CC BY
8
DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-1-27-33
Factors, which form the level of functional readiness of students-volleyball players (by the example of physical working capacity)
Aleksey I. Kardashevskiy*, Gagik OAslanyan, Sergey A.Gavrilov
Samara State Technical University Samara, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-7066-3676, Aik1780@yandex.ru* ORCID: 0000-0002-6564-9607 ORCID: 0000-0003-4658-9669
Abstract: The article considers results summarizing and analysis connected with preliminary examination of students' (volleyball players) readiness. It helped to reveal the factors, which form their functional readiness. Among the factors the leading position belongs to physical working capacity and aerobic productivity. Research methods and materials. We used the following methods: scientific-methodical sources results and the results of functional indices (physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption) preliminary study analysis and comparison. Students-volleyball players took part in physical working capacity level diagnostics and estimation. The respondents were from the combined team of a higher educational establishment. In order to reveal physical working capacity we used testing at bicycle ergometer with two loads, taking into account body weight of students-volleyball players. Results. We revealed the factors, which provide different level of students-volleyball players' functional readiness formation to realize physical loads of different volume. We defined a wide range of relative values of physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption. They characterize the level of organism adaptation to physical loads. The factors, grouped as the conditions of functional readiness development, characterize general and special working capacity, functional indices, physical and mental working capacity increase, psycho-emotional state improvement, psychological status resistance increase to stress and extreme competitive situations and conditions. Conclusion. Physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption among volleyball players-beginners is lower, than among students-volleyball players. They have the experience and are included into the combined team of a higher educational establishment. The load at a bicycle ergometer can become a diagnostic instrument for functional readiness of students-volleyball players' estimation. The index of special readiness estimation, the same as physical working capacity index, helps to estimate the adaptation of students-volleyball players to physical loads. Their functional abilities are demonstrated in a way that they help to diagnose weak sides of adaptation.
Keywords: volleyball players, factors, formation, functional training, оценка, physical working capacity.
For citation: Aleksey I. Kardashevskiy*, Gagik О.Aslanyan, Sergey А.Gavrilov. Factors, which form the
level of functional readiness of students-volleyball players (by the example of physical working capacity).
Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(1): 23-27. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-
1-27-33.
Introduction
Volleyball, as a game activity, becomes more popular among students each year. Combined teams are created and competitions between higher educational establishments are held. The need for the players with high level of physical and functional readiness increases in terms of the level of students' physical health and motor potential decrease. In this connection physical and functional training of students during the lessons is still urgent. During recent years we clearly realize that it is necessary
to increase the effectiveness of physical training among students. They are involved into physical culture and sports activity. Their final aim is to achieve high level of functional readiness and the need for regular sport classes [1,2,3,5,6].
The specialists, characterizing the process of training in games, in general underline the necessity to realize specially organized process of upbringing, education, development the whole year, increasing functional abilities of the athletes [4,5,8,9,10,11]. It is a well-known fact that the training process in sport
games is directed toward technical development formation and physiological cardiovascular and neuromuscular system training [4]. In the works of the specialists we also revealed technical and physical readiness decrease among students because of regular training classes absence. Taking part in volleyball competitions from time to time doesn't solve the problem of students' functional training. It is necessary to organize regular and systematic training for the team of a higher educational establishment involving active and athletic students. In this connection it is reasonable enough to reveal the factors, which form the level of functional readiness of students-volleyball players by the example of the dynamics study of physical working capacity and its components. We take into account the fact that nowadays there is no one unique opinion of the specialists concerning "functional readiness" or "functional state" notion determination. In the opinion of sports physiologists, functional state or functional readiness considers the resources of energy supply of muscle activity and a coordinated work of cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Functional readiness can be considered as wider characteristic of an organism state under the influence of physical loads. On which the effectiveness of motor activity depends. In our example we consider functional readiness of students on the basis of physical working capacity indices.
I.A. Igrasheva in her works, connected with mini-football means use, considers the significance of sports games for an effective functional activity and students' physical working capacity formation at higher educational establishments [7].
Materials and methods
In our research work we used the following methods: scientific-methodical sources results and the results of functional indices (physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption) preliminary study analysis and comparison. We revealed the factors. They define and form the level of functional readiness demonstration among student-volleyball players and the algorithm of this state diagnostics. Students-volleyball player took part in physical working capacity level
diagnostics and estimation. The respondents were from the combined team of a higher educational establishment. In order to reveal physical working capacity we used testing at bicycle ergometer with two loads, taking into account body weight of students-volleyball players. For this purpose we gave two loads of different power (1W and 2W for kg of weight) with the interval of rest between the loads of a moderate and great power. Physical load was given at bicycle ergometer ("Kettler") with pedals regulation depending on the height of respondents.
During the functional test in order to define physical working capacity of students we used the following formula:
PWC170 = JV1 -I- (JV2 - iVl)
, where
N2 and N1 - power of the 1st and the 2nd load in kg/m/min;
f2 and fi - heart rate at the end of the 1st and the 2nd loads. The value of the test РWC and
170
the value of MOC (maximum oxygen consumption) characterize a person's PW^ , and there is connection between them .
Relative indices of physical development and maximum oxygen consumption were defined by means of absolute indices division by students' weight.
Results and Discussion
The held research work among studentsvolleyball players helped to reveal the factors. They characterize the level of their functional readiness. Among revealed by us factors the functional state and reserve capacities of an organism took the first place as the conditions of general and special physical working capacity demonstration. The group of factors, which characterize physical development, somatic and biological maturity of students taking into account their motor activity, are the leading ones in morphofunctional status determination.
We are interested in the group of factors, which characterize functional readiness of studentsvolleyball players and depend on the specificity of the game activity. The training volleyball lessons were held 4 times a week in terms of combined volleyball team training. In this connection the main factor in training the team was methodical basis broadening
in the training classes organization, the regimen of training formation, taking into account the volume and intensity of physical loads values in accordance with the level of physical qualities and psycho-physical tension development. The conditions of raining classes organization among students were defined in accordance with educational process. Games were planned on week end.
Taking into account the research works of the specialists in sport games we revealed and grouped the factors, which form functional readiness of students. They are involved into volleyball and who are the members of the combined team of a higher educational establishment since the 1st till the 3rd courses.
The first factor is considered as taking into account the age and the level of physical readiness of students, where physical state, the level of general and special working capacity take the leading place.
The second factor is grouped as the specific physical factors, acceptable in sport games. Taking into consideration the specific physical qualities, physical readiness, sports qualification, progress and motivation of students we formed the algorithm of sports training.
The third factor is grouped by us as methodical basis of the training process organization and planning. There we included the regimen of training classes, the volume and intensity of physical loads, the ratio of different means, calendar of competitions and other things. They characterize social security of students-volleyball players.
The fourth factor was grouped as functional readiness development. There the main was general and special working capacity increase, functional indices increase (physical working capacity, maximum oxygen consumption), physical and mental working capacity and psycho-emotional state improvement, psychic status resistance increase to stress and extreme competition situations and conditions.
All mentioned above factors demand constant students' functional state initial level diagnostics and monitoring. They can become a condition of an effective functional abilities of an organism estimation. Timely made decision concerning training improvement among students-
volleyball players demands taking into account the training plan realization. It helps to individualize the training regimen, the procedure of rehabilitation, means of medical-biological supply correction in case of diseases and injuries.
In order to substantiate the factor, which forms functional readiness, we analyzed students' physical working capacity indices. The observation was held among the students of the 1st, 2nd and the 3rd courses of a higher educational establishment. They were systematically involved into volleyball. The research works showed that among the students there are tall people till 187-196 cm, with sports experience of 6-7 years. According to technical indices and morphofunctional status some volleyball players corresponded with the level of candidate master of sport. We also underline high indices of muscle mass and time of motor reaction.
Physical working capacity estimation among students-volleyball players was organized at bicycle ergometer, where we revealed the indices of some athletes. They are demonstrated as low, average and high ones. It proves inhomogeneity of the sampling according to the level of functional readiness demonstration. It is known that the reaction to a physical load is estimated according to the power, duration and heart rate (HR). According to HR indices we can define heart work economization. Testing at a bicycle ergometer among studentsvolleyball players showed high level of physical working capacity in the dynamics of one mesocycle. It is proved as the factor of functional readiness formation.
Table 1 presents physical working capacity and functional state indices. They are characterized by the indices of maximum oxygen consumption in relative values of students-volleyball players, received in three macrocycles of sports training.
Table 1
Physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption indices in relative values of students-volleyball players of the ist-3rd courses, with the experience of 4-6 years
№ Indices Year of studv of students-vollevhall nla vers
1 course 2 course 3 course
1 PWC170 kgm/min/kg 15,3-17,0 17,2-18,7 18,8-19,2
2 MOC, ml/min/kg 43,8-45,9 46,9-49,0 50,7-52,3
Table 1 shows that the range of physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption indices oscillation is broadened because of the difference in athletes' weight. We see the downrange of indices oscillations among the 3rd course students. It proved functional capacities of an organism broadening during systematic training classes. It means that students-volleyball players get sufficient level of functional loads in different zones of intensity.
Table 2 presents the range of physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption indices oscillation among students-volleyball players of a low and the average level of functional readiness.
Table 2
Physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption indices in relative values of students-volleyball players with the experience of training less than 1 year
№ Indices Year of studv of students-vollevhall nla vers
1 course 2 course 3 course
1 PWC170, kgm/min/kg 14,3-18,0 15,2-18,7 16,8-18,2
2 MOC, ml/min/kg 42,8-46,9 45,9-50,0 48,3-51,0
We see a wide range of functional capacities indices oscillation. It proves insufficient physical loads. They develop different mechanisms of muscle activity energy supply among studentsvolleyball players, who start regular classes. In the first group of students-volleyball players the system of energy supply improves owing to wavelike physical loads volume and intensity change. In the group of students-volleyball players, who start systematic classes, we see insufficient volume of aerobic and mixed loads. Taking into account the presented indices in different ranges of oscillations helps to estimate the working capacity, aerobic and anaerobic capacities and indices of cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems among studentsvolleyball players. It is the instrument of control over high level of functional readiness formation.
Conclusion
Thus, physical working capacity and maximum oxygen consumption among volleyball players-beginners is lower, than among studentsvolleyball players, who have the experience and are included into the combined team of a higher
educational establishment. The load at a bicycle ergometer can become a diagnostic instrument for functional readiness of students-volleyball players' estimation, for the level of their functional capacities estimation and also the condition of the training effects correction.
The main factor, which forms an effective increase of sportsmanship and competitive activity success among students-volleyball players, is physical working capacity monitoring. It helps to form a high level of functional readiness. In general physical working capacity indices help to estimate the adaptation level of an organism to physical loads among students-volleyball players, providing weak points of adaptation diagnostics.
References
1. Balsevich V.K. Motor potential development of a person. Fizioterapiya, balneoterapiya, I reabilitaciya. 2003; 5: 35-36 [In Russ.].
2. Belousko D.V., Prostikhina N.M. Outdoor games as an effective means of physical upbringing of students. Fizicheskaya kul'tura, sport I zdorov'e. 2013; 22:18-20 [In Russ.]
3. Bulich E.G., Muravov I.V. Zdorov'e cheloveka: biologicheskaya osnova
zhiznedeyatel'nosti I dvigatel'naya aktivnost' v ee stimulyacii [A person's health: biological basis of life and motor activity in its stimulation]. K.: The Olympic literature. 2003:424 [In Russ.].
4. Vysochin Yu.V., Denisenko Yu.P. Modern notions of physiological mechanisms of an urgent adaptation of athletes' organism to physical loads influence. Teoriya I praktika fizicheskoj kul'tury = Theory and practice of physical culture. 2002; 7: 28-30 [In Russ.].
5. GlazyrinaA.A., Shotski P.P. Methodological approaches to the problem of a person's motor potential preservation and rehabilitation. Sbornik materialov XI Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii "Fizicheskokaya kul'tura, sport I turizm: dostizheniya teorii I pratiki na sovremennom etape, 15-16 noyabrya 2019 goda" [Collection of the materials of the XI International scientific-practical conference «Physical culture, sport and tourism: achievements of the theory and practice at a present stage», November, 15-16, 2019]. Minsk. 2019: 52-54 [In Russ.].
6. Zhuravskaya N.V., Asmolov I.Yu. Motor activity of students: present state and potential of development. Tsarsko-sel'skie chteniya. 2011; 3: 296-300 [In Russ.]
7. Irgasheva I.A. About the possibilities
of motivation formation among the students to physical culture and sport classes on the basis of "Mini-football introduction into higher educational establishments" program realization. Psihologiya I pedagogika: metodika I problem prakticheskogo primeneniya. 2014; 35-2: 149-153 [In Russ.].
8. Marinskikh S.G. Adaptive potential estimation among students with different level of motor activity. Fundamentalnye issledovaniya. 2007; 5:47-49 [In Russ.].
9. Mutaeva I.Sh., Kuznetsov A.S., Konovalov I.E., Khalokov G.Z. Estimation of functional readiness among athletes, who train endurance. Fundamental'nye issledovaniya. 2013; 6(2): 440444 [In Russ.].
10. Kuznetsova Z., Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I., Khalikov G., Zakharova A. Athletes preparation based on a complex assessment of functional state. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology support. SCITEPRESS. 2015: 156-160.
11. Abdrakhmanova A.S., Mavliev F.A., Nazarenko A.S. Fitness assessment of fencers on the basis of comprehensive functional testing. Science and sport: current trends. 2021; 9(2): 12-21. DOI: 10.36028/2308-8826-2021-9-2-12-21 [In Russ.].
Submitted: 12.02.2022 Author's information:
Aleksey I. Kardashevskiy - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Samara State Technical University, 443100, Russia, Samara, Molodogvardejskaya str., House 244, e-mail: aik1780@yandex.ru Gagik O. Aslanyan - Senior Lecturer, Samara State Technical University, 443100, Russia, Samara, Molodogvardejskaya str., House 244, e-mail: Aslanyan gagik@bk.ru
Sergey A. Gavrilov - Senior Lecturer, Samara State Technical University, 443100, Russia, Samara, Molodogvardejskaya str., House 244, e-mail: pro922pro@mail.ru
