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7CENTRAL ASIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES (CARJIS) ilmiy jurnali bilan hamkorlikda. FACTORS ENSURING A POSITIVE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
IN AGRICULTURE Shakhistakhan Madaminovna Khalmatova, PhD, Mamasidiqov Xasanboy, Master s Degree Student, Fergana State University, Fergana Uzbekistan
ANNOTATION
Central Asian farmers have been engaged in cotton growing for many years. During this period, the demand of the external environment was well studied. Changing the ecological situation for the better by cultivating cotton on a scientific basis depends on climatic conditions, soil type, plant species and other factors. Currently, in order to increase soil fertility and improve environmental conditions, a positive result can be achieved only if the practical measures aimed at obtaining a rich and high-quality crop of cotton are carried out in a timely and quality manner. However, if we compere some regions and farms of the republic, we can see that there are significant differences in cotton yields.
Keywords: Irrigation erosion, recultivation, phytocenoses, agrophytocenoses, environmental problems, technical waste, regional problems, wind erosion, nature conservation, reservoirs, defoliation, chain, fossil resources.
While some cotton farms produce 35 quintals per hectare, there are also farms that harvest 12 to 15 quintals per hectare. This means that due to the irresponsible attitude of local experts, some agro-technical measures may be insufficiently scientifically based or of poor quality.
The reason for many negative consequences of cotton growing is due to the monopoly of cotton. This is deteriorating the environmental situation. Now we need to fight against cotton monopoly and introduce crop rotation to improve this situation and balance in cotton growing is crop rotation.
Crop rotation is the basis of cotton growing, as the introduction of crop rotation increases soil fertility, increases productivity, reduces cotton lilt disease, and provides livestock with quality food. In cotton growing , clover is the main crop rotation. As a result of many years of observations and experiments the most productive past crop of cotton was founded to be alfalfa. Accordingly, , clover rotation, the soil is replenished with nutrients necessary for the plant, the agrophysical properties of the soil change for the better. Cotton- , clover rotation eliminates the above negative effects. In irrigated agriculture in Central Asia, the task is to increase soil fertility by enriching it with organic matter and obtaining a rich harvest of cotton. There fore, the use of perennial legumes and annuals is recommended when crop rotation is introduced in cotton.
CENTRAL ASIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES (CARJIS) ilmiy jurnali bilan hamkorlikda. Perennial legumes should be tasked with resorting soil fertility and improving the structure of organic matter enrichment. It is necessary to solve the problem of humus accumulation in the field, taking into account the periodic enrichment of the soil with organic matter under irrigated conditions. This task can be achieved only by growing legumes for up to three years in one place. In studying the issue of crop rotation on a scientific basis, academicians of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan H.V Muhammadjonov, S.N Rijov , Doctor of Agricultural Siences Z.S Tursunkhojayev. Condidates of Agricultural Sciences B.G Berzovsky P.M Bozorov A, Dorman and others. As a result of the scientific work of these researchers, , clover has been called the most productive past croup in cotton growing , clover enriches the soil with nitrogen, humus, improves its physical properties and microbiological activity. All these positive indicators allow to increase soil fertility and increases cotton yields in the fields when seeds are planted instead of , clover. When , clover is grown in high agro-technical conditions in crop rotation, the amount of humus in the top layer of soil increase to 10-15 tons.
As can be seen from the table, after planting , clover the humus content increases. This improves the ecological conditions of the soil, the body moves and grows on all sides of the thick-rooted multi-rooted soil. After planting, these roots dry out, enriching the soil with organic matter and change its physical and water properties in favorable way. The water absorption capacity of the soil is improved, the amount of harmful salts is reduced as a result of field irrigation in saline soils. In the first years after planting, the number of irrigations and the total amount of water used for cotton are significantly reduced after the , clover fields is disturbed. For example, according to and experimental data, in the old plowed fields, the field was irrigated 8 times and yielded 43.2 quintals of cotton per hectare. In the second year of the cotton harvest on the , clover plantation, the were irrigated seven times in the second year, yielding 49.9 quantiles. Tuber bacteria located in the roots of , clover absorb nitrogen from the air. There fore, large amounts of nitrogen accumulate in the soil at the roots and stems of , clover. As a result of 2-3 years of , clover roots and removal of plant debris, the amount of biological nitrogen in the soil increases to 400 kg per hectare. Due to the annual mineralization of tubers, small and large roots, as well as the quality of care of , clover plantations the amount of nitrogen accumulated per hectare of 0.40 cm layer of soil can reach 600- 800 kg. A.L Toropkina s research shoes that , clover grown for the three years is then enriched with 10.2-12.0 tons of dry root per hectare in a 30 cm layer of the soil. In the third year of , clover growth, the amount of nitrogen accumulated in the soil is 415,9 kg per hectare, the amount of phosphorus is 86,9 kg and potassium is 272,5. Once , clover fields are degraded, organic residues in the soils of cotton fields decompose from year to year as a result of decay and mineralization. This figure is only 7,1 tons per hectare in the third year and 4,5 tons per hectare in the
CENTRAL ASIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES (CARJIS) ilmiy jurnali bilan hamkorlikda. sixth year. In areas where crop rotation has not been introduced, very little organic matter falls into the soil under conditions of cotton monopoly. The amount of organic matter left in the soil affects other plants. Another positive ecological feature of alfalfa is the improvement of soil reclamation in saline lands. Due to the large number of thick leaves of, clover, they shade the soil surface, resulting in reduced evaporation of water, harmful species can not rise to the upper layers of the soil, clover watering during the summer also serves as a salt wash in saline soils. That is, as a result of flooding of , clover fields, the salts are washed into the deeper layers of the soil, and the process of rising harmful salts from the lower layers of the soil to the surface stops. There fore, the level of groundwater in the area where , clover is grown is always deeper. In the cotton fields, groundwater is higher. The ability of , clover to improve the soil reclamation was confirmed by observations at the Central Reclamation Experimental Station of the Scientific Research Institute. In this observation, the decrease in salinity in the 3- meter layer of soil was clearly seen in the 3- year alfalfa area. The results of many years of research and experimental on various crop rotation schemes in the saline soils of the Fergana experimental station of the Scientific Research Institute are also noteworthy. In this experiment, the effect of Scientific Research Institute clover a on soil reclamation(salinization) was studied during crop rotation. It was found that in the field occupied by clover , from the first year to the level of groundwater, where the groundwater is located, there is a process of desalination. During the third year of clover cultivation, the process of desalination in all layers of the soil is particularly rapid. The effectiveness of alfalfa in the removal of soil salinity gives a positive result only when there are the necessary branches that work well, quality. At the same time, it is possible to achieve an unparalleled crop in improving the meliorative condition of the soil only if the irrigation during the period of clover growth is carried out in a timely manner and with proper care, but it is resistant to salinity at a young age. Clover seeds do not germinate in the presence of 0,7-1,5% harmful salt in the soil. Clover seeds sown in saline soils germinate only if the chlorine salt content in the top 20 cm layer of soil does not exceed 0.005-0.015%. If the amount of salinity in the soil is higher than the above it will be difficult for cotton seedlings to germinate from the soil and they will die. As clover grows, its resistance to salt increases. The effect of clover on cotton yield in crop rotation in saline conditions depends on the coverage of the field layer with blue stem and leaves. It is known that wilt is a dangerous disease common in cotton growing. If the wilt increases in the field a large part of the cotton crop will be damaged and reduced. When cotton and clover are planted alternately, wilt disease is less likely to develop because wilt disease-carrying fungi cannot live on alfalfa roots and die without finding a way to survive. In addition soil compaction in alfalfa planting areas has a negative impact. For these reason wilt disease does not occur in cotton fields after alfalfa. Wilt disease develops rapidly in the area where only
CENTRAL ASIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES (CARJIS) ilmiy jurnali bilan hamkorlikda. mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil where cotton has been planted for many years. In the past period, the incidence rate in the region has averaged 27,3 precent. At 30 tons of manure per hectare every 48 years, cotton was infected with an average of 0,419,2 wilt(1937-1986). In the field where the rotation of cotton and clover was introduced, the incidence was 4,5-13,6 percent (Z.Tursunkhojayev, 1987 year). As a result of many year experience , it can be said that after the destruction of alfalfa plantations, wilt is reduced by 40-50% when cotton is grown, as well as cotton yield increases and its quality changes for the better. However, in 6-7 years after the alfalfa field is disturbed, the disease increases when cotton is planted, which is equal to the incidence rate in areas where crop rotation has not been introduced. In this case, it is necessary to introduce special crop rotation schemes to replace cotton with other crops more often. The purpose of introducing crop rotation in cotton growing is to change the ecological situation for the better and ensure a rich harvest of cotton. At the same time , it wil solve the problem of providing livestock with green fodder. The clover plant is a high yielding forage crop and clover plays an important role in creating a solid fodder base in animal husbandry. In terms of its chemical composition and nutrient content, clover ranks first among other nutritious plants. There fore, in areas where clover grows well, it is not necessary to select other forage plants. Dry clover is rich in carotene, protein and vitamins, without which it is impossible to increase livestock production. Clover hay is the cheapest protein feed and all cotton growing countries have the potential to produce high yields of clover hay in climatic conditions. Usually 150-200 kg of hay can be obtained when clover is grown carefully. Experiments conducted at the Scientific Research Institute to obtain nutrients from alfalfa, corn and legumes. Cotton obtained after sowing clover with other crops is not less than the yield. In some cases , especially in the second year after mixed past crops, the cotton yield may be much higher. Cotton yields increase significantly after clover in crop rotation.
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