CC BY
8
УДК 004.02:004.5:004.9
Kurbanov Ch.M.
TSDI
Uzbekistan, Tashkent FORMATION OF CUSTOMS BUSINESS IN THE FERGANA REGION AND TRADE WITH THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE XIX CENTURY
Annotation: Based on the analysis of scientific literature and published documents, the article discusses some aspects of the trade relations of the Russian Empire with the Fergana region, revealed the objects of import, of export in the specified period. It was analyzed the process of development of customs in Central Asia.
Key words and phrases: Fergana valley, Kokand khanate, Central Asia, Russian Empire, trade relations, customs policy, customs-tariff regulation, import and exports products of, customs duty, customs regulations for Central Asia.
Аннотация: на основе анализа научной литературы и опубликованных документов в статье рассмотрены некоторые аспекты торговых отношений Российской империи с Ферганской областью, выявлены предметы ввоза вывоза в указанный период. Проанализирован процесс развития таможенного дела в Средней Азии.
Ключевые слова и фразы: Ферганская область, Кокандское ханство, Средняя Азия, Российская империя, торговые отношения, таможенная политика, таможенно-тарифное регулирование, ввоз и вывоз товаров, таможенная пошлина, таможенные правила для Средней Азии.
The Fergana Valley was the main historical and geographical core, formed in the late XVIII - early XIX century Kokand Khanate, the youngest public education in Central Asia.
At the beginning of the XIX century, the territory of the Khanate included the Kurama territories (right bank of the middle stream of the Syr Darya), Tashkent oasis, Dasht-i Kipchak (south and south-west of modern Kazakhstan), Semirechye and territories down to the shores of Issyk-Kul. In the south, the Karategin, Darvaz, and Kulyab (Kulab) mountain areas, which have retained their historical names to this day, have recognized dependence on Kokand. In the East, Khojand was included in Kokand; the neighboring possession of the Ur-type also often fell into a vassal dependence on Kokand. The largest regions (including urban centers) in the Khanate were Kokand with the district, Margilan (in the south-west of the Valley), northern areas of Kasan, Ura-tepa (together with the adjacent Namangan), Andijan and Osh (in the east), Kurama and Tashkent [2. C.90].
The borders of the Kokand Khanate gradually expanded, and in the first half of the XIX century it occupied the most eastern part of the Turkestan region, and bordered on the north with Russia, from which it was separated by a strip of barren steppe; in the west - with Khiva and Bukhara, in the south - with
Karategin, Darvaz and Kulyab, in the east - with East Turkestan. The Kokand Khanate led trade with Russia, Iran, India, Afghanistan, China, and with its closest neighbors, in particular with Bukhara. The rulers of the khanates, who equipped caravans with their goods, participated in this trade. Since the middle of the XIX century Russia showed an increased interest in the Central Asian states. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the development of Russian trade with the khanates was hampered by excessively high duties on goods imported by Russian merchants; mountain and desert crossings; bad ways of communication, and sometimes their absence at all. Trade relations of the Central Asian khanates and Russia were mutually beneficial, since both parties received the necessary products and raw materials [7. P.109].
The Russian state has long paid insufficient attention to Asian customs policy. This was due to the fact that trade with Asian countries had exchange and caravan character. There was no single Asian tariff: for Astrakhan (from 1754), one tariff operated, for Orenburg and Troitsk (from 1777) - the other. Finally, on May 30, 1817, a new customs charter and tariff for Asian trade was approved. As indicated in the historical review of the Ministry of Finance, the charter of 1817 was based on "considerations of great significance for Russia of bargaining with Asia: Russia in the west bordered with countries more developed than we are industrially, and therefore only in the East Russian factories and plants could find secure sales for their products. On the other hand, the development of trade with Asia was of great importance in terms of bringing Russia closer to Central Asia. Therefore, the Asian charter was drafted in such a way that it "strongly encourages Asian trade" [4. P.148].
The imposition of goods was extremely simplified, numerous duties of "different denominations" were abolished. Raw materials were passed free of duty, 2% of their cost was charged from semi-fabricated products, from "inexpensive and average price of goods in processed form" - from 10 to 20%, from luxury goods - 25%; the import of materials woven with gold, collar and assignation was prohibited. Permitted goods were subjected to a perfectly insignificant duty (1%). It was prohibited export of weapons, ships and rigging, coins and assignations [4. P.148-149].
Improving the conditions of Russia's economic relations with Central Asia was part of an extensive program outlined at the beginning of the 19th century to strengthen the trading power of the Russian Empire, expand the sales of its industrial and agricultural products, and its role in transit trade.
The program for the development of economic ties between the Russian Empire and the countries of Central Asia was formulated and presented in November 1850 by P.I. Nebolsin, who was studying the issues of Russian trade with Central Asia.
In "Sketches of Russian Trade with the countries of Central Asia, Khiva, Bukhara, and Kokan: (from the Orenburg Line)" PI Nebolsin noted: "We send to Central Asia the goods that make up the first items, the most necessary needs of the entire population. It is from us that gold, silver, copper, cast iron, iron, various
metal crafts, leather, paint, sugar, cloth, calico, all sorts of paper, and silk products are part of it ... Our products, metals, yuft, cloth and calico, Central Asia is hard to get at our prices from any other country.
As for the goods received in exchange from Central Asia, the natural riches of the central market of Central Asia now consist only in cotton, silk, madder, in gardens and rich vineyards and, finally, in livestock and hunting works "[ 5. Pp. 22-23].
After the conquest of the Kokand Khanate in July 1867, the Turkestan General Governorship was formed on its territory. After the liquidation of the Kokand Khanate in 1876, the Ferghana Region was formed as part of the Turkestan Governor-General.
The history of Russian customs in Turkestan begins in 1868, when the Orenburg and West Siberian customs lines were liquidated. Thus, the Russian Empire sought to incorporate the Turkestan region in the imperial customs system. On January 29, 1868, the ruler of Kokand Khudoyarkhan accepted without objection, the trade agreement proposed by the adjutant general Kaufman, under which the Russians in the Kokand khanate, as well as the Kokands in Russia, acquired the right to free stay and travel, establishments of caravanserais, the content of sales agents (caravan-bashi) and payment of duties not more than 2.5% of the value of the goods. The agreement with Russia in 1868 actually made Kokand dependent on it by the state [3. S. 273].
One of the main types of export from Kokand to Russia in the 60-70s. XIX century there was cotton. If during 10 years (1840-1850) only for 18119 rubles were exported, in 1867 cotton was exported to the amount of 274293 rubles. This figure sometimes changed depending on the hostilities. For example, in 1862 from Kokand it was exported for 160 rubles, and in 1866 - 324136 rubles. Silk products in 1862 were exported by 32831 rubles, and in 1863 - by 10036 rubles, in 1866 -by 4009 rubles, while the export of raw materials increased significantly. In 1863 raw silk was exported for 264 rubles, and in 1867 - for 20,820 rubles, wool in 1862 - for 60 rubles, and in 1867 - for 13444 rubles. etc. From this example, it is clear that the Kokand Khanate as a whole was turning into a source of raw materials for Russia [8].
Protective policies promoted cotton growing in Central Asia. In 1878, the Law on the introduction of duties on cotton imported from abroad to Russia (40 kopecks in gold from a pood) was adopted, the amount of this duty in 1905 reaches 4 rubles. gold with pood cotton. In addition, preferential taxation of cotton crops of American varieties was established in Central Asia.
Supervision over the collection of customs duties and the resolution of controversial cases was entrusted to the economic department of the regional government [1. P. 32]
In 1875, in the Syrdarya region and the Zeravshan district, zakaty institutions were liquidated in connection with the introduction of the "Provision on duties for the right to trade and crafts" (1865) of the Russian Empire. As a result, the borders of these administrative units turned out to be completely open,
and foreign trade in them was free from any special taxation. In the Amu Darya department and the Fergana region, zakatnye institutions continued to function.
In the Fergana region, customs functions until 1885 were still carried out by zakatny institutions. In 1886 a new system was introduced by the Turkestan Governor-General, which was divided into three areas: Syr-Darya, Fergana and Samarkand. The Fergana region consisted of five counties: Kokand, Margilan, Andijan, Namangan and Osh [3. P. 347].
The most important cities of the Fergana region were as follows: 1) New Margelan (here in further Skobelev) is the administrative center of the region. 2) Kokand, Andijan, Old Margelan and Assak, with all the volosts and societies that make up the Sharikhan-Sai River Basin. This district and cities led multimillion trade turnovers. 3) Namangan and Osh are less significant, but constitute the centers of the county administration. 4) Chust without a city [7. P.72].
In 1886, customs supervision was removed from the subordination of the Turkestan Governor-General and transferred to the Ministry of Finance. This measure laid the foundation of the current customs organization in Central Asia [6. P.VII].
The procedure for the activities of customs institutions and the collection of customs duties by them were ordered by special rules approved by the Minister of Finance. Border security and supervision of the transport of goods were entrusted to a special border guard.
According to these regulations and orders for all goods brought into Turkestan across the Afghan border, with the exception of livestock, brought in duty-free, a duty was set at 5% of their value, and goods brought across the Chinese border with the exception of taxed tea (according to weight) brick, transported along the borders of the Fergana region - 4 rubles each. with poods, only Chinese goods can serve as a subject of duty-free trade in a 50-mileable lane [6. P.54].
July 1, 1894 general customs rules for the whole of Central Asia came into force. According to them, a new customs line was established, extending from the mouth of the Atrek along the entire southern border of Central Asia to the hard-to-reach spurs of the Tien Shan and further along the border of the Fergana and Semirechenskaya regions. Later, the imperial authorities introduced some changes and additions to the customs business. For example, on June 4, 1899, in order to strengthen supervision both over the activities of customs institutions and in general over the course of customs affairs, posts of seven customs district inspectors were established. Each of them was entrusted with supervision and superintendence, within the limits specified by law, to known sections of the customs territory. District inspectors were subordinate to the head of the Turkestan customs district. Places of permanent residence and the territory under their jurisdiction were determined by the Ministry of Finance [6. Pp. 6-11].
The next event for the development of customs in Central Asia was carried out by the law of December 10, 1901, according to which a customs warehouse was established in Samarkand, the Fergana customs section was transformed with
the installation of the 1st class customs in Kokand and a permanent customs office in Kashgar. Thus, as a result of measures taken by Russia, the import of foreign goods to Central Asia has noticeably reduced. Customs institutions: customs, outposts, customs posts and transitional points became part of the customs districts.
The Ministry of Finance established the name of the customs districts, determined and changed the boundaries of these districts, and in future all this information was transferred to the Governing Senate for publication and public announcement. As a result of the inclusion of the Turkestan Governor-General in the all-Russian market, the process of their mutually beneficial trade communication was completed.
List of used literature:
1. Abdurakhimova, N.A., Rustamova, G.K. The colonial system of power in Turkestan in the second half of the XIX - I quarter of the XX centuries.- T.: University, 1999. - 163 P.
2. Babadjanov B.M. Kokand khanate: power, politics, religion. / review S.U. Karimov, N.I. Toshev; Nihu islamik area studies (Tokyo university), Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. -Tashkent; Tokyo: Yangi nashr, 2010. - 744 P.
3. Historical overview of Turkestan and the Russian offensive in it. Compiled by A.I. Maksheev. - SPb.: Military typography, 1890. - 383 P.
4. Ministry of Finance 1802-1902. In 2 volumes. / Comp. Belkovsky P.P. and etc. - SPb: Expedition of collecting state papers, 1902. - V.1 - 687 P.
5. Nebolsin P.I. Sketches of Russian trade with the countries of Central Asia, Khiva, Bukhara and Kokan: (from the Orenburg line). - SBp., b/and, 1856. - 378 P.
6. Collection of laws and regulations on the customs part in Central Asia on January 1, 1911. - SPb.:Typography of the Separate Corps of the Frontier Guard, 1911. - 210 p.
7. Stokasimov N.P. Fergana district. Military statistical description of the Turkestan Military District. - T.: Printing house of the Headquarters of the Turkestan Military District, 1912. - 236 p.
8. Trade Kokand // URL: https://vostokcafe.com/torgovlya-kokanda.php (date of the application: 1.04.2019).
