CC BY
14Murod ABULKASIMOV
Tashkent Financial Institute independent researcher
FACTORS OF INDIVIDUAL ECONOMIC SECURITY IN THE REPUBLIC
OF UZBEKISTAN
Relevance of the research theme. Nowadays market economy, human security and its provision have become a topical issue with specific features. The protection of a person's needs and interests from factors negatively affecting them and hindering their realization is called personal security. An individual's economic security is also crucial because it is directly related to each person's life, conditions and standard of living, quality, employment, education and health services, as well as housing.
The aim of the study is to clarify the concept of economic security of the individuals and the nature of threats to it, and to develop proposals based on the analysis of public policy in ensuring economic security of the individuals in Uzbekistan.
Research methods. The article uses scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, logical, comparative, and economic-statistical analysis.
The human security concept was introduced by the famous Pakistani scholar Mahbub ul-Haq, and it was defined as "free from need" and "free from fear" and "protection from hunger, disease and depression, protection from unexpected and catastrophic events in normal life, that is, at home, at work, or in society" (UNDP, Human Development Report, 1994). According to the UNDP definition, human security means "freedom from need", "freedom from fear," and "living with dignity" and based on them, along with security risks, it focuses on development and respect for human rights.
Economic security of the individual means the protection of his vital interests, namely the rights to life and personal privacy, freedom to work, entrepreneurial activity, ownership, subsistence, health, education and occupation, and social security in old age. The human security includes protection from infringements on his life, health, freedom and personal privacy, dignity, honor and reputation, and property [1].
In our view, the economic security of the individual is freedom to work, entrepreneurial activity, ownership, the provision of basic necessities (services), quality education and health care, strong social protection by the state. Therefore, in our opinion, the economic security of the individual, as an economic category, representing the socio-economic relations that arise among people in the process of ensuring the social protection and social development of the individual, creating a guaranteed protection state of his vital interests.
Setting socially wrong goals, violence, discrimination, restrictions on freedoms and rights, being a victim of extortion and fraud, unemployment, poverty, deterioration of working conditions, lack of knowledge and skills, diseases are threats to individual economic security. External threats to individual economic security arise from the deterioration of the socioeconomic and political situation in the country, natural disasters, epidemics, and emergencies. The most dangerous threat is when a person becomes poor under the influence of internal and external threats.
In his address to the Oliy Majlis on January 24, 2020, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev stated that, according to various estimates, the poor population in the country was around 12-15%, that is, 4-5 million people [2].
The state plays a key role in the mechanism of ensuring individual economic security, the prevention of threats, and reducing their impact. As a result of the implementation of social policies aimed at increasing the income and living standards of the population in our country, a positive dynamic of growth of average per capita incomes, wages and pensions has begun to emerge. In 2017, compared to the corresponding period in 2000, the real growth of average per capita income was 13.2 times, the real growth of average wages - 24.3 times, the real growth of pensions - 18.6 times [3]. In 2019, the total income of the population reached a real growth rate of 106.5% compared to 2018. The real growth rate of gross per capita income was 104.5% [4].
The state has taken comprehensive measures worth 82 trillion soums to mitigate and eliminate the consequences of the pandemic in Uzbekistan. In addition, state-owned enterprises and more than 500,000 business entities and about 8 million citizens were provided with practical assistance in tax incentives, loan extensions, and financial support totaling 66 trillion soums [5]. As a result, the growth trend of the population's income was maintained, and in 2020 the real growth rate of the population total income was 102.6% compared to 2019, and the growth rate of per capita income was 0.7% [6].
The Gini coefficient, which describes the equal distribution of income of population groups in Uzbekistan, fell from 0.39 in 2000 to 0.26 in 2018. Moreover, between 2000 and 2018, the decile ratio decreased from 21.1 to 6.41 and the quintile ratio also dropped from 9.9 to 4.0 [7]. These indicators show a significant decrease in the level of the population income stratification.
The high level of knowledge, profession, and skills of a person is an important factor in ensuring his economic security. Therefore, during the years of independence in Uzbekistan, a system of continuous education, including preschool education, general secondary education, specialized
secondary education, vocational education, higher education, postgraduate education, professional development and retraining, out-of-school education has been formed. Due to the development of the education system, today, the literacy rate is 99.31%, the education index is 0.92 [8].
By the end of 2021, the coverage of preschool education has to be increased to 65%, and by the end of 2023 - to 75%, and additionally, 2000 non-governmental kindergartens would be established with a subsidy of 600 billion soums from the budget, bringing the share of the private sector to 25%. In 2021, 2 trillion soums will be allocated from the budget for the construction of 30 new schools, repair of 320 schools and improvement of material and technical base. There will be launched 10 presidential schools and 197 schools specializing in chemistry, biology, mathematics, and information technology. In order to strengthen the link between universities and the lower levels of the education system, 65 academic lyceums will be transferred to higher education institutions. Furthermore, 187 technical colleges will be attached to related universities and industry enterprises. The number of doctoral students at universities and research organizations will reach 4.5 thousand, or it will be increased threefold compared to 2017. An additional 240 billion soums will be allocated from the budget for these purposes.
Thanks to reforms in the health care system, the incidence of many dangerous diseases, primarily maternal and infant mortality, has decreased. Maternal mortality per 100,000 live births in our country decreased from 65.3 in 1991 to 20.2 in 2018. For every 1,000 live births, the mortality rate among children under 5 years of age decreased from 48 in 1991 to 13.1 in 2018 and from 35.5 to 9.9 among children under age 1, respectively. But these indicators are significantly lower than in developed countries.
One of the indicators of improving the living standards of the population as a result of the implementation of state social policy and ensuring the safety of the individual is the life expectancy at birth. This figure increased from 66.4 years in 1991 to 73.8 years in 2018, including life expectancy for women from 69.4 to 76.2 years and for men from 64.4 to 71.1 years, respectively, during the analyzed period. The difference in life expectancy between developed countries and Uzbekistan is almost 10-13 years [10]. This indicates that there are problems in the health care system and socioeconomic development.
To prevent threats to human security and reduce their impact, it is recommended to do the following:
- consistent continuation of the work on the development and liberalization of the economy, further strengthening the protection of entrepreneurial activity and the interests and rights of consumers;
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- creation of effective mechanisms to ensure the socio-economic freedoms and rights of citizens;
- implementation of measures to prevent the growth of unemployment to a level which may lead to social conflicts, creation of new jobs, increase employment of able-bodied population;
- assessment and prevention of possible threats that may lead to poverty and destitution, improvement of a strong mechanism of social protection of the poor;
- strengthening the fight against organized crime and corruption, drug addiction and other social ills;
- it is crucial to form the abilities and qualities of a person, such as activity, tolerance, perseverance, endurance, willpower, gratitude.
References
1. See: Abulkasimov H.P. Davlatning iqtisodiy xavfsizligi (Economic security of the state). Training manual. -Tashkent: "Akademiya", 2012. - P. 83, (in Uzbek).
2. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyevning Oliy Majlisga murojaatnomasi (Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev to the Oliy Majlis) // January 24, 2020 (in Uzbek). // http: // uza. uz-oz / politics / zbekiston-respublikasi-presidenti-shavkat-mirziyeevning-olii-25-01-2020
3. O'zbekiston Respublikasida aholi turmush darajasi va farovonligining rivojlanishi tahlili (Analysis of the development of living standards and welfare of the population in the Republic of Uzbekistan). January-December 2017. P. 4-5, (in Uzbek)//stat.uz
4. O'zbekiston Respublikasining ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy holati (Socio-economic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan). January-December 2019. -Tashkent, UzDavStat Committee, 2020. - P. 385, (in Uzbek).
5. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyevning Oliy Majlisga murojaatnomasi (Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev to the Oliy Majlis) // Xalq so'zi, December 30, 2020, (in Uzbek).
6. O'zbekiston Respublikasining ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy holati (Socio-economic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan). January-December 2020. -Tashkent: UzDavStat Committee, 2021. - P. 390, (in Uzbek).
7. O'zbekiston Respublikasi aholi daromadlarini aholi 10% guruhlari bo'yicha taqsimlanishi (Distribution of income of the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan by 10% of the population), (in Uzbek) // stat.uz.
8. Maktabgacha ta'lim muassasalari soni (Number of preschool educational institutions) // stat. uz
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9. Sistema zdravookhraneniya v Respublike Uzbekistan (Health system in the Republic of Uzbekistan)// stat. uz, (in Russian);
Onalar, bolalar, go'daklar o'limi koeffitsiyentlari (Maternal, child, infant mortality rates) // stat. uz, (in Uzbek).
10. Tskhai L.A. O'zbekiston aholisining kutilayotgan umr ko'rish davomiyligi istiqbollari hamda o'lim darajasining demografik va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jihatlari (Prospects for life expectancy and demographic and socio-economic aspects of mortality in Uzbekistan). Abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Economics. - Tashkent, 2019. P. - 5, (in Uzbek).
