The idea of R. Lakoff caused the emergence of numerous scientific research and discussions and created an opportunity to outline specific practical tasks. As an example, researchers such as Dubois and Crouch pay special attention to the fact that women's speech is dominated by the use of affirmative and interrogative sentences. D. West and K. Zimmerman consider
1 Robnie Lakoff "Language and the Status of Women" Britain.2019. pp 115-119.
April 23-24, 2024
48
the problem of interrupting each other's thoughts by both sexes during the conversation. Disputes and discussions mainly concern the two postulates put forward by R. Lakoff: 1) men and women have speech that has differences,
Characteristic of each of these sexes; 2) the discrepancy in the speech of men and women is the result of the dominant role of men in society. This sign is also considered the basis for this non-conformity. Scientists, Supporters of the "dominant approach assume that men and women have different speech due to the influence on the language of the differences inherent in their relationship.
According to D. Tonnenn, who, following D. Moltuy and R. Borker, adheres to the dominant approach, it is assumed that boys and girls grow up in different types of subcultures2. As a result, they concentrate such forms of general language relationships, i.e. a way of exchange of thoughts, which manifest themselves to a different degree. This approach can be seen in some types of social sciences, which are primarily strongly influenced by anthropology. In general, according to one of the prominent representatives of feminist linguistics, D. Cameron, American linguistics is primarily not the daughter of philology, but the younger sister of sociology3. According to the representatives of the "dominant" approach, the discrepancies between male and female speech are the result of, firstly, the superiority of men in real life and, secondly, these differences are based on the fact that in the specific activity (life) of a woman, a man participates as a support and protection. Among the studies carried out in this direction, we can highlight M. Flippa famous book "Man is made language".4 These areas have their own specific characteristics and are organically related to each other and, as a result, should not be fully separated from each other either. This problem was comprehensively studied by B. Thorne, C. Kremer and Henley in his research on "The relationship between language and gender"5. Editors of collections in which articles on this problem are published, you say that researchers should first of all select such contexts that contain certain discrepancies.
In other words, it should be borne in mind the conditions for the implementation of the conversation: who participates in it, who communicates with whom, where the conversation is conducted and what is the state of the interlocutors. The study of the relationship between language and gender highlights the following questions: how men and women talk, what language tools are used and why they are used.
So, the man is in the language, the language is in the man. Everything that is in a person, in the surrounding reality, is reflected in the vocabulary and paremia and is
2 D. Tonnenn, D. Moltuy and R. Borker "Psycholinguistics". Britain.2011. pp 185-189.
3 D. Cameron "American linguistics is primarily of philology" America.2015. pp.259-267
4 M: Flipa: Man is made language. Britain, pp,85-92.
5 B. Thorne, C. Kremer and Henley "The relationship between language and gender". America . pp-78-85
April 23-24, 2024
49
formed in the form of psychoimages in the human consciousness.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V.P. Belyanin believes that at the moment it is necessary to talk not about gender, but about the specifics of speech production of men and women. These two processes are implemented differently in the speech and speech behavior of speakers. Men strive to be sharp and take the initiative when talking. Many scientists claim that men express their thoughts shorter than women. In male speech, abstract nouns prevail, and in female nouns. Men are more likely to use nouns and numerals, while women's speech is full of verbs.6
In their speech, women pay more attention to emotional and evaluative vocabulary, and men use stylistically neutral vocabulary. Women are primarily prone to intensification of positive assessment. Men's use of stylistically reduced vocabulary contributes to a negative assessment: they use dialectisms, and female speech in many cases contains stylistically colored vocabulary. One of the typical properties of female speech is pronounced hyperbolization.
Speaking of syntactic units, it is safe to state that in Uzbek speech men often use complex subordinate sentences, especially with subordinates of time, place and purpose, and women widely use complex subordinate sentences with subordinate degrees and comparisons. For example:
Naqshlarini ko'ngildagiday qilib chizmagunicha, naqshlar orasida ko'zga chalinar-chalinmas bir yerga "amali usta Farhod", deb yozmagunicha, qo'lidan bo'yoq qalami tupmaydi .7
Until he brings out the patterns properly, until he writes an inconspicuous "made by master Farhad" between them, he will not release a dyeing pencil from his hands.
Endi bostirmadan chiqib ketayotsam, qator-qator humlarga ko'zim tushdi. As soon as I got out of the covered corridor, I saw long rows of 17 clay jugs. Tog'lar orasida Bobur "Bu kitob bitganda, mening umrim ham tugagay" degani Xumoyunning yodiga tushdi.
-Humoyun remembered Babur's words in the mountains: "When I finish this book, then my life will end.8
-"Roman chiqqach, uni uyimizda har kim o'zicha sevib o'qirdi9. After the novel came out of print, everyone read it at home with special amazement.
6 Belyanin V. P. Psycholinguistics. - Great Britain. Hamp homh, 2011. - P. 192-199.
7 Qodiriy H. Otam haqida. - Toshkent: G'afur G'ulom nomidagi Adabiyot va san'at, 2018. - E. 44-49.
8 Kodirov P. Yulduzli tunlar. - Toshkent: Sharq, 2015. - E. 123-135.
9 G'ulom G'.Tarjimalar. - Toshkent: Fan, 2015. - E. 110-121.
April 23-24, 2024
50
In speech, Uzbek women often have language means with a diminutive and affectionate meaning. For example:
- O'g'rigina bolam, xoy o'g'rigina bolam, hoynahoy biror tiriklikning ko'yida tomga chiqqan ko'rinasan, axir kasbing nozik, tumov-pumovingni yozib chiqsang bo'lmaydi- - debdilar. Hoy, aylanay, o'g'rigina bolam, boshimda shunday musibat turganda ko'zimga uyqu keladimi?10.
- She said: "My thief's son, thief's son, apparently you climbed on the roof thinking about some creature; you were a too delicate profession, so you should have recovered of your cold first. Oh, cute, thieving son, how can I fall asleep if I have that grief?".
Thus, Uzbek male and female speech has significant differences. Men and women use the same language units, but the semantic, stylistic, shaping palette is often different.
In male Uzbek speech, edification prevails, some categoricalness combined with softness and politeness. The second components are convex in speech addressed to women, children (especially girls).
Women's Uzbek speech is dominated by softness, politeness, subsistence, affection, some shyness and expression of loyalty in the speech addressed to the husband and relatives of the husband, to the children, etc. For example, a brief dialogue between husband and wife. • Xotin, bolalarni chaqir (Wife, call the children).
- Dodasi, bolalar hali maktabda (Father, children are still at school). -Xotin, tez bo'l. Men shoshilib turibman. (Wife, finish faster, I'm in a hurry). Dodasi, chay tayyor. Uyga kiringiz (Father, the tea is ready (i.e. food). Enter the house).
- Onasi, raxmat (Mother of her children, thank you).
Female- Uzbek speech (adult women) addressed to a boy and a girl have some differences. In relation to the boy, language units with a stylistic coloring are used, contributing to the formation of him as a future man, a breadwinner, who must master several types of work necessary for future life in the family.
In Uzbek culture, it is believed that a woman has her own special language, which is characteristic only for them. Thus, in the process of communication, they often appeal to examples with language units from the life experience of a man, husband, neighbors, conveying the essence of real events. Due to their shyness, shyness, Uzbek women are involved in the conversation with caution.
10 Hoshimov O'. Ikki eshik orasi. - Toshkent: Sharq, 2011. - E. 14-19.
April 23-24, 2024
51
Very often they enter into a conversation based on their own experiences and everyday life events. The speech of Uzbek women in different speech situations and with the same. So, in a society where a man is present, their speech is very collected, short, respectful. In a society where there are only women, their speech is free, long. The topics of dialogue are changing rapidly. In this case, language units are used that they will never pronounce in a speech situation where men are present. In a purely female society, women's speech is accompanied by laughter, frequent facial expressions, gestures, but at the same time, women's speech clearly observes the age and related hierarchy, which is one of the foundations of the features of gender speech not only of Uzbeks, but also of many other peoples of the world, but above all of the Eastern ones.
CONCLUSION:
Gender differences in the speech of men and women were present at all times. Religion has made its own adjustments to the differentiation of male and female speech. Thus, according to the canons of Islam (and Christianity), women's speech could not be dominant, and often even equivalent to men's speech in solving serious social, state and other problems. Thus, women's Uzbek speech until 1917, when a woman was under the burqa, and women's Uzbek speech during the Soviet period and now has serious differences in both lexical and moral and ethical and other aspects. The modern speech of the Uzbek woman is free, poly-problem, semantically and stylistically rich, which shows a combination of education and national and linguistic traditions formed in the process of historical and cultural development of Uzbek society as a whole. Such a phenomenon puts to the fore the gender study of male and female speech such a problem as the study of the evolution of male and female Uzbek speech in the historical section, which is of great theoretical and practical importance for clarifying the origins of the formation of such qualities of female speech as shyness, affection, restraint, emotionality, and male speech - some categoricalness, brevity, respectfulness, etc. Modern gender differences in the speech of men and women of genetic speakers of the Uzbek language are clearly manifested in all their age periods. The difference is that depending on the age, these gender differences have their own characteristics:
boy and girl; -yigit va qiz; young man and young woman; husband and wife; elderly man and elderly woman; old man and old woman; father and mother; grandfather and grandmother; uncle and aunt; etc. In each of these age periods and kinship relations in the speech of the male and female half of Uzbek society there are age, related and other features that are present in their consciousness, in their internal and external
April 23-24, 2024
52
behavior, which is expressed in speech and characterizes the intragender features of Uzbek sounding and written speech.
REFERENCES:
1. Belyanin V. P.. Psycholinguistics Belyanin V.P. Psycholinguistics .Britain.2011. pp 185-189 b.
2 B. Thorne, C. Kremer and Henley "The relationship between language and gender". America . pp-78-85
3. D. Tonnenn, D. Moltuy and R. Borker "Psycholinguistics". Britain.2011. pp 185189.
4. Djusupov M. i dr. Spesialnaya leksika i poslovisti (livokontrastivntie i metodicheskie aspektbi) [Dzhusupov M. et al.Special lexis and proverbs (linguo-contrastive and methodical aspects]. Tashkent, «MERIYUS».2013 y .23-29 b
5. Hoshimov O'. "Ikki eshik orasi" [In Uzbek language]. Toshkent: "Sharq". -2011-T-№-2-14-19 b.
6. Kodirov P. "Yulduzli tunlar" [In Uzbek language]. Toshkent: "Sharq"-2015.-T-123-135 b.
7. M: Flipa: Moskovskiy psixologo-sotsialntiy institute. Russia, s,85-92.
8. Qodiriy H. "Otam haqida" [In Uzbek language]. Toshkent: «G'afur G'ulom no-midagi Adabiyot va san'at». 2018 y. 44-49 b.
9. G'ulom G'.Tarjimalar [In Uzbek language]. Toshkent: «Fan». 2015 y.110-121 b
10. Zakirova A. O., Narkulova I. R. Q. Rol russkogo yaztika v rabote sotrudnikov organov vnutrennix del //Science and Education. - 2023. - T. 4. - №. 1. - S. 737740.
53
April 23-24, 2024
