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Section 6. Public rights
https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLPS-20-3-35-39
Dan Van Duong, Researcher at Vinh University E-mail: duongvandan77@yahoo.com Trung Thanh Dinh, Vinh University E-mail: dinhtrungthanhdhv@gmail.com
Tan Thanh Luong, Dong Thap University E-mail: thanhtangdct@gmail.com Huong Thi My Nguyen, Vinh University E-mail: huongmydhv@gmail.com
FACTORS INFLUENCING PUBLIC POLICY ENFORCEMENT IN VIETNAM
Abstract. The policy when it comes to the organization / manager for enforcement can be ambiguous, has many conflicting goals, and implementation measures have not been fully designed. Like the policy-making step, the policy implementation step is also influenced by many different institutions and interest groups. Interest groups also have an incentive to move policy implementation in ways that benefit them. Assessing the policy implementation environment, analyzing political, institutional, economic and social factors that affect policy implementation is a necessary issue in Vietnam today.
Keywords: Public policy, Policy enforcement, Social security, Social policies, Vietnam.
1. Policy enforcement and social security pol- mentation to achieve certain results, the undertakings
icy enforcement and regimes are just slogans. If the policy implementa-
Policy Implementation (Policy Implementation) is tion is not good, it will lead to lack oftrust. The process
the process ofturning policies into real results through of organizing the policy implementation contributes to
organized activities in the state apparatus, in order to completing the policy: There are problems in the poli-
realize the goals set out by the policy; is the whole pro- cy-making phase that have not arisen, revealed or have
cess of the subject's activity in different ways to effec- arisen but the planners have not noticed, to the stage.
tively realize the content of public policy [2, P. 127]. newly discovered enforcement organization. The pol-
The importance of policy implementation is to ad- icy implementation process with practical actions will
dress pressing social problems. Without this phase the contribute to adjusting, supplementing and completing
policy cycle cannot exist; if there is no policy imple- the policy in accordance with the reality and meeting
the requirements oflife. The analysis and evaluation of a policy (the level of good, bad) can only be complete and convincing after implementing the policy. Through the implementation organization, the new authorities can know whether the policy is accepted by the society and the maj ority ofpeople, whether or not it will come to life. Policy implementation includes the following basic steps: Step 1: develop a plan to implement the policy, which is an important step because the organization ofpolicy implementation is a complicated process. out in the long run so there must be a plan. This plan must be formulated before bringing the policy to life and includes the following steps: Organizational and executive plan such as system ofparticipating agencies, human resources, enforcement mechanism; plans to provide resources such as finance and equipment; implementation time plan; plan to inspect and urge policy implementation; expected regulations and rules on organization and administration of policy implementation. Step2: Disseminate policy propaganda: This is the next step after the policy has been approved. It helps the people and authorities at all levels to understand the policy and helps the policy to be deployed smoothly and effectively. This communication needs to be carried out on an ongoing basis, even when the policy is being implemented and for all. Step 3: Assign coordinated policy implementation: One policy is usually implemented on one The area is large and many organizations participate, so there must be a reasonable coordination and assignment to complete the tasks well. Step 4: Maintain the policy: This is the step to make the policy viable and effective in the real environment. Maintaining the policy requires consensus and synergies ofmany factors, such as the State who organizes the policy implementation must create conditions and the environment for the policy to be well implemented. For policy executors have the responsibility to actively participate in policy implementation. Step 5: Adjust policy, this j ob is necessary, takes place regularly in the process of organizing and implementing policies. It is done by
the government authorities (usually the agency that
makes the policy has the authority to regulate). This
adjustment must meet the maintenance of the initial goals of the policy, only adjust the measures, the goal implementation mechanism. This operation must be very careful and accurate, not distorting the original policy. Step 6: Monitoring, checking, and speeding up the implementation of policies: Any implementation of policies must be checked and urged to ensure that the policies are properly implemented, and effectively used. power. State agencies carry out this inspection, and if conducted regularly, it helps managers to grasp the policy implementation situation from which to have accurate conclusions about the policy. This inspection also helps the executors realize their limitations to adjust, complete, to improve the effectiveness of the policy. Step 7: Summarize assessment to draw experience: this stage is conducted continuously during policy maintenance. In this process it is possible to evaluate part or whole of the policy. In this assessment must be conducted for both state agencies and policy implementers [2, P. 131, 136].
Implementation of social security policies is the process of turning policies, directions and measures related to the social security system into practical results through organized activities in the state apparatus. and the broad participation of organizations, units, families, individuals and the whole society, in order to realize the goals set out by the policy. It is the process of implementing the system of social security policies (social assistance, social incentives, social insurance, health insurance, job creation ...) into practice with tools and state machines to realize the set goals [3, P. 44]. How the social security policy is implemented depends on the sectors (state agencies make social security policies, the executing agency to implement the social security policy, the social community. participate in social security activities, beneficiaries of social security policies) and basic steps in implementing social security policies. In fact, the aforementioned departments are sometimes not completely independent, but interleaved and integrated (for example, the social security policy maker is also the beneficiary of the policy ...). The implementa-
tion of steps in implementing social security policies must be considered at the executor level: Social policy, social security policy planned by the central level (national policy). The policy enforcement level is the local government at all levels. On the basis of national policies, local governments at all levels, on the basis of their specific local conditions, continue to institutionalize national policies through the issuance of decisions, plans and programs. local policies) and implementation arrangements to realize the above policies. Therefore, in relative terms, it can be considered that the implementation of social security policies of a province or city is just one stage in the policy cycle (planning, implementation, evaluation of results) and both It can be considered that the implementation implies a whole policy cycle (local policy) with all 3 steps (planning, implementing, evaluating results).
2. Subject, object and factors affecting the implementation of social security policies in Vietnam
2.1. Subjects and objects participating in the process of organizing and implementing social security policies in Vietnam
The State is the promulgator and also plays a key role in the implementation of social security policies -the state here is understood as a competent agency in the state apparatus, including including National Assembly, Government, Ministries (national policy), local governments at all levels (local policies). In addition, non-state organizations such as the Vietnam Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations, social organizations (volunteering, volunteering, charity for the community ...) and residential communities. also plays an important role in contributing to the realization of social security policies issued by the state and government. This means that the system is designed according to the principle that the State plays a key role, at the same time the policy implementation must be highly socialized, mobilizing the wide participation of all organizations, units, and families., individuals and society as a whole; building a diversified and multilayer social security system aiming to
cover the entire population; improving private capacity of people and community [4, P. 19].
The objects of social security policies are all people, including those in the working subjects, the people under the working age and the people at the end of the working age, including the subjects of social policies. are the poor in urban and rural areas, women, children, youth, the disabled and ethnic minorities... [1, p. 22-25].
In general, there are two types of social security participants in all countries:
Firstly, the beneficiaries of social security policies follow the principle of pay-benefit. This object is an employee who faces risks and difficulties due to the reasons of illness, maternity, loss of working capacity, old age, who face difficulties due to "loss or serious decline in income". These workers are required to contribute an amount of money to the insurance fund during their employment at a certain rate of income. Social insurance participation ensures that they maintain a standard of living in the school. The beneficiaries of the social security schemes under the principle of payment in developing countries differ from those of developed countries, due to their higher level of development, Most workers in the developed world Due to their higher level of development, most workers in the developed world work in the formal sector, usually in the salaried sector, which is why most people workers in these countries participate in social security programs on the principle ofpayment, meanwhile, for developing countries Most of the population is self-employed and works in scattered agriculture, small, in economic zones, the structure cannot be calculated, or collectively, workers working outside the formal sector. Normally, for this sector, workers have low income and wages; makes participation more difficult for them to participate in closed-benefit social security programs. Therefore, the focus of the policies is not limited to the formal working population. The extent to which workers outside the formal sector participate in social security programs demonstrate the success of the social security policy. In addition,
because workers in this sector are working dispersedly, without labor contracts, the organization of the management of workers outside the formal sector in developing countries to participate in welfare programs. the society is also more complex. This requires that social security policies in developing countries also have specific characteristics compared to developed countries, to have programs suitable for income capacity to attract workers outside the region. formal sector participation in social security programs.
Second, those who participate in social security programs on the principle of assistance: According to the ILO, in developed countries, providing medical care and assistance to families with child victims. For developing countries, the beneficiaries of help are broader. These groups include urban migrants, ethnic minorities, people in constant poverty, people who are very vulnerable (lonely elderly, disabled people, orphans), those who are damaged by the sudden changes of nature and society. Among these groups, the poorest are often the target of poverty reduction programs. But poverty alleviation and poverty reduction programs often target those who live below the food and food poverty line. Many families and individuals in vulnerable groups have not been able to participate in poverty reduction programs, nor in any way because they generally do not have a labor contract. Expanding their access to the social security system raises the problem ofresource allocation. For countries that have endured a long war like Vietnam, social security policy also includes those who contributed to the revolution, martyrs' families, wounded soldiers and their relatives who died. blood and blood for the country's survival. In essence, this is a form ofsocial assistance for victims of war, but it is a special subject, so the name may be different as "policy towards people with meritorious services", " book of gratitude to the meaning "," policy of social incentives "... [1, pp. 28-31].
2.2. Factors influencing the implementation of social security policy
Factors affecting the public policy implementation process are: The nature of public policy issues (simple
or complex, urgent, pressing or normal); public policy enforcement environment (material and technical conditions in the economy, political atmosphere, social order, interest groups, international relations); the relationship between public policy actors (agreement or disagreement about the interests of objects in the implementation ofpublic policy objectives); the potentiality of groups of public policy beneficiaries (in terms of both size and level); characteristics of public policy objects (self-awareness, discipline, creativity, determination, tradition); capacity to implement public policies of cadres and civil servants (sense of responsibility, sense of discipline, practical capacity, public ethics); compliance with the steps in the public policy cycle; the physical conditions to implement the public policy (technical equipment and modern means ofsupport); the consent and support of the people (practical with people's life, suitable with the current conditions and qualifications of the people) [2, P. 137, 145]. Specifically, the factors affecting the implementation ofsocial security policies can be mentioned as follows: - Institutions and policies on social security: Institution and policy is an important pillar of the system. The basic content of the social security policy institution is to identify the participants, the subject of adjustments with specific criteria, conditions and the mechanism for identifying the subjects according to a unified process; identify policies, modes of contribution, beneficiaries and certain binding conditions on responsibility to contribute, responsibility ofministries, branches and localities in the implementation ofproposed policies and regimes. The mechanism to participate in the types of social security that countries often apply is compulsory or voluntary with support from the state. Each specific mechanism has its own advantages and disadvantages. Which mechanism to apply depends on socio-economic conditions and cultural traditions of each country. If the social security policy matches the requirements with real life, the implementation of the social security policy will be favorable and feasible; On the contrary, the social security policy is suitable with the requirements of real life, the implementation
of the social security policy will be difficult, even not feasible and ineffective. The manifestation of the impossible is the narrow coverage of construction policy; not meeting the increasing demands of disadvantaged groups in need of assistance in society; not ensuring the systematic, comprehensive, and balance between parts in the social security structure; inconsistent with implementation plan and area of application; lack of supervision provisions and sanctions; financial sustain-ability is not ensured [3, p. 48-56].
Institutional organization and staff: This factor has a decisive role in the organization of social security policies. No matter how good the policy is, but the organization doesn't do it well, the policy won't come to life. Therefore, the establishment of organizational management system with a team of professional staff (from awareness, organizational structure, capabilities, qualities, and modes of coordination) to effectively implement the main implementation. social security books. In principle, it is possible to set up an independent organizational system for each component; but can also use the existing government apparatus to perform, depending on specific conditions. Policy institutions are universal, the management costs are less and the organizational structure is compact and vice versa, complex institutions are more expensive to manage. If policy enforcement subjects (organizations, agencies, officials) do not comply with plans, lack synchronization, not the right subjects and norms, benefits ... will reduce the effectiveness of the main implementation. books and reducing people's confidence in the Party and State.
Awareness ofsociety and people: The development of the social security system depends on the general perception of social security of the society. When employees, employers and the state understand the importance ofsocial security policies and then voluntarily and actively participate, this system has the opportunity to develop and vice versa. People are beneficiaries of social security policy. If they are self-conscious, active, proactive, and voluntarily participate, the implementation of the social security policy will be effective and sustainable; Conversely, if they are indifferent, passive, reliant and even self-interested, the implementation of the social security policy will be ineffective.
Environment for implementing social security policy: The difference in natural and social conditions of each locality, region or region: localities, regions and regions with favorable locations and natural conditions, If people have knowledge and awareness of social security policies, the implementation of social security policies is favorable; On the contrary, where there are difficult locations, natural conditions, backward customs and practices, and people with little knowledge of social security policies, the policy implementation is difficult. Economic development level of localities, regions and regions: If any locality has high economic development level, strong financial resources, stable income of workers, low unemployment level, the enforce a favorable social security policy and vice versa. Political environment: Where social stability is ensured in the development process, the implementation of social security policies is favorable and where it is not stable - social policy implementation hard.
References:
1. Mai Ngoc Cuong (Editor). Development and completion of social security policies in Vietnam, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi. 2009.
2. Nguyen Huu Hai. Public Policy - Basic Issues, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi. 2013.
3. Le Quoc Ly. Social security policy - current situation and solutions, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi. 2014.
4. Phung Huu Phu, Nguyen Van Dang and Nguyen Viet Thong. Learning some terms in the Document of the XII National Congress of the Party, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi. 2016.
