CC BY
42
Section 11. Political sociology
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLPS-17-2-71-78
Dr. Dinh Trung Thanh, and Associate Professor, Dr. Tran Viet Quang Vinh University, Vietnam E-mai: dinhtrungthanhdhv@gmail.com
Implement social security policy and the role of the state in the implementation of social security policy in Vietnam
Abstract: Social security policy is a system of policies, guidelines and measures to ensure income and other essential conditions for individuals, families and communities in the face of economic and social changes. Association and nature causes them to lose or lose their ability to work or lose their jobs, illness, illness or death; For the lonely elderly, orphans, the disabled, the underprivileged, war victims, people affected by natural disasters. Implementing social security policies is the process of turning policies, measures, and measures related to the social security system into actual outcomes through organized activities in the state apparatus. And the broad participation of organizations, units, families, individuals and the whole society, in order to realize the goals set by the policy. The state plays a fundamental role in the implementation of the social security policy, which derives from the basic functions of the state. Through 30 years of implementing the renovation policy, the assurance work in our country has achieved many important results. However, the work of ensuring social security in Vietnam is still inadequate and weak.
Keywords: policy; Social Security; Policy enforcement; Social security in Vietnam; State role.
1. Organize implementation in the policy cycle the process of rotating the steps From the beginning
1.1. Policy cycle of policy to the determination of the effectiveness
Public policy is the overall action plan of the of policy in social life [7, P. 166-190; 9, P. 84]. The
state that has a conscious impact on the lives of the policy cycle following the model of countries around
people in a certain way in achieving their goals. Pub- the world consists of five stages: (1) Establishing
lic policy is the result of the state's political will rep- policy agendas is the process by which public is-
resented by a set of related decisions, including the sues become the concern of the State and include in
direction of the goal and the manner in which public the chapter. Presentation; (2) Policy formulation is
affairs are dealt with [9, P. 51]. The policy cycle (pub- the process of setting up different policy options
lic policy) is a sequence of successive stages that are for addressing the public; (3) policy decision mak-
relevant to each other since the public policy issue is ing is the process by which a competent state body
selected until the outcome of the policy is assessed - adopts a specific course of action by a policy; (4)
Policy implementation is the process of putting policies into practice for the participants to implement; (5) Policy evaluation is the consideration of the impact of policy on socio-economic objects and processes according to qualitative and quantitative criteria [7, P. 166-190]. In particular, the policy implementation step plays a very important role: The adopted policies must be implemented. The implementation phase includes promulgation of legal documents, responsibilities and authority as well as the implementation of specific actions and measures.
In Vietnam now, the policy cycle is usually divided into three stages: policy formulation, policy implementation, policy evaluation: the first stage in the policy cycle is planning: planning Policy is the whole process of studying, building and issuing a full policy. This is the policy formulation phase and policy decision making. In order to complete this phase, state agencies are tasked to carry out situational analysis to identify policy issues and address problem solving on the agenda for policy issuance. Policy identification is not only done by government agencies but also by the wider participation of the society, especially mass organizations such as the Fatherland Front and other organizations. Its tablets. The principle of public policymaking is: For the benefit of the public, the principle of the majority, the principle of the system, the principle of reality. Important content in the public policy planning phase is the identification of policy objectives and measures to achieve them. To do this, the subject needs to analyze the impact of each solution and compare the solutions together so that the final decision-making body can decide. The next phase is the implementation phase of the policy: This is the stage of realization of the policy in social life — the stage of implementation of selected policy solutions and monitoring of the implementation. It can be said that this is a critical stage to the success of a policy. This stage includes steps such as: Planning implementation; Dissemination, advocacy; Assignment, enforcement coordination; Maintain policy implementation; Policy adjustment; Follow
up, check, motivate. Finally, the policy review phase summarizes the experience: This is the stage in measuring the costs, the results ofpolicy implementation, and the actual impacts of policy during the implementation of the objective. Policy, thereby determining the effectiveness of a policy in practice. Based on the results of the policy review, government agencies may make policy adjustments if deemed necessary. These agencies may add targets, change, or adjust appropriate solutions, perhaps even decide to continue pursuing the goal or ending the existence of the policy [7, P. 166-190; 9, P. 88-94]. Policy analysis is not an independent phase of the policy cycle, but rather an activity linked to the stages of the policy cycle. This is a fundamental activity that forms the basis of decision-making for policy-makers, actors, and evaluators.
1.2. Implementing policies and implementing social security policies
Policy enforcement is the process by which policies are transformed into actual outcomes through organized activities within the state apparatus, in order to realize the goals set by the policy; Is the whole process of the subject's activities in different ways in order to realize effective public policy content [9, P. 127]. The importance of implementing the policy is to solve the pressing problems ofsociety posed. Without this step, the policy cycle can not exist; Without the implementation of policies to achieve certain results, the guidelines, regimes are just slogans. If the implementation of bad policy implementation will lead to lack of trust. The process of implementing policies contributes to the finalization of policies: There are problems in policy making that have not yet arisen, revealed or arisen, but the planners have not noticed, to the stage. The new enforcement organization discovered. The process of implementing policies with practical actions will contribute to adjusting, supplementing and perfecting policies in line with reality, meeting the requirements of life. Analyzing and evaluating a policy (good and bad) can only be full and persuasive after implementing
the policy. Through the implementation organization, the authorities can know whether the policy is accepted by the society and the majority of people or not, come to life or not.
Implementation of the policy includes the following basic steps: Step 1: Develop a policy implementation plan, which is an important step as the implementation of the policy is a complex process. Out in the long run so have to plan. This plan must be developed before putting the policy into practice and include the following steps: Organizational and operational plans such as stakeholder engagement, staffing, enforcement mechanisms; Plans to provide resources such as finance, equipment; Time schedule implementation; Plan to check and speed up the implementation ofpolicies; Proposed regulations and rules on organization and administration of policy implementation. Step 2: Popular policy propaganda: This is the next step after the policy has been adopted. It helps the people, the authorities at all levels understand the policy and help the policy to be implemented smoothly and efficiently. This propaganda needs to be done constantly and constantly, even when the policy is being implemented and for all audiences. Step 3: Coordinate the implementation of the policy: A policy is usually implemented on one basis. Large areas and many organizations involved must therefore have the coordination, reasonable division to complete the task well. Step 4: Maintaining policy: This is the step that will make the policy sustainable and effective in the real world. In order to maintain the policy requires the consensus, the synergies of many factors, such as the State is the organizer of the policy implementation must create conditions and the environment to implement policies well. For policy followers, it is their responsibility to actively participate in policy implementation. Step 5: Policy adjustments, which are necessary, take place regularly during the implementation of the policy. It is carried out by the competent state authorities (usually the agency that makes the policy has the right to adjust). This
adjustment must meet the preservation of the initial objective of the policy, only adjust the measures, the mechanism of implementation of the target. This activity must be very careful and accurate, without distorting the original policy. Step 6: Monitoring, checking and urging the policy implementation: Any policy implementation must also be checked and urged to ensure that the policies are properly implemented and effectively used by all. power. State agencies carry out this inspection, and if done regularly, help the manager master the implementation of the policy from which accurate conclusions about the policy. This inspection also allows the implement-ers to realize their limitations to make adjustments and improvements to improve the effectiveness of the policy. Step 7: Summarize and draw experience: This phase is carried out continuously during policy maintenance. In this process we can evaluate each or every policy. This assessment must be carried out for both government agencies and policy beneficiaries [9, P. 131, 136].
Social security policy implementation is the process of turning policies, measures, and measures related to the social security system into actual outcomes through organized activities within the home. Water and broad participation of organizations, units, families, individuals and the whole society in order to realize the objectives set by the policy.
It is the process of implementing the social security policy system (social assistance, social incentives, social insurance, health insurance, employment ...) into reality with tools, State machines aim at realizing the goal set [10, P. 44]. How does the implementation of social security policy relate to the various sections (state social security planning agencies, executives implementing social security policies, Social security, beneficiaries of social security policies) and basic steps in the implementation of social security policy. In fact, these divisions often do not have absolute separation from each other, but are interwoven, integrated (such as social policy-makers as beneficiaries of policy ...). The implementation of
steps in the implementation of social security policies must be considered at the level of enforcement subject: Social policy, policy is central level (national policy), the main enforcement level Social security books are local governments at all levels. On the basis of national policies, local governments at all levels, based on local conditions, continue to institutionalize national policies through the issuance of decisions, plans and programs. Local policy) and organization of implementation to realize the aforementioned policies. Therefore, in terms of relativity, the implementation of social security policy of a province or city is just one step in the policy cycle (planning, implementation, evaluation of results). It can be seen that the implementation implies the entire policy cycle (local policy) with all three steps (planning, implementation, evaluation).
2. The role of the state in the implementation of social security policies and the implementation of social security policies in Viet Nam over time
2.1. The role of the state in the implementation of social security policy in Vietnam
First, it derives from one of two basic functions of the state — social function: As a public authority, the state has two basic functions: class function (political dominance And social functions. The social function of the state is to function in the management of common activities for the sake of the existence of society, for the care of the affairs of the whole society and within the limits of which it may satisfy certain needs. Bridge of the community in society. Social functions manifest in such tasks as: solving common affairs of society; Organizing the creation and protection of public order and protection of ecological environment; Manage, regulate the areas of social life. This, affirmed by the Communist Party of Vietnam in its "State of the Role in Building and Implementing Social Policies", [5, P. 91].
Secondly, to overcome the limitations of a market economy: The socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam is a multi-sectoral commodity-based economy operating under the market economy
regime. The regulation and regulation of the State under the leadership of the Communist Party ofVietnam. The market economy, in addition to the advantages, it has limitations and disabilities such as the rich and poor, the polarization of wealth, the pollution of the living environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use the tools, policies and resources of the state to "orient and regulate the economy, promote production and business and environmental protection, make progress and fair commune. Association in each step, each development policy... ensure social security, sustainable social development" [6, P. 103-104].
Third, ensuring social security and improving social welfare is not only an important task for every country in the development process, but also for the protection of the rights of all people under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Of the United Nations. The right to security is an important right of the person, as defined by the Constitution of Vietnam (Article 34, Chapter 2: Citizens have the right to social security).
Fourth, social security is also seen as a service that the private sector can hardly undertake to accomplish. In other words, only the state can offer the appropriate incentives and its influence to press the necessary in promoting mandatory contributions.
2.2. Social security policy and implementation of social security policy in Vietnam over time
From the point of view of the Communist Party ofVietnam, the social security policy system in Vietnam in the renovation period is institutionalized by the State with legal documents that go through each stage of development in the process.
Regarding the social insurance policy: In terms of the policy system, this is the most advanced phase of the social insurance policy with the introduction of a series of high legal documents such as: Decree No. 299 of August 15, 1992 of the Council of Ministers on allowances for public servants, administrative and public employees, armed forces and social policy beneficiaries; Decree No. 43 ofJune 22, 1993 of the
Government on temporary regulations on social insurance. The establishment of the Labor Code in 1994 was of great significance in institutionalizing the law provisions on labor. On the basis of the Labor Code, the government issued a series of guiding documents. Meeting the requirements of market economy conditions, further securing workers' rights, dated 2 April 2002. At the 11th session, the Xth National Assembly passed the Law amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Labor Code in 1994 which took effect on January 1, 2003. Accordingly, the scope of the subject and coverage are extended to further protect workers in labor relations .„On November 20, 2014, at the eighth session of the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic Vietnam XIII Legislature has adopted the Law on Social Insurance (this law takes effect from 01January 2016) [12].
Regarding health insurance policy: In recent years, regulations on health insurance are mainly reflected in the following documents: Decree No. 63/2005 dated 16 May 2005 of the Government promulgating the Regulation Health Insurance; Interministerial Circular No. 21/2005 of August 24, 2005, of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Finance, guiding the implementation of voluntary insurance; Decision No. 36/2005 of October 31, 1995 of the Ministry of Health promulgating the list of high-tech, big expenses paid by medical insurance; And other documents relating to issues related to health insurance such as assessment, management of health insurance fund, accounting, accounting ... At the fourth session of the 12th National Assembly, the 14th November 2008 approved the Health Insurance Law. Together with the Law on Social Insurance, these are the two documents that institutionalized at the highest level two important parts of the social security policy system in our country. On July 13, 2014, at the Seventh Session of the National Assembly, the XIIIth National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam passed a law amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Law on
Health Insurance. On January 1, 2015). On 15 November 2014, the Government also issued Decree No. 105/2014 detailing and guiding the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Health Insurance. New points of the Law on Health Insurance link health insurance participants; Level of insurance coverage; Open medical insurance coverage [4; 13]. In general, the legal system of social insurance and health insurance in the current period is relatively complete and of high legal value, meeting the requirements and aspirations of employees.
Regarding social support policy: In the renovation years, the State has issued many legal documents on social assistance, including some legal documents have high legal value such as Decree No. 05 dated 26/1/1994 of the Government which regulates the adjustment of allowance and pension levels for beneficiaries of social policy; Ordinance on Disabled Persons No. 06/1998 of July 30, 1998 of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly; Decree No. 55/1999 ofJuly 10, 1999 detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Ordinance on Disabled Persons; Ordinance on Elderly No. 23/2000 of April 28, 2000 of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly; Decree No. 67/2007 dated 13/4/2007 by the Government on policies to support social protection beneficiaries. Decree No. 13/2010 of the Government dated 27/02/2010 amending and supplementing some articles of the Decree No. 67/2007. Legal documents clearly define the scope of beneficiaries, beneficiaries, regimes and financial sources for regular social relief and irregular social relief as a basis for the implementation of social assistance. On 21 October 2013, the Government issued a decree regulating social assistance policies for social protection beneficiaries [1]. According to the decree stipulating social support policy for social protection beneficiaries, there are 6 beneficiaries monthly social allowance; To issue health insurance cards for social protection beneficiaries; Support for housing for poor and near poor households.
Regarding social preferential policies: In recent years, the legal documents on social preferential policies have been supplemented and improved. The two most promulgated legal documents are the Ordinance on Preferential Treatment of People with Meritorious Services to the 2005 Revolution, the 2007 Amendments and Supplements, and the Ordinance on the State Honorary titles of Vietnamese Heroic Mothers. In 1994, a series of other decrees and circulars guiding the implementation of these two ordinances, such as the State Honorary titles of Vietnamese mothers, the Decree detailing and guiding the implementation of a number of construction regulations Setting up and managing the "Gratitude" fund clearly defines the beneficiary and the social preference system. On October 20, 2012, the National Assembly Standing Committee passed the Ordinance Amending and Supplementing a Number ofArticles of the Ordinance on the State Honorary Title of "Hero Vietnamese Mother". On May 22, 2013, the Government issued a decree detailing and guiding the implementation of the Ordinance on the State Honorary titles of "Hero Vietnamese Mothers" and the Ordinance Amending and Supplementing a Number Article of the Ordinance defines the honorable title "Heroic Vietnamese Mother" [2; 14].
3. Assess the implementation of social security policy in Vietnam in recent years
Through 30 years of implementing the renovation policy, the work of ensuring social security in Vietnam has achieved many important results. The social security system is more and more synchronous and complete with the coverage is constantly expanding. The material and spiritual life of the people is constantly improving. Social security has become a solid backstop for the poor and the vulnerable in society, contributing to the formation of societies that no longer excluded social groups and ensured the socialist orientation of social cohesion. develop the country. To date, the work of ensuring social security has achieved many outstanding achievements, the people agreed and international appreciated:
The social sector has achieved many important achievements, especially poverty reduction, job creation, preferential treatment for people with meritorious services, education and training, health care, support for people in particularly difficult circumstances, work Family and gender equality. The material and spiritual life ofpeople with meritorious services, the poor and ethnic minorities has been improved, contributing to strengthening people's confidence and socio-political stability. Vietnam is recognized by the United Nations as one of the leading countries in implementing some of the Millennium Development Goals [5, P. 104].
Institutionally, in the recent years of doi moi, the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Government have formulated and implemented many important social security policies, mobilizing the resources of the whole society to help. For the people (the ethnic minorities, the poor, the lonely elderly, the children and the vulnerable) rise up in life. Policies and solutions to ensure social security are implemented in all three aspects: Help beneficiaries increase access to public services, especially in health, education, teaching. Occupations, legal aid, housing, ...; Support production development through policies on market guarantee, credit, employment; Develop essential infrastructure for localities to serve people better. The legal system of social security has become more and more complete and has become an important legal basis for regulating social relations. The social insurance system has been developed with increasing content and forms in order to share risks and provide practical assistance to the participants. Social insurance is implemented in three types: compulsory insurance (Social Insurance and Health Insurance) and voluntary insurance.
However, the work of ensuring social security in Vietnam still has many shortcomings and weaknesses: poverty reduction is not sustainable, people in ethnic minority areas, remote areas are more difficult, Rich and poor, the distribution between regions tends to expand. Underemploy-
ment in rural areas, urbanization and urban unemployment is high. The resources for implementing social security are limited, mainly based on the state budget, with coverage and low support levels, not keeping up with the development of the socialist-oriented market economy. Meaning. The balance of sources and uses of the social security system, including social insurance funds, health insurance and social protection schemes, is limited and faces great challenges in the short term, As well as medium and long term. Social insurance funds, especially health insurance funds, are in a state of emergency in the near future. Investment resources for social security of the State hard to meet the requirements of social security increasing people, while mobilizing from other sources, especially from the com-
munity is limited, especially countryside. Forms of insurance do not meet the diverse needs of the people; The quality of services is generally low, still occur no less negative, troublesome. Some unreasonable social security policies exist; There are no specific social security policies and suitable for rural people and mountainous and ethnic minority areas with difficult living conditions. The quality of provision of social security services, especially health services, is limited, not meeting the requirements of socio-economic development and increasing living standards of the population. The administrative and social service delivery system has not kept pace with the development requirements, and limited in organizational and managerial capacities for social security [11].
References:
1. The Government (2013), Decree 136 / 2013 / Government decree regulates social support policies for social protection beneficiaries in Hanoi.
2. The Government (2013), Decree 56 / 2013 / Government decree detailing and guiding the implementation of the Ordinance on the State Honorary titles of "Hero Vietnamese Mothers" and the Ordinance Amending, Supplemented some articles of the Ordinance on the State Honorary title "Hero Vietnamese Mother", Hanoi.
3. Government (2013), 6 beneficiaries of social welfare monthly, Hanoi.
4. The Government (2014), Decree 105 / 2014 /Government decree detailing and guiding the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Health Insurance, Hanoi.
5. The Communist Party of Vietnam, the Central Committee for Propaganda and Education (2012), The Study Document of the Resolution of the 5th Plenum of the 11th Central Committee, National Political Publishing House - Truth, Hanoi.
6. Communist Party of Vietnam (2016), Document of National Congress XII, National Political Publisher -Truth, Hanoi.
7. Nguyen Huu Hai (Editor) (2012), Public administration curriculum, Education Publishing House, Hanoi.
8. Nguyen Huu Hai, Le Van Hoa (Co-editors) (2013), Policy outline Public, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi.
9. Nguyen Huu Hai (2013), Public Policy - The Basics, Political Publishing House Country, Hanoi.
10. Le Quoc Ly (2014), Social Security Policy - Situation and Solutions, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi.
11. Vu Van Phuc (2012), "Social Security in Our Country: Some Theoretical and Practical Issues", Journal of Communism, (834).
12. National Assembly of Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2014), Law on Social Insurance, Hanoi.
13. National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2014), Law on amending and supplementing some articles of the Law on Health Insurance, Hanoi.
14. Standing Committee of the National Assembly (2012), Ordinance No. 05/2012/National Assembly Standing Committe13 on amending and supplementing some articles of the Ordinance on the State Honorary title "Vietnamese heroic mothers", Hanoi.
