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45INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 1 ISSUE 8 UIF-2022: 8.2 | ISSN: 2181-3337
FARG'ONA VODIYSI SUV HAVZALARIDAGI BALIQLAR GELMINTLARI
Eldor Najmiddinov
Farg'ona davlat universiteti, b.f.b.f.d (PhD) Adhamjon Rasujonov
Farg'ona davlat universiteti o'qituvchisi Javohir Rahimov
Farg„ona davlat universiteti talabasi https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7335759 Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqoladagi tadqiqot ishimizning maqsadi Farg'ona vodiysi suv havzalarida ayrim baliqlardagi gelmintlarning turlar tarkibini sistematik jihatdan o'rganish hamda baliqlarni ekstensiv va intensiv zararlashi jarayoninini o'rganishdan iboratdir. 20182019 yillarda olib borilgan tadqiqotlar davomida qorabaliq (Shir mohi - oddiy marinka)(Schizothorax intermedins) 42 dona, kumush tovonbaliq (Carassius
auratusgibelio) - 47 dona, zog'ora baliq (Sazan - Cyprinus carpio) - 68 dona, oq amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella)- 39 dona, miqdorida baliqlari yorib ko'rish usuli orqali tekshirildi. Farg'ona vodiysining suv havzalaridagi baliqlarda 2 tip, 3 ta sinf, 6 ta turkum, 9 ta oila, 9 ta avlodga mansub 9 tur gelmintlar qayd etildi. Ularning 3 tasi sestodalar (Cestoda), 2 tasi trematodalar (Trematoda) va 5 tasi nematodalar (Nematoda) sinfiga tegishlidir.
Kalit so'zlar: sazan, parazitlar, gelmintlar, cestoda, nematoda, trematoda suv havzalari, Farg'ona vodiysi.
РЫБНЫЕ ГЕЛЬМИНТЫ В РЫБНЫХ ВОДОХОМАХ ФЕРГАНСКОЙ ДОЛИНЫ Аннотация. Целью нашей исследовательской работы в данной статье является систематическое изучение видового состава гельминтов у некоторых рыб водоемов Ферганской долины и изучение процесса экстенсивного и интенсивного поражения рыб. За время исследований, проведенных в 2018-2019 гг., черного карася (Schizothorax intermedius) 42 экз., толстолобика (Carassius auratusgibelio) -47 экз., карпа (Cyprinus carpio) - 68 экз., белого амура (Ctenopharyngodon idella) - 39 экз., количество рыбу исследовали методом разделки. В водоемах Ферганской долины у рыб зарегистрировано 9 видов гельминтов, относящихся к 2 видам, 3 классам, 6 семействам, 9 семействам и 9 родам. Из них 3 относятся к классу цестод (Cestoda), 2 — к трематодам (Trematoda) и 5 — к нематодам (Nematoda).
Ключевые слова: карп, паразиты, гельминты, цестоды, нематоды, трематодные водоемы, Ферганская долина.
FISH HELMINTHS IN THE FISH WATERS OF THE FERGANA VALLEY Abstract. The purpose of our research work in this article is a systematic study of the species composition of helminths in some fish of the reservoirs of the Ferghana Valley and the study of the process of extensive and intensive damage to fish. During the research conducted in 2018-2019, black carp (Schizothorax intermedius) 42 specimens, silver carp (Carassius auratusgibelio) - 47 specimens, carp (Cyprinus carpio) - 68 specimens, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) - 39 specimens, the number of fish was studied by cutting. 9 species of helminths belonging to 2 species, 3 classes, 6 families, 9 families and 9 genera have been registered in the reservoirs of the Fergana Valley in fish. Of these, 3 belong to the class of cestodes (Cestoda), 2 - to trematodes (Trematoda) and 5 - to nematodes (Nematoda).
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Keywords: carp, parasites, helminths, cestodes, nematodes, trematode reservoirs, Ferghana Valley.
KIRISH
O'zbekistonning hayvonot dunyosi o'ziga xos, boy va turli-tumandir. Respublikamiz faunasining asosiy o'rinlaridan birini baliqlar tashkil etib, ularning 80 dan ortiq turi (baliqchilik xo'jaliklardan tashqari) suv havzalarida qayd qilingan. Baliqlarning ba'zi turlari (Orol shim balig'i, soxta kurakburunlar, parrak, cho'rtan-marka va boshqalar) noyob bo'lib, faqatgina O'rta Osiyo suv havzlarida uchraydi. Mazkur baliq turlarining ko'pchiligi hisobiga O'zbekiston ixtiofaunasining tarkibi XX asrning ikkinchi yarmida boyitildi. Ularning ba'zi birlari (do'ngpeshona, oq amur, pelyad, sevan foreli va boshqalar) maxsus iqlimlashtirilgan turlar bo'lib, boshqalari esa (buqabaliqlar, amur chebakchasi, Amur ilonboshi va boshqalar) bizning suv havzalarimizga tasodifan iqlimlashib kelgan turlardir (Mirabullayev i dr., 2019). Ba'zi mulliflar Farg'ona vodiysining turli toifa suv xavzalaridagi baliqlarning 11 ta oilaga tegishli 26 turini ko'rsatib o'tganlar (Abdinazarov, Mirabdullayev, 2015).
TADQIQOT MATERIALLARI VA METODOLOGIYASI
Sirdaryoda yashovchi baliq parazitlari haqidagi dastlabki ma'lumotlar XX asrning o'rtalarida ilmiy matbuotda paydo bo'ldi (Agapova, 1966). Bir qator mualliflarning tadqiqot materiallari bo'yicha (Osmanov, 1971; Kurbanova, 2002; Karimov, 2007; Safarova, 2017) Sirdaryoning quyi va o'rta oqimi turli toifa suv havzalarida baliqlar parazitlarining 35 tadan 128 tagacha turlari qayd etilgan. Umumlashtirilgan ma'lumotlar S.O.Osmanovning (1971) ishlarida taqdim etilgan. Faunistik materiallar asosida Sirdaryo suv havzalarida 118 tur parazitlar qayd etilgan bo'lib, ularning 40 tasi sodda hayvonlarga, 52 tasi monogeneyalarga, 11 tasi sestodalarga, 5 tasi nematodalarga, 4 tasi akantotsefalalarga, 1 tasi zuluklarga va 5 tasi qisqichbaqalarga tegishli ekanligi aniqlagan. S.B.Karimov (2007) ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Farg'ona vodiysi suv havzalarida o'tkazgan tadqiqotlari natijasida, baliqlarda turli xil sistematik guruhlarga mansub 115 tur parazitlar qayd etilib, shulardan 19 tur miksosporidiyalarga, 2 tur tripanosomalarga, 1 tur koksidiyalarga, 10 tur kipriklilarga, 47 tur monogeneyalarga, 10 tur sestodalarga, 7 tur trematodalarga, 8 tur nematodalarga, 3 tur tikanboshlilarga, 2 tur zuluklarga va 6 tur qisqichbaqasimonlarga taalluqli deb qayd etilgan. Shuni ham ta'kidlash kerakki, ayni muallifning tadqiqotlari asosan Farg'ona vodiysining Shimoliy Tojikistonga tegishli (ya'ni O'zbekistonga bevosita chegaradosh suv havzalari) xududida amalga oshirilgan.
Baliqchilik sohasini rivojlanishga jiddiy to'siq bo'layotgan baliqlarning parazitar kasalliklarini, shu jumladan, gelmintlar bilan zararlanganlik darajasini o'rganish, tur tarkibini zamonaviy tadqiqot usullari asosida aniqlash hamda epizootik ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan turlarni ko'payib ketishining oldini olish chora tadbirlarini ishlab chiqish bugungi kunning dolzarb talablaridan biridir.
Ushbu maqoladagi tadqiqot ishimizning maqsadi Farg'ona vodiysi suv havzalarida ayrim baliqlardagi gelmintlarningturlar tarkibini sistematik jihatdan o'rganish hamda baliqlarni ekstensiv va intensiv zararlashi jarayoninini o'rganishdan iboratdir.
TADQIQOT NATIJALARI
2018-2019 yillarda olib borilgan tadqiqotlar davomida, Sirdaryoning yuqori oqimi, Farg'ona viloyatining Dang'ara va Beshariq tumani baliqchilik xo'jaliklari, shuningdek, viloyatning janubiy suv oqimlari, ya'ni Isfayramsoy, Sux, Shoximardonsoy,Naymansoy
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daryolari, Katta Farg'ona kanali, Janubiy Farg'ona kanali, Katta Andijon kanali,Shimoliy Bog'dod (Rishtonobod) kollektorida tarqalgan baliqlardan gelmintologik material namunalari yig'ildi. Shu jumladan, Qorabaliq (Shir mohi - oddiy marinka)(Schizothorax intermedius) 42 dona, Kumush tovonbaliq (Carassius auratusgibelio) - 47 dona, zog'ora baliq ( Sazan - Cyprinus carpio) - 68 dona, Oq amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella)- 39 dona, miqdorida baliqlari yorib ko'rish usuli orqali tekshirildi (Bixovskaya-Pavlovskaya, 1985). Turlarni aniqlashda «Opredelitel parazitov presnovodnix rib fauni SSSR» va boshqa mualliflarning monografiyalaridan foydalanildi (Osmanov, 1971; Delyamure i dr., 1985) va boshqalar.
MUHOKAMA
Olib borilgan dastlabki tadqiqotlar va adabiyotda keltiriligan ma'lumotlar bo'yicha Farg'ona vodiysining suv havzalaridagi baliqlarda 2 tip, 3 ta sinf, 6 ta turkum, 9 ta oila, 9 ta avlodga mansub 9 tur gelmintlar qayd etildi. Ularning 3 tasi sestodalar (Cestoda), 2 tasi trematodalar (Trematoda) va 5 tasi nematodalar (Nematoda) sinfiga tegishlidir.
Plathelminthes Schneider, 1873 tipi
Cestoda Rudolphi, 1808 sinfi
Caryophyllida van Beneden in Carus, 1863 turkumi
Caryophyllaeidae Leuckart, 1878 oilasi
KhawiaHsü, 1935 avlodi
1. Khawia sinensis Hsü, 1935 Sirdaryo va Sariqsuv kolektoring quyilish joyida oq amur balig'ini ichagidan topib aniqlanib, IE -2.3%, II -1-5 nusxani tashkil etdi.
Pseudophyllida Carus, 1863 turkumi Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 oilasi Bathybothrium Lühe, 1902 avlodi
2. Bathybothrium rectangulum Bloch, 1782 turi Isfayramsoy va Naymansoylaridagi qorabaliq (oddiy marinka) ichagida topilib, IE -3,1%, II 1-11 nusxani tashkil etdi.
Ligulidae Claus, 1885 oilasi LigulaBloch, 1782 avlodi
3. LigulaintestinalisLinnaeus, 1758 larvae Beshariq tumani "O'rinboy" baliqchilik xo'jaligida do'ngpeshona baliqlarning tana bo'shlig'idan aniqlanib, IE -23,7 %, II -3-38 nusxani tashkil etdi.
Plathelminthes Schneider, 1873 tipi Trematoda Rudolphi, 1808 sinfi SanguinicolidaOdening, 1960 Turkumi SanguinicolidaeGraff, 1907 oilasi SanguinicolaPlehn, 1905 avlodi
4. Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905, Sirdaryo daryosining yuqori oqimi va unga tutash suv xavzalaridagi do'ngpeshona balig'ining qon aylanish tizimida topilgan bo'lib, IE -1,6%, II -1-6 nusxani tashkil etdi.
OrientocreadiidaeSkrjabinetKowal, 1960 oilasi Orientocreadium Tubangui, 1931 avlodi
5. Orientocreadium siluri Bychowsky et Dubinina, 1954, Isfayramsoy, So'x, Shoximardonsoy, Naymansoylarida qorabaliq (oddiy marinka)larning ichagida aniqlanib, IE -1,1%, II 1-4 nusxani tashkil etdi.
Nemathelminthes Schneider, 1866 tipi
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Nematoda Rudolphi, 1808 sinfi Dioctophymida Skrjabin, 1927 turkumi Dioctophymidae Railliet, 1915 oilasi DioctophymeCollet-Meygret, 1802 avlodi
6. DioctophymerenaleGoeze, 1782 larvae Farg'ona vodiysining janubidagi Isfayramsoy, Sux, Shoximardonsoy daryolaridagi qora baliq (oddiy marinka)larning ichagida aniqlanib, IE -1,7 %, II -1-11 nusxanini tashkil etdi.
Spirurida Chitwood, 1933 turkumi Rhabdochonidae Skrjabin, 1946 oilasi Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 q
7. Rhabdochona denudata Dujardin, 1845 Sirdaryo irmoqlaridan qora baliq (oddiy marinka) va do'ngpeshona baliqlari ichagida aniqlanib, EI -1,2%, II -1-6 nus. ni tashkil etdi.
Ascaridida Skrjabin et Schulz, 1940 turkumi Anisakidae Skrjabin et Karokhin, 1945 oilasi RaphidascarisRaillietetHenry, 1915 avlodi
8. RaphidascarisacusBloch, 1779 larvae "Abdurasulov Davron fayz", "O'rinbek" baliqchilik xo'jaliklaridagi zog'ora, do'ngpeshona va kumushtovonbalig'ining ichagi va qorin bo'shlig'ida aniqlanib, IE -3,1%, II 1-19 nusxani tashkil etdi.
Echinorhynchidae Cobbold, 1879 oilasi Acanthocephalus Kaelrouther, 1771 avlodi
9. Acanthocephalus lucii Müller, 1776 Sirdaryoga qo'yilish kollektorlaridan tutilganzog'ora balig'ining ichagida aniqlanib, IE - 0,8%, II -1-8 nusxani tashkil etdi.
XULOSA
Sirdaryoning yuqori oqimi va unga tutash suv xavzalari, Farg'ona viloyati Isfayramsoy, Sux, Shoximardonsoy, Naymansoy daryolari, shuningdek, Katta Farg'ona kanali , Janubiy Farg'ona kanali, Katta Andijon kanali, Shimoliy Bog'dod (Rishtonobod) kollektoriva baliqchilik xo'jaliklaridan tutilgan baliqlardan 19 tur gelmintlar qayd etilib, ular quyidagi sistematik guruhlarga: sestodalar bilan zararlanish darajasi o'rtacha IE -11,8%, II -1-17 nusxada, trematodalar -IE -1,8%, II -1-5 nusxada, nematodalar - IE -1,8%, II -1-10 nusxada va akantotsefallar - IE -1.2%, II -1-6 nusxada zarlanganligi aniqlandi.
Kelajakda ayni yo'nalishdagi tadqiqotlarda, endemik gelmintlarning biologiyasi va polimorf turlarning molekulyar taksonomiyasi hamda epizootik ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan baliq gelmintozlarining oldini olish chora tadbirlariga oid ishlarni amalga oshirish muhimdir.
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