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Pirakhunova Farida Nurmamatovna, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Biology faculty, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan.
Е-mail: farida.piroxunova@mail.ru
FEATURES OF COPPER AND BORON ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPODIA OF COTTON COMPOSITION IN THE PERIOD OF MASS BUDDING
Abstract: One of the significant reserves of increasing the yield of cotton is the use, when cultivating this culture, of the factors that ensure maximum preservation of fruit organs on the plant, a large number of which, under unfavorable conditions, fall, causing significant damage to the crop. Increasing the yield of agricultural crops, including cotton, has been and remains one of the most important tasks of biological science and the practical activities of workers in the agro-industrial complex. The article gives data on the effect of copper and boron on the number of sympodial branches at different times of growth and development of cotton varieties. Phenological observations showed that the number of simpodia increases with a certain regularity as the plant grows. The obtained data indicate that the C-65 24 variety has the most number of simpodia and buds in comparison with other varieties.
Keywords: microelements, fruit formation, sympodial branches, budding, cotton varieties, shrub, fall of fruiting organs, growth and development.
Introduction. At present, the urgency of the various environmental conditions. These questions
problem of increasing the yield of cotton has in- are so vast that previous studies, naturally, could not
creased even more because of the limited possibili- give their exhaustive solution.
ties for expanding irrigation areas, mainly because As our experiments have shown, during the for-
of the scarcity of water resources that are of particu- mation and ripening of the fruit-bearing organisms
lar importance for irrigated farming zones. Conse- of cotton, a whole variety of protein substances,
quently, the task of increasing the production of raw characteristic of a mature fruiting organ, is synthe-
cotton can and should be solved mainly by increas- sized and accumulated.
ing the yield of cotton by developing agrotechnical One of the significant reserves of increasing the measures, increasing soil fertility, chemicalization, yield of cotton is the use, when cultivating this cul-breeding and seed production. In this connection, ture, of the factors that ensure maximum preservait is necessary to solve a number of scientific and tion of the fruit organs on the plant, a large number production problems aimed at further increasing the of which, under unfavorable conditions, fall, causing production of raw cotton. significant damage to the crop. The study of cotton
Objective of research. Biochemical and physi- bearing and factors causing the fall of fruit organs,
ological features of growth and development of cot- increasing the yield of crops, including cotton, has
ton fruit-bearing organisms touch upon a wide range been and remains one of the most important tasks
of questions on the interaction between plants and of biological science and the practical activities of
workers in the agro-industrial complex. Getting a high yield with good quality is the main condition for further progress in agricultural productivity.
Objects and methods of research. In recent years, intensive research has been conducted to detect natural growth regulators and to study their role in the processes of formation and fall of fruit elements in cotton. It has been ascertained that auxins, gibber-ellins and abcisic acid are, to some extent, regulators of the fall of the fruiting organs of cotton (Liopold, 1864, Hall, 1958, Prusakovo, 1968; Imamaliev, 1977).
As the growth and development of the fruiting organ is clearly traced accumulation of a pool of free amino acids. Their greatest content was noted in the fruiting organs of 10-15 days old. Analyzing the role of free amino acids in the fruiting organs, it should be emphasized that there is a close and clearly delineated link, consisting of a mutually conditioned change, a correlative relationship with the processes occurring in the valves and developing seeds of the cotton fruiting organs. These changes determine the features of the metabolism of the fruiting organs and their individual parts.
It should be emphasized that the main theoretical principle in the solution of the main task of cotton growing - maximum preservation of fruit elements on the bush is the obligatory registration of all conditions for cultivation of crops, the obligatory coordination of biological features of plants with environmental conditions and their mutual subordination and interaction.
Technique of conduction the experiment
The development of this topic is conducted at the Department of Botany and Cell Biology of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of TSPU named after Nizami with varieties Namangan-34, C-65 24, Omad and Bukhara-102, bred in the Uzbek Research Institute of Cotton Selection and Seed Growing and the Uzbek Research Institute of Cotton Growing of the Ministry of Water and Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan. These varieties are included in the state register of prospective varieties of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The experiments were carried out in vegetative and field conditions on the basis of the two above-mentioned institutions in accordance with the generally accepted methodology.
Results and their discussion. Studies of recent years have shown that the process of proliferation of fruit elements is closely related to fruit formation and depends on many internal and external factors.
Internal factors include genetic and physiological-biochemical features of the plant organism.
It is known that the physiological and biochemical processes in the cotton fruit bodies form the quality and yield of raw cotton.
The attention paid by the government to the development of basic research opens up new opportunities in applying scientific achievements in cotton growing.
In studying the features of fruit formation biology and morphology of these varieties were studied, but also the possibility of increasing yields.
It is known that the number of buds formed depends also on the number of fruit branches (simpo-dia) on the bush. Obviously, the more the number of simpodia, the more buds, flowers and bolls will be formed.
The number of simpodia increases with a certain regularity as the plant grows.
The obtained data showed that the dynamics of growth and development in varieties Namangan-34, Bukhara-102, Omad and C-65 24 are not the same. Each variety has on time maxima and minima of the formation of fruit branches (simpodia), buds and flowers. The maximum number of simpodia in the Namangan-34 variety was 11 on the 10th day of accounting, for the Omad grade on the 35th day 14 pieces, for the Bukhara-102 grade on the 35th day 17 pieces, for the grade C-6524 for the 30th day 17 pieces. The dynamics of the formation of the minimum number of simpodia by varieties was as follows: the Bukhara-102 and the C-65 24 were on the 5th day of recording, the Omad variety on the 10th day, and the Namangan-34 grade on the 35th day of registration.
In addition, when introducing a double copper norm and a single boron norm in Namangan-34 and C-65 24, the height of plants and the number of opened bolls increase. The Bukhara-102 variety clearly shows the positive influence of single-rate boron on the height of the plant, while in Omad variety increases the number of open bolls.
Phenological observations showed that the number of simpodia increases with a certain reg-
ularity as the plant grows. The control variants show that in Namangan-34, in the first 5 days of registration, the number of simpodia per plant was, on average, 7.5 pieces, and on the 45th day, i. e. in 40 days the number of them was 11.8 pcs. In the C-65 variety 24, the number of simpodia in the first counting period was 8.4 pcs., and after 40 days - 12.4 pcs. per one plant.
Figure 1. Features of copper and boron on the number of sympodia of cotton composition in the period of mass budding of C-6524
14
12
10
m
Control
ICuS04 -1 norm CuS04 - 2 norm H3B03-1 norm I H3B03 - 2 norm
11.07.
16.07.
23.07.
Figure 2. Features of copper and boron on the number of sympodia of cotton composition in the period of mass budding of Namangan -34
12
10
m
Control
1CuS04 -1 norm CuS04 - 2 norm H3B03 -1 norm I H3B03 - 2 norm
11.07.
16.07.
23.07.
Figure 3. Features of copper and boron on the number of sympodia of cotton composition in the period of mass budding of Buhoro-102
Figure 4. Features of copper and boron on the number of sympodia of cotton composition in the period of mass budding of Omad
The lowest number of simpodia was in Bukha-ra-102: 5.4 and 9.8 pcs. accordingly, even in the low-growth Omad variety, the number offruit branches was 6.5 pieces, the first 5 days of recording, and by the 40th day it almost equaled that of Bukhara-102 and was 9.6 pieces per plant. The growth rate of the variety, therefore, the formation of fruit branches in the process of vegetation slowed down. The number of buds per plant
in Namangan-34 was in the first term of registration 3 pcs. the maximum, on day 20-11 pcs., and by the end of the budding phase was 1.5 pcs. In the C-65 variety 24 the number ofbuds was 3.5 pieces, and by the end ofthe budding phase, 1.8 pcs. on one plant. In the Bukhara-102 variety, 1.9 and 1, respectively, in the low-growth Omad variety, the number ofbuds was 2.5 pcs at that time and 1.7 pcs. per 1 plant (Figure 1-2-3-4).
The obtained data indicate that the C-65 24 variety has the most number of simpodia and buds in comparison with other varieties. In order of decreasing the number of simpodia and buds, the remaining varieties are as follows: Namangan-34, Omad and Bukhara-102. As the growth and development to the flowering phase in the recording period, the maximum number of flowers per plant in Namangan-34 is on August 22, and for C-65 24, Bukhara-102 and Omad on August 18: in all varieties of approximately 2 flowers per plant on average.
The microelements of boron in the form of H3B03 and copper in the form of a salt of CuSO4 were added to the basic fertilizers and studied the physiological and biochemical effect on the formation of fruit branches and organs. Apparently, they positively influence the formation and growth of the sympodial branches of all varieties.
Thus, the action of microelements depends not only on the dose of application, but has a genetic specificity. The same pattern of boron activity was noted for the Omad variety, but one norm of this trace element proved to be more effective.
Based on the results, it should be noted that under the influence of microelements, the number of simpodia increases in all varieties of cotton.
It was found that the influence of copper on the number of sympodial branches of cotton of the studied varieties was larger compared to boron both in the beginning and in the period of mass budding. Under the influence ofcopper at a dose ofone norm, the number of simpodia increased on average per plant in the order of decreasing effect of Namangan-34, C-65 24, Bukhara-102 and Omad. Under the influence of boron in a dose of 2 norms, the number of simpodia also increased, especially in Namangan-34 and C-65 varieties 24. During the period of fruit formation, the regularity of the influence of trace elements on the number of simpodia persisted.
Conclusions. Thus, a positive effect on growth and development was expressed in an increase in the number of simpodia in plants in experimental versions, in all the periods studied. During the vegetative period, a greater positive effective influence of copper on the rates of fruit formation was noted. The action of boron on the formation of the capsules was greater in comparison with copper. Also, varieties have not the same need for trace elements and different ability to absorb and transform them, which ultimately affected the yield. The greatest positive effect of copper and boron in optimal doses had to improve the yield of Namangan-34.
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