CC BY
3
UDC: 378.30
Nosirova M.K. senior teacher department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Andijan, Uzbekistan
FUNCTIONAL AND STYLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN MODERN GERMAN LANGUAGE
Abstract: The relevance of the work is due to the ambiguity and inconsistency of the opinions of linguists and the solutions they proposed regarding the systematization of complex sentences. In previous studies, complex sentences were studied mainly at the syntactic and semantic levels. Functional characteristics were understood only as intra-sentence functions that some components perform in relation to others within the framework of a complex sentence. Previously, insufficient attention was paid to the issues of referential correlation with objects of extra-linguistic reality.
Key words: functional, linguistic, complex, necessary, framework, German language, modern.
In order to reveal the structural and semantic features of a complex sentence, to reveal its features, it is necessary, first of all, to consider the concept of a complex sentence.
Signs of subordination in a complex sentence are the same as in a phrase: unequal variety and unequal rank of components of syntactic subordination, discrepancy between syntactic characteristics of subordinate components and integral structure with different syntactic significance of parts.
According to O.S. Akhmanova a complex sentence is a kind of a complex sentence, characterized by syntactic inequality of its constituent sentences, syntactic dependence of the subordinate clause on the main one.
We see a more complete definition in V.N. Yartseva. In her opinion, a complex sentence is a syntactic structure formed by combining several (at least two) sentences on the basis of union ties of subordination or zero union ties -non-union. Traditionally, the term SPP focuses on the formal non-elementarity of syntactic units and is applicable only to a grammatically and / or intonationally formed combination of sentences; a sentence that functions outside of a formal connection with others, no matter what semantic complexity it may have, is defined in the syntactic tradition as simple. The dependence of the subordinate clause on the main clause is revealed only in functional terms from the analogy of its syntactic position of the position of the member of the
sentence and from the practical possibility of converting the subordinate clause into a member of the sentence.
The semantic-syntactic connection, coming from the main sentence and setting the position of the clause, can be both verbal and non-verbal. The adjective that implements the verbal connection has a supporting component in the main sentence in the form of a noun (Ich kenne den Menschen, der dir hilft), a verb (Ich wie^, dass er dir hilft) and words of other parts of speech.
In the case of an unconventional connection, the supporting component is absent and the subordinate clause corresponds to the main sentence as a whole (Wenn das Wetter besser wird, wir fahren ab).
Relative subordination is served by union words, which are interrogative pronouns of all parts of speech that lose or transform their interrogative meaning (cf. "Wer ist gekommen?" And "Ich wei^, wer gekommen ist"; "Wer gekommen ist, der uns hilft"). Subordinate unions and union words are organically included in the structure of the subordinate clause, giving it freedom of placement relative to the main one and imposing certain restrictions on the grammatical design of the predicate to which they syntactically gravitate.
The most diverse types of semantic relations are formally expressed: attributive, explanatory, comparative, temporal, causal and conditional, concessive, target and some others. In addition to conjunctions, their identification and differentiation usually involves the forms of predicate verbs of the main and subordinate clauses, as well as certain stable elements of vocabulary (modal words, particles, pronouns, adverbs), and not only as part of the subordinate clause, but also as part of the main sentence. In German, many of them developed allied functions and, in combination with the unions proper, formed a kind of framework structure. For example, the correlate so acts as a structural feature of the main sentence with a nominal predicate or circumstance of the course of action. Once in the main clause, so establishes its connection with the subordinate clause:
Er tut so, als ob er nicht bis drei zählen könnte.
Er tut so, als könnte er nicht bis drei zählen.
Am Abend wurde es so kalt, dass ich keine Lust mehr hatte, spazieren zu
gehen.
Unlike so, the particle zu cannot be removed from the main clause, since the subordinate clause of negative consequence with the conjunction als dass cannot function without a correlate in the main clause. At the same time, the main members of the sentence, by their nature, form a complete predicative line and contain a semantic core [3, p.23]:
Das Wasser ist zu kalt, als dass man baden könnte.
In the concepts of individual scientists, outside the framework of a complex sentence, a non-union combination of sentences remains, as a "primary, pre-grammatical" phenomenon, where everything is based not on syntax, but on the "fact of a simple sequence". The argument in favor of such an understanding
of the nature of non-union structures is the non-grammatical in most cases nature of the non-union connection itself, the universal means of expressing which is an intonation. However, signaling that several sentences have entered into a kind of connection, intonation does not indicate either the nature of this connection, or the relationships that are created on its basis. Therefore, an objective distinction between the categories of composition and subordination in the conditions of non-union communication is impossible. The relations that develop within a non-union structure can be identified and differentiated based on stable elements of its structure, schemes for constructing sentences-parts, the order of their arrangement, regular correlations of predicate verbs; various kinds of lexical indicators; however, none of these means has grammatical significance of equal significance of the union.
The structural difference between the main and subordinate clauses is clearly shown by the expanding and reducing information. Expanding transformation with a simple sentence consists in the fact that one of the members of the sentence develops to a subject-predicate structure. This is manifested in the fact that all members of the sentence, except for the common one, after the transformation created an independent main sentence, while the common member becomes a subordinate clause.
Er zitterte vor Angst.
Er zitterte, weil er Angst hatte.
Reducing (collapsing, contraction) transformation is performed in the SPP and shows that always a subordinate clause, by no means the main one, can be transformed into a simple member of a sentence:
Wer jung ist, kann wirklich das Leben genie^en. ?
Der Junge kann wirklich das Leben genie^en.
The correspondence of the grammatical characteristics of the sentence member and the whole sentence allows one to explore them in all important categories of the sentence plane, and even in the category of communicative intention to the negative meaning of the sentence, to the category of predicativity (sentence modality, temporal relations and reality).
The use of a subordinate clause in a post position corresponds to the norm, since a subordinate clause is a rem, it contains new information. For a similar statement, the preposition of the subordinate clause would not be justified. However, such a construction of a sentence is possible, and for this particular example it will be an inversion and it is necessary to highlight the bump in it intonationally, compensating for the loss of the actualizing function of word order with a logical emphasis.
In a simple sentence, the topic identifier is the definite article. It can also be words that refer to previous text. The connection going from the previous to the next is called "coherence" in grammar. If the information communicated in the prepositional clause has already been mentioned in the text, then it will be
the subject of the sentence. If this information is new, then it will contain a bump.
This means of expressiveness helps the author to express the thought not only in a holistic way, but also in volume, it is also a reflection of the natural course of the flow of thought and its synchronous grammatical expression, it is a special artistic technique for creating a panorama of an event. This form of grammatical structure of speech is a feature of the individual style. In stylistics, some types of periods are distinguished. In decreasing periods, the leading information, drawn up in the form of main sentences, is located at the beginning of the periodic complex, the denouement in the form of subordinate clauses is located at the end.
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