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0ИСТОРИЯ И ЭТНОГРАФИЯ ТАТАРСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
СИБИРИ
DOI: 10.24412/cl-37095-2024-1 -259-263
Бекирова О. В.
кандидат филологических наук, Научно-исследовательский институт крымскотатарской филологии, истории и культуры этносов Крыма ГБОУВО РК КИПУ, ведущий сотрудник, г. Симферополь
FACULTY OF THE TATAR LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST: ESTABLISHING PREREQUISITES AND REASONS FOR CLOSING
Ключевые слова: татарский язык и литература, Румыния, Бухарестский университет, эмигрантская среда.
Аннотация. В статье анализируются языковая ситуация в среде татарских эмигрантов, проживающих на территории Румынии на протяжении нескольких столетий. Изучаются предпосылки возникновения факультета татарского языка и литературы при Бухарестском университете в конце XX столетия, даётся оценка деятельности преподавательского состава, определяются основные причины закрытия.
In order to weaken the influence of capitalist Turkey on the Turkic-speaking population of Romania, there was a clear tendency to put a border between the Turkic and Tatar population of Dobruja, which was part of the Eastern bloc of socialist countries in the middle of the twentieth century. Initially, both Turks and Dobruja Tatars were educated in the same schools, gymnasiums, lyceums and madrasah. Educational literature was published in Turkey, since 1949, ethnic minorities had the opportunity to study in their native language [2, p. 141].
This event caused unrest and expressions of discontent among intellectuals, who understood that the main goal of the reform was to divide the related Turkic population
and reduce the influence of Istanbul on the tartar diaspora in Romania. Moreover, in this case, the risk of disintegration and assimilation only increased - national schools were closed in regions with a small number of Turkic-speaking population.
In 1956-1959, the Ministry of Education and the Institute of Linguistics began to develop a new standard alphabet for the Romanian Tatars [4, p. 8]. The alphabet was based on the Latin alphabet and was deliberately different from Turkish one. Since then, the new alphabet was adopted as a basis for teaching the tartar language at secondary schools.
Fictitious support for national minorities was aimed at promoting romanianiza-tion. By 1959, thirty five tartar schools had already been closed [2, p. 141]. Historian Dr. Nilgun Ismail, a descendant of Crimean emigrants who fled Bakhchisarai during the Russian-Turkish wars, noted that the Faculty of Tatar Language and Literature, founded at the University of Bucharest, existed for only about 10 years, until 1972, despite to great interest from applicants [4, p. 8].
However, in the 70s, situation with the language got worse significantly. Professor Cemil Tasin named urbanization as one of the reasons for the deep penetration of the Romanian language into the tartar family: resettlement from villages to large cities and multi-storey buildings guaranteed totally different life in a hostile environment, where people, radio, television and teachers at school spoke exclusively Romanian [8, p. 91].
The importance of this faculty cannot be overestimated. Studying the native language not only at the everyday level, developing language skills, expanding vocabulary and introducing highly artistic national literature in emigration conditions - all this was a primary task. The opportunity to receive higher education in their native language opened up completely new horizons and prospects for talented representatives of the literary world. The people not interested in literature felt unstoppable desire to create and write.
The faculty has graduated graduates for four times. The first lecturer of the faculty was Enver Mamut. After 1977, the specialty «Tatar language and literature» was abolished, although the discipline continued to be taught in a free, optional form. It was
taught by teachers of the Turkish department (in particular, Nevzat Yusuf) or the original teaching staff upon request and necessity.
The theory of language was studied comprehensively and in depth, including the study of historical grammar and dialectology. The literature course included the study of folklore (teachers - Nedret Mamut, Shukuran Vuap-Mocanu).
The number of students varied from seven to ten, and the duration of study was five years. As noted by Professor Ismail Kerimov in the article «Bucharest Universityinde kyrymtatar tili bolyuginin kyyskya tarihi» («Brief history of the Department of the Crimean Tatar language of the University of Bucharest»), there was serious competition among applicants. In 1965, for example, more than 30 applications for one position submitted there application forms and expressed desire to study at the faculty [1].
Funding and material support for the faculty remained unsuitable. Educational materials were developed and printed primarily by teachers. During the existence of the faculty, seven textbooks and dictionaries were published.
Abdula Kerim published «Curs Practic de Limba Tatara» («Practical course of the Tatar language», printing house of the University of Bucharest, 1973) and «Diceionar Roman-Tatar §i Tatar-Roman» («Romanian-Tatar and Tatar-Romanian dictionary», printing house of the Bucharest University, 1974).
Abdula Kerim: «Curs Practic de Limba Tatara» («Practical course of the Tatar language», printing house of the University of Bucharest, 1973) and «Diceionar Roman-Tatar §i Tatar-Roman» («Romanian-Tatar and Tatar-Romanian dictionary», printing house of the Bucharest University, 1974).
Enver Mamut: «Curs General de Limba Tatara. Fonetica si Fonologie. Morfol-ogie» («General Course of the Tatar Language. Phonetics and Phonology. Morphol-ogy», Printing House of the University of Bucharest, 1975); «Folclor Tataresc si Turcesc din Dobrogea in Perspectiva Comparata» («Tatar and Turkish folklore of Do-bruja in comparison», Printing House of the University of Bucharest, 1975); «Graiurile Tataresti din Dobrogea» («Dialects in Dobrogea», University of Bucharest Printing House, 1976); «Limba Tatara» («Tatar language», printing house of the University of Bucharest, 1978).
Shukuran Mocanu: «Curs Practic de Limba Tätarä» («Practical Course of the Tatar Language», Printing House of the University of Bucharest, 1977).
The teaching staff of the faculty also published in scientific journals a number of articles on the language and literature of the tartars of Dobruja.
Most of the teachers of the tartar language and literature at the University of Bucharest were graduates of the Faculty of History and Philology of the Kazan State University (now Tatarstan). Among them were Kerim Abdullah, Enver Mamut, Nedret Mamut and Shukuran Vuap-Mocanu. These teachers with great desire participated in the cultural life of the country and protected the interests of their native language.
For example, Enver Mamut, Nedret Mamut and Shukuran Vuap-Mocanu took part in radio and television programs, published there articles in magazines in Romanian, edited tartar publications in Romania («Luceafärul», «Tomis», «Renkler», «Ka-radeniz», «Ca§ «) and Turkey («Yeni Dü§ünce», «Folklor Dergisi», «Milli Kültür», «Tarla», «Ana», «Yri As», «Türk Kültürü»).
Список источников и литературы
1. Керим И. А. Бухарест университетинде къырымтатар тили болюгининъ къыскъа тарихи [Электронный ресурс] / Режим доступа: tatkonvolut.at.ua/publ/folklor/kerim_i_a_bukharest_universitetinde_kyrymtatar_ tili_boljuginin_ kyska_tarikhi/10-1-0-100 (дата обращения: 20.02.2024).
2. Сейдаметов Э. Х. Тенденции развития образования на тюркских языках в коммунистической Румынии / Э. Х. Сейдаметов // Культура народов Причерноморья, 2013. - № 258. - С. 140-142.
3. Ilie Claudia. Situatia demografica a tatarilor din medgidia (1856-1913) / Claudia Ilie // Ca§. - January 2016. - S. 25.
4. Ismail N. Historical and demographic evolution of the Crimean-Tatars ethnic minority of Romania / Nilghiun Ismail // Romänäii §i popoarele Balcanice confluence istorico-geografice. - Editura etnologicä, 2017. - P. 1-9.
5. Ismail N. Romanian Tatar language communication in the multicultural space / Nilghiun Ismail // Proceedings of the International conference «Actual Issues of
the modern Mongolian and Altaic studies, dedicated to Professor Ph.D., V.I. Ras-sadin, to his 75 years anniversary and 55 years of scientific work». - Elista State University Publishing House, November 2014. - P. 41-53.
6. Kerim Altay. Tatarca-turkfe-romence sozlik / A. Kerim, L. Kerim. - Bucuresti: Kriterion, 1996. - 479 s.
7. Kerim Altay. Tatarca-turkfe-romence sozlik / A. Kerim, L. Kerim. - Bucuresti: Kriterion, 1996. - 479 s.
8. Tasin Gemil. Present-day identity issues in the Tatar community from Dobrudja / G. Tasin // Studia et documenta turcologica. - Cluj-Napoca, 2016. - № 3-4 / 2015-2016. - C. 87-97.
