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Khudaykulov Jonibek Bozarovich, associate professor, head of Plant Science Department, Uzbekistan Tashkent State Agrarian University E-mail: [email protected]
IMPACT OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON VEGETATION PERIOD AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PEANUT VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: This study was conducted in the experiment fields in the Plant Science Department of Tashkent State Agrarian University in 2012-2014. It was determined that the fertilizing rate has a statistically significant effect on pod yield, days to maturity, days to 50% flowering date, number of pods per plant, plant height, shelling percentages, pod yield per plant, and 100-seed weight. The results showed that the suitable fertilizing rate was 150 kg ha-1 for "Salomat" variety and 200 kg ha-1 for the variety of "Mumtoz".
Keywords: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), experiment, statistic, flowering, maturity, seed weight, pods, yield.
Introduction dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. The aims of this study
The cultivated peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), were to determine the most appropriate fertilizing rate for the
originated in South America (Bolivia and adjoining countries) soil-climatic condition of Uzbekistan and to investigate the
and is now grown throughout the tropical and warm temper- effect of different fertilizing rates on some agronomic traits
ate regions of the world [1; 4]. This crop was grown widely by and yield components of 2 local peanut varieties. the native people of the New World at the time of European Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out at
expansion in the sixteenth century and was subsequently taken the experimental station of Tashkent State Agrarian Univer-
to Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands [3; 5]. sity. The experimental station is located near Tashkent, in the
In solving the problem of increasing grain production and upper part of the Chirchik river, Kibray district of the Tash-
solving the protein problem in Uzbekistan, such a valuable kent region, at an altitude of 481 m above sea level, 410 1111
culture as peanuts is of particular importance. Groundnut is northern latitude and 380 3111 east longitude. The terrain of the
the sixth most important oilseed crop in the world. It con- site is uneven, slightly wavy, with a general slope to the Salar
tains 48-50% oil and 26-28% protein, and is a rich source of canal. Irrigation water was pumped from the Bozsu channel.
Table 1 - The soil characteristics of the experimental area
№ Depth (sm) Gross content, % Mobile forms, mg/kg
Humus Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium N-NO3 P2°5 K^O
1. 0-30 0.925 0.083 0.152 1.33 4.8 47.1 180.7
2. 30-50 0.715 0.070 0.134 1.30 3.2 40.3 162.0
The soil of the experimental site is long-irrigated siero-zem, non-saline, with a low content of humus 0.9-0.7%, nitrogen 0.082-0.066%, phosphorus 0.153-0.139%, potassium 1.33-1.30%.
Field and laboratory methods of research, developed by the Uzbek Research Institute of Plant Production, were used. Phonological observations were conducted according to the "Methodology of the State Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops". Statistical processing of data was carried out accord-
Table 2.- The climatic conditions during the growing
ing to B. Dospekhov [2]. Application of organic and mineral fertilizers and necessary agro technics on these soils, enable to obtain the high yields of field crops.
Climatic conditions. The climate of Tashkent region, as well as of Uzbekistan in general, has a sharply continental character. Spring comes early: at the beginning of March, the air temperature rises noticeably, although sometimes a sharp cooling occurs. During this period a significant part of the annual precipitation falls. Summer is long, hot and dry.
season and long years mean (LEM = 1960-2014)
Month Mean temperature (oC) Total rainfall (mm)
Long years mean 2012 2013 2014 Long years mean 2012 2013 2014
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
January 0.2 -0.4 3.7 2.6 62.3 276.2 86.7 92.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
February 2.4 -1.4 4.9 -3.4 74.5 219.7 65.1 38.7
March 8.0 7.2 11.2 8.9 87.8 232.8 132.3 100.4
April 14.8 19.2 14.9 13.7 71.8 58.1 55.8 70.4
May 20.1 21.3 20.9 23.1 39.9 15.7 8 15.2
June 25.4 26.1 26.2 26.8 12.1 40.3 10.7 7
July 27.2 27.7 27 26.3 4.0 28 0 0
August 25.4 27.5 25.6 26.6 2.5 0 1.7 0
September 20 20.6 22.6 20.7 4.8 0 2.9 1
October 13.7 14.5 14.3 12.7 33.4 4.7 16.5 61.4
November 7.4 6.5 8.2 5.2 55.2 83.6 24.8 76.4
December 2.5 1 4.4 3.1 70.2 50.7 91.6 35.4
Average 13.9 14.1 15.3 13.9 518.5 1009.8 496.1 498.3
Sometimes precipitation falls in the month ofJune in the form of rains, but then comes hot and dry weather, usually continuing until late autumn. The maximum air temperature reaches 43 °C in July, sometimes in August.
Results. It was observed that in the years of the experiment, depending on the climatic conditions, field germination period and duration of the field germination of the peanut variety seeds were different. It was established that peanuts are a thermophilic crop. The optimal temperature for the growth and development of this culture is 25-30 °C. At temperatures below 12 °C, no fruit is produced. Usually sprouting of peanuts seeds begins at a temperature of 14-15 °C. In 2012, the variety "Salomat" in the treatment with the use of mineral fertilizers, friendly shoots were formed on April 29-30. After 9-10 days, a friendly growth was observed and, average 50% of plants sprouted.
In the variety "Mumtoz", friendly shoots were observed on May 1-2, and 50% of the plants germinated for 11-12 days.
The phase of flowering, in the variety "Salomat", began 30-32 days after germination, May 30-June 1. It should be noted that the variety "Salomat" is a medium-early variety, therefore, taking into account its biological features, we observed earlier onset of the flowering phase. And in the variety "Mumtoz", the flowering phase began for 37-38 days June 6-7 after germination.
In varieties of peanuts, the difference in the phases of germination was 2-3 days, and in the flowering phase, this difference increased to 6-7 days. The variety "Mumtoz", as its biological characteristic is a late ripe variety, so the flowering phase occurred on June 6-7.
In the control variant, in the "Salomat" and "Mumtoz" varieties, the transition to the phase of bean formation was observed on June 12 and 20. In 2 and 6 variants, where the fertilizer was used in the norm of N100P150K100 kg/ha, the delay in the formation of beans with respect to the control was
observed for 2-3 days; when using the fertilizer in the norm of N200P150K100 kg/ha, in the 4th and 8th variant, the delay in formation beans make of 4 days.
Studies have shown that with increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers leads to later periods of formation of flowers.
In the variety "Salomat", in the control where fertilizers were not used, research over three years showed that the ripeness phase began on September 6-10, and in the variety "Mumtoz" in variant 5 it began on September 20-25.
According to phonological data, the impact of fertilizers norm was considerable on local peanut maturing period. The use of fertilizers was normal N150P150K100 kg / ha and N200P150K100 kg/ha in the variety "Salomat" a phase of full ripeness was observed 4-6 days later, that is, September 10-12, than in the control variant. In the Mumtoz variety, in the control version 5, the ripeness phase began on September 20, the use of fertilizer was normal N150P100K100 kg/ha and N200P150K100 kg/ha, in the 7-8 variant, compared to the 5th variant, the ripeness phase began at 7-8 days later, that is, September 27-28.
When cultivating peanuts, in variants using fertilizers, the effect on yield was observed. The obtained data on fully developed and undeveloped beans (pieces), their ratio (%), yield from one plant (g), peel yield (%), weight of 1000 seeds (g) in the phase of full ripeness, counting plants in the laboratory, Weighing on electronic scales, as well as the calculation of results using by Microsoft Excel are shown in (Table No. 3).
In our experiments, the varieties "Salomat" and "Mumtoz" in the phase of full ripeness, a certain number of plants were collected that were dried under laboratory conditions and the beans were separated from the stalks. In each of the studied varieties of three replications, fully ripened and not ripened number of beans were counted, and their ratio was determined.
Table 3.- Impact of fertilization norms on the development stages of peanut varieties (in account of date and month)
№ Rate of mineral fertilizers, kg/ha Germi-nation Starting of flowering Setting of been (pod) Time of maturity Active(growing) period
"Salomat" variety
1. Control 30.04 01.06 12.06 06.09 129
2. NinnP15nKinn 29.04 30.05 14.06 10.09 134
3. N15nP15nK1nn 29.04 01.06 14.06 10.09 134
4. N2nnP15nKinn 30.04 01.06 16.06 12.09 135
"Mumtoz" variety
5. Control 01.05 06.06 20.06 20.09 142
6. N1nnP15nK1nn 02.05 07.06 23.06 24.09 145
7. N15nP15nKinn 02.05 07.06 25.06 28.09 149
8. N200P150K100 01.05 06.06 25.06 28.09 150
In control, the lowest yield was taken. During the years of and NPK kg/ha. When calculating the ripened and un-
research, the number of ripen and unripen beans was calculated for the "Salomat" variety. It was noted that, on average, 15 beans were formed per plant, 10 of them were ripen and 5 pieces were not ripen, the number of ripened was 68,1%.
In variant 2, when calculating ripe and unripe beans, where fertilizer was used in the norm of N100P150K100 kg/ha, on average 21 bean were formed on one plant. Of these, 15 pieces matured, 5 pieces not mature. This accounted for 74.4% of the ripe beans. The highest index was observed in 3.4 variants with the use of fertilizers in the rate of NPK kg/ha
ripen beans, we obtained the following indicators, relative to the control: 12 and 15 pieces of beans were more formed in variants 3 and 4, and also 11 and 13 pieces more ripe, which was 10,9 and 13% more.
Analyzing table 4, we can draw up the following conclusions, with an increase in the rate of fertilizers, N150P150K100 kg/ha, in 3 and 7 variants of the varieties "Salomat" and "Mumtoz", on average, 27-29 pieces of beans were formed on a single plant, respectively, of which fully matured amounted to 21-22 units, 79.0-77.9%.
Table 4.- Impact of fertilization norms on biometric parameters of peanut varieties (2012-2014)
№ Rate of mineral fertilizers, kg/ha Numbers of nuts per plant, pieces Amount matured nuts, in-% Productivity one plant, in-gr Output of kernel, in-%
Riped Not riped Total
"Salomat" variety
1. Control 10 5 15 68.1 10.71 66.87
2. N P K 1nn 150 1nn 15 5 21 74.4 16.72 69.17
3. N15nP15nK1nn 21 6 27 79.0 20.71 72.70
4. N?nnP15nK1nn 24 6 30 81.1 22.28 75.33
"Mumtoz" variety
5. Control 12 5 17 72.0 10.64 68.43
6. N1nnP15nK1nn 18 6 25 74.4 18.99 70.23
7. N15nP15nK1nn 22 6 29 77.9 22.66 74.30
8. N2nnP150K1nn 26 6 32 82.1 23.92 75.73
When using fertilizer at the norm N200P150K100 kg/ha, the local varieties of peanuts showed the highest biometrics. For example, in the variety "Salomat" with the use of fertilizer in the norm of N200P150K100 kg/ha, 30 peanuts were formed on one plant. beans, of which fully matured amount was 24, 81,1%.
In the variety "Mumtoz", when using fertilizers at the rate of N200P150K100 kg/ha, in variant 8.32 beans were formed on one plant, 26 of them were ripen which amounted to 82, 1%.
We found that the use of nitrogen fertilizers, with a double feeding, affects the growth, development and yield of plants.
However, in the cultivation of peanuts, it was studied that the use of high doses of fertilizers does not always give positive results.
So, when cultivating the variety "Salomat", with a fertilizer rate of N200P150K100 kg/ha, a large amount of vegetative mass was observed, during the full ripeness phase, the soil was over-moistened in September, at the temperature of 20.6-22.7 oC, the first ripe beans sprouted, and this in turn negatively affected the yield.
Table 5.- Impact of fertilization norms on the yield of peanut varieties (dT/ha)
№ Rate of mineral fer- Years On average 3 Extra yield from
tilizers, kg/ha 2012 2013 2014 years fertilizers, dT/ha
"Salomat" variety
1. Control 14.3 12.2 12.7 13.1 -
2. N100P150K100 21.5 19.5 20.1 20.4 7.3
3. N150P150K100 26.7 24.7 25.5 25.6 12.5
4. N?00P150K100 28.3 26.6 27.2 27.4 14.3
NSR05 = dT/ha 0.59 dT/ha 0.64 dT/ha 0.73 dT/ha 0.65 dT/ha
nsr05 = % 2.59% 3.08% 3.41% 3.03%
"Mumtoz" variety
5. Control 13.9 12.8 13.4 13.4 -
6. N P K 100 150 100 24.3 23 23.7 23.7 10.3
7. N150P150K100 29.2 27.7 28.5 28.5 15.1
8. N200P150K100 30.6 29.3 30.2 30.0 16.6
NSR05 = dT/ha 0.54 dT/ha 0.69 dT/ha 0.74 dT/ha 0.66 dT/ha
NSR05 = % 2.20% 2.97% 3.08% 2.75%
Making conclusions that in the cultivation of local varieties "Salomat" and "Mumtoz" we recommend using fertilizer with the norm N150P150K100 kg/ha for the variety "Salomat" and for the variety "Mumtoz" with the norm N200P150K100 kg/ha.
It should be noted that in the cultivation of local varieties of peanuts, it is necessary to take into account factors such as soil fertility, biological characteristics of varieties, climatic conditions, optimal dates, patterns and norms of sowing, irrigation schemes, the rate and periods of application fertilizers, the degree of weed infestation and pests, terms of harvesting, etc. that affect the growth, development and productivity of plants.
In the control, as in the variety "Salomat" and in the variety "Mumtoz", the lowest yield was observed. A three-year research, in the "Salomat" variety, in the control variant, the yield was 13.1 dT/ha, and in the "Mumtoz" variety, the yield was 13.4 dT/ha.
When using fertilizers in the norm of N100P K100 kg/ha, in both variety with respect to the control, the yield increased up to 7.3 and 10.3 dT/ha. With an increase in the rate of fertilizers to N150P150K100 kg/ha the yield were 12.5 and 15.1 dT/ha higher in "Salomat" and "Mumtoz" varieties, respectively, compared to the control
Conclusions. According to the 3 years offield experiments, we came to the following conclusions: increase rate of fertilizers, it does not always lead to positive results. So, when cultivating the "Salomat" variety with the fertilizer rate of N200P150K100 kg/ha, there was an increase in the vegetative mass, high soil moisture, at the air temperature of20.6-22.7 oC, in September, germination of full-grown peanut seeds was observed, and this in it's turn reduced both the yield and quality as well.
In the experiments, the highest yield was observed with the use of fertilizers N200P150K100 kg / ha, for the variety "Salo-mat" it was 27.4 dT/ha and for the variety "Mumtoz" it was 30.0 dT/ha. But it is necessary to take into account that in these varieties during the growing season, the addition of 50 kg of N per hectare reduced the additional yield. For example, the additional yield was slightly decreased in this treatment and estimated to be 1.8 dT/ha, and 1.5 dT/ha in "Salomat" and "Mumtoz" varieties, respectively.
Application the fertilizer norm N200P150K100 kg/ha resulted the lowest value of the additional yield. Based on three years of research, we recommend the use of the most optimal rate of
fertilizers in the standard N150P150K100 kg/ha for the "Salomat"
200P150K100 "
variety and N References:
j kg/ha for the "Mumtoz" variety.
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