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13References
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4. Aleshin M.A. Zavalin A.A. Efficiency of Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Mixed Crops of Peas and Wheat in Crop Rotation // Agrochemistry, 2021.
No. 11. pp. 33-48.
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6. Aleshin M.A., Mikhailova L.A. Effect of fertilizers on yield capacity and biochemical composition of grain haylage of mixed sowing of spring wheat and pea in the conditions of medium cultivated sod-podzolic soil // Perm Agrarian Journal, 2019. No.4 (28). pp. 3341.
7. Lekomtsev P.V., Komarov A.A. Dynamics of plant biomass growth in single-species and mixed crops on different fertilizer backgrounds when using biological preparations// Izvestiya of Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University, 2020. No. 1 (58). pp. 69-76.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN OF WINTER VETCH ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE AFTEREFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON SPRING WHEAT
Alyoshin M.A.
Perm State Agro-Technological University Named after D.N. Pryanishnikov
614990 Russia, Perm, 23, Petropavlovskaya St.
Abstract
Mixed cenoses of winter vetch and triticale are more productive compared to single-species crops. An increase in the proportion of the bean component in the mixture over 50% leads to a decrease in yield due to the lodging of crops. The introduction of nitrogen fertilizer helps to increase the yield of the cereal component of sowing and mixtures by 2.7...35.8%. After mixed and single-species sowing of winter vetch, the yield of spring wheat grain was significantly higher than after mono-powering of winter triticale. When adding more than 30 kg of nitrogen fertilizer to the top dressing, there was a change in the yield of spring wheat grain at the level of a steady downward trend due to a decrease in the symbiotic activity of winter vetch.
Keywords: biological nitrogen, winter vetch, nitrogen fertilizer, aftereffect on spring wheat.
Introduction. In feed production, a special place is given to crops with a winter type of development. Winter vetch is an indispensable component of grass mixtures of winter cereals as part of the green conveyor and for the preparation of bulky canned feeds [1]. This crop is one of the most valuable annual legumes in terms of forage advantages and universal possibilities of technological use [2]. The inclusion of single-species and mixed winter vetch crops in field and fodder crop rotations plays an important agrotechnical role. When cultivated, it suppresses weeds well; with crop and root residues, it leaves up to 100 kg/ha of biological nitrogen [3, 4]. The productivity of mixed crops of winter vetch with cereals largely depends on the ratio of components in the composition of the sown mixture and the formed agrocenosis, and the use of nitrogen fertilizers contributes to the realization of the biological potential of crops [5-7].
Material and research methods. The studies were carried out on the experimental field of Perm State Technical University in 2013-2014 on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil with the following agrochemical indicators: humus content (according to Tyurin) - 2.04%;
pHkci 5.5...5.6; mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov) - high and very high. Depending on the composition of the agrocenosis (factor A), the efficiency of using nitrogen fertilizer (factor B) at doses of 0, 30, 45 and 60 kg of d.v. per hectare was determined. The repetition of variants in the experiment is 4-fold, the arrangement of plots is systematic. Nitrogen fertilizer (Naa, 34.6% d.v.), was introduced as an early spring top dressing.
The objects of research are winter vetch varieties (Jubilee), winter triticale (Stavropol 5). Harvesting was carried out when mowing with a KS-2.1 mower to achieve milk-wax ripeness of grain, in combination with a direct method of crop accounting. The effect of total and biological nitrogen accumulated as part of the crop-root residues of vetch in mixed and single-species sowing was carried out by taking into account the grain yield of spring wheat sown as a subsequent crop.
Results and discussion. When using nitrogen fertilizer, an increase in the productivity of components in the composition of mixed and single-species sowing was observed (tab. 1).
1. Yield of grain-bearing of winter agrophytocenoses triticale and vetch, t/ha
Composition of agrocenosis (A) Nitrogen doses (B) Average by A, LSD05 main effects = 1.20
N0 N30 N45 N60
Triticale 100% 7.6 10.8 13.6 14.4 11.6
Triticale 75% + vika 25% 15.1 16.9 19.2 20.5 17.9
Triticale 50% + vika 50% 16.7 17.1 17.8 18.7 17.6
Triticale 25% + vika 75% 13.1 14.5 16.9 14.2 14.7
Vika 100% 11.7 14.6 8.9 8.0 10.8
Average by B, LSD05, main effects = 1.26 Bo B1 B2 B3
12.8 14.8 15.3 15.2
LSD05 for partial differences by factors A h B A 2.40
B 2.83
Single-species crops of vetch and triticale, on average, according to experience, formed a close yield of 10.8... 11.6 t/ha. The cereal component formed a more intensive development and high yield (13.6...14.4 t/ha) with the introduction of N45 and N60. In turn, the yield of the bean component was higher in the absence of nitrogen (N0) and its introduction at a dose of 30 kg / ha. This feature of the wiki is associated with the possible suppression of the rhizobial symbiotic apparatus on its root system when using N above the "starting" amount necessary for more intensive development of the root system at the initial stages of vegetation. It should also be noted the strong lodging of vetch plants in single-species crops when using nitrogen fertilizer, which directly affects the height of the cut and the manufactur-ability of harvesting.
Mixed cenosis of vetch and triticale had higher productivity relative to single-species crops. Harmoniously selected components of mixtures are more resistant to abiotic factors and stresses associated with a violation of the microclimate of agrocenoses. An increase in the proportion of the bean component in the mixture over 50% led to a decrease in yield. In the case of the predominance of winter vetch in the sown mixture and the formed agrocenosis, the cereal component ceases to "cope" with the function of the supporting component in the crops, there is a lodging of the herbage, a decrease in the foliage of the mown mass and the nutritional value of the resulting feed.
The yield of mixtures without nitrogen fertilizer was determined by the low intensity of assimilation of nitrogen in the air by the bean component and the productivity of the supporting crop. The introduction of nitrogen fertilizer increases the yield of the cereal com-
ponent of sowing and its aggressiveness in the consumption of soil nitrogen and fertilizer. There was an increase in the yield of mixtures by 2.7... 35.8%. In the absence of sufficient nitrogen in the soil to form a crop of the bean component, it is forced to increase the volume of symbiotrophic nutrition; its biological potential is more fully realized.
Depending on the yield and composition, vico-trit-ical mixtures accumulated from 36 to 70 kg/ha of total nitrogen in the vegetative mass and 35...90 kg/ha in crop-root residues, and symbiotic nitrogen in them 16...95 kg/ha in total. A single-species sowing of vetch accumulated from 121 to 212 kg/ha of total nitrogen, of which about 44% accounted for the remaining in the field of crop-root residues. The amount of fixed nitrogen in the air was at the level of the value obtained in the mixture with the predominance of the bean component (31...54 kg/ha). The specified amount of biological nitrogen corresponds to the minimum recommended dose of Naa when cultivating spring grain crops in the Urals. The amount of accumulation of biological nitrogen in a crop with a minimum share of vetch (25%) is equivalent to the introduction of Naa at a dose of 35... 76 kg, with an equal ratio of components (50% + 50%), respectively 76... 140 kg/ha.
The yield of spring wheat grain after mixed and single-species sowing of winter vetch was significantly higher than after mono-powering of winter triticale (Table 2). The yield of wheat grain depended (r = 0.91) on the share of winter vetch in the composition of the sown mixture and the formed agrocenosis. This indicates the effectiveness of the use of biological nitrogen by wheat accumulated in the crop-root residues of the leguminous culture.
2. The effect of biological nitrogen of winter vetch cultivated as part of single-species and mixed agroceno-_ses on the yield of spring wheat, t/ha_
Type of predecessor (A) Nitrogen doses under the precursor (B) Average by A, LSD05 main effects = 0.12
N0 N30 N45 N60
Triticale 100% 2.60 2.61 2.50 2.53 2.56
Triticale 75% + vika 25% 2.75 2.73 2.65 2.66 2.70
Triticale 50% + vika 50% 3.17 3.20 3.00 2.86 3.06
Triticale 25% + vika 75% 3.34 3.36 2.90 2.84 3.11
Vika 100% 3.62 3.83 3.56 3.04 3.51
Average by B, LSD05, main effects = 0.16 B0 B1 B2 B3
3.10 3.15 2.92 2.79
LSD05 for partial differences by factors A h B A 0.56
B 0.74
When nitrogen fertilizer was added to the top dressing on winter vetch crops at a dose of more than 30 kg d.v./ ha, there was a change in the yield of spring wheat grain at the level of a steady downward trend. This is due to the manifestation of the inhibitory effect of nitrogen introduced with fertilizer on the development of the rhizobial apparatus on the root system of winter vetch. Obtaining a sufficiently high increase in the yield of spring wheat grain due to symbiotically fixed nitrogen can be explained by the fact that in the composition of mixed sowing there is an increase in the intensity of symbiotrophic nutrition of the legume component and an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen consumption from soil and fertilizer by cereals, due to which positive changes in the biochemical composition of the latter are observed. There is an increase in the nitrogen content in the grain, vegetative mass of plants and crop-root residues.
Conclusions. Mixed sowing of vetch and triticale had higher productivity relative to single-species crops. An increase in the proportion of the bean component in the mixture over 50% led to a decrease in yield. The introduction of nitrogen fertilizer increases the yield of the cereal component of sowing and its aggressiveness in the consumption of soil nitrogen and fertilizer. The yield of mixtures increased by 2.7...35.8%. The yield of spring wheat grain after mixed and single-species sowing of winter vetch was significantly higher than after mono-positioning of winter triticale and depended (r = 0.91) on the share of winter vetch in the composition of the sown mixture and the formed agrocenosis. When nitrogen fertilizer was added to the top dressing on winter vetch crops at a dose of more than 30 kg d.v./ ha,
there was a change in the yield of spring wheat grain at the level of a steady downward trend.
References
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THE EFFECT OF THE DOSE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTIVITY OF VARIETIES OF PEAS SOWN IN A MIXED
AGROCENOSIS WITH WINTER WHEAT
Alyoshin M.A.
Perm State Agro-Technological University Named after D.N. Pryanishnikov
614990 Russia, Perm, 23, Petropavlovskaya St.
Abstract
The results of a 2-factor field experiment to establish the varietal responsiveness of seed peas to nitrogen doses in a mixed agrocenosis with winter wheat are presented. The formation of the aboveground mass and photosynthetic leaf apparatus for the studied varieties had a similar tendency only in the control variants. The introduction of nitrogen doses increased the foliage of plants by 1.1...1.5 times. Heavier plants were obtained on variants with the addition of 15 kg N per ha. At doses of N30 and N45, a delay in growth rates and the passage of development phases was recorded.
Keywords: nitrogen fertilizing, mixed agrocenosis, seed peas, winter wheat.
Introduction. In regions with unstable climatic and unfavorable soil conditions, the sowing of winter cereals is associated with a significant risk arising from the creation of unfavorable wintering conditions that can cause damage and death of these crops. In this regard, in the conditions of production, they very often face the question of determining the crops that need to be replanted or replanted. In order to obtain a balanced protein-carbohydrate composition of feed, a number of researchers [1] suggest using leguminous crops (peas,
vetch) as sown components. Mixed agrocenoses significantly exceed single-species crops in terms of yield of green mass and grain [2-4]. Their effectiveness is largely determined by the biological compatibility of the components [5]. In the case of working with sparse and weakened winter grain crops, the primary condition affecting the biological efficiency of plants is the level of nitrogen nutrition [6, 7]. Thanks to research [8], this parameter is clearly differentiated depending on the density of the winter stalks, mineral nitrogen reserves in the soil and a number of auxiliary criteria. The use of
