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9BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
EVALUATION OF MUSHROOMS EXPOSED TO ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS BY SOIL
MOISTURE PROPERTIES
Balakhanova G.
Doctoral student, teacher Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University Baku, Azerbaijan
Abstract
The scientific article used the lands contaminated with industrial products, irrigated lands, oil and oil products, areas polluted by vehicles and crops planted there, urban lands, areas used for waste disposal. It was found that depending on the anthropogenic impacts, the ecological and trophic structure of each biotope-specific mycocom-plex also changed, which was reflected in the reduction of the specific gravity of saprotrophy in the microcomplex of relatively clean soils and the increase in polytrophy. No significant difference was observed when characterizing the fungi recorded in the studies according to the soil moisture in which they spread in nature. However, the specific gravity of the individual groups of the microcomplex due to moisture, which is characteristic of relatively clean soils, has changed to some extent due to hydrophils and mesohydrophils.
Keywords: anthropogenic, soil moisture, microscopic fungi, hydrophiles, xerohydrophytes, mesohydro-philes.
Microorganisms that spread in the soil, including microscopic fungi, are inevitably found in each of the earth's biocenoses. Fungi in this group play a key role in performing a number of functions in the ecosystem. They mainly play a role in the decomposition of organic matter and the circulation of biogenic elements, in the process of soil formation, in the regulation of the species structure and functional activity of other soil fungi, as well as in influencing plants. Soils, as well as ecosystems with both physical, chemical and biological properties, are characterized as the most populated areas of living things, and it is no coincidence that the vast majority of living things on Earth have a way of life, all the functions they perform (production, destruction, regulation and indication) are related to lands. It is important to pay constant attention to the lands, to conduct a comprehensive study of the processes taking place there and to identify the changes that occur as a result of this or that man-made and anthropogenic impact, which are usually negative. and is an important issue to address. Thus, the formation of mycobiota in areas with the same soil type exposed to different anthropogenic influences is characterized by a wide variety of fungi, and this diversity is reflected in their ecological-trophic relationships, distribution in different anthropogenically affected areas, as well as frequency and ecological manifests itself in the manifestations of trophic specialization. The results obtained also provide a basis for the negative characterization of these differences, which in most cases depend on the nature of anthropogenic impacts. The next stage of research is aimed at clarifying how this diversity is reflected in the ecophysiological characteristics of fungi recorded in research, both from a scientific and practical point of view, and today this issue is not sufficiently studied. In addition, the constant updating of human technologies is reflected in the impact on the environment, and as a
result, it is important to pay attention to what is happening, to determine the response of living organisms to anthropogenic impacts.
Anthropogenic environment means, first of all, those that are formed as a result of human activities and are under the influence of their various activities. More precisely, it is logical to call the places where people live, work, rest, receive medical treatment, and at one time or another, anthropogenic environment. These environments can also be called anthropogenic environments, which are formed as a result of direct or indirect influence of human activities in modern times, mainly to satisfy economic interests, and in our opinion, this approach more comprehensively reflects anthropogenic environments. For this reason, in our research, we have tried to clarify the processes that take place there in the example of fungi, considering the areas of land that have fundamentally changed their natural state as a result of direct human activities as an anthropogenic environment.
Environmental factors are primarily a number of indicators of the environment in which living things live, commonly referred to as biotic and abiotic factors. Because the effects of these factors are multifaceted and complex, it is not possible to specify all of them at once. For this reason, it is expedient to study how environmental factors, first of all humidity, temperature, pH, molecular oxygen, affect the activity of fungi in anthropogenic environment. Some of the research was carried out under natural conditions (attitude to moisture and molecular oxygen), and the rest were carried out in the laboratory. Among the environmental problems of modern times, global climate change caused by the direct impact of human activities on nature is also considered, and the result is that the condition of a number of ecosystems, primarily those related to land, is ecologically critical. For this reason, a number of cases arising from the impact of this problem, primarily the
observation of manifestations of desertification, are associated with changes in soil moisture, more precisely, the violation of the water balance. The ratio (in percent) of the total mass of water in the soil to the mass of the solid components of the soil is called the soil moisture. The amount of water is not the same in different soil types and at different times. When there is a lot of gravity water, the soil regime is close to the water regime. Only closed water remains on dry land. However, even in the driest soil, the humidity is higher than the humidity at the surface. Therefore, soil organisms are less susceptible to drying than surface organisms. [2, p.45] In general, moisture is characterized as one of the environmental factors that play an important role in the formation of soil fertility and is one of the necessary steps to take into account when using soils. Therefore, there is no doubt that clarifying the importance of the role of moisture in the soil and preventing its reduction is one of the important tasks facing research in this area. Given the importance of this, it was considered expedient to clarify how the natural moisture content of the areas selected for the study in the course of the study affected the fungi.
It became clear from the research that, depending on the nature of anthropogenic impacts, the changes recorded in a certain sense manifest themselves in different shades. Thus, when characterizing the recorded fungi in terms of soil moisture in nature, it became clear that most of the recorded fungi belong to xerohydro-philes and do not change depending on anthropogenic influences. However, depending on the anthropogenic impact, there are also differences in the attitude of fungi to moisture, as the specific gravity of different groups of the myco-complex, which is characteristic of relatively clean soils, varies due to hydrophils and mesohy-drophiles. When grouping the fungi recorded in the sampled areas according to the sources of contamination, it became clear that the hydrophilic group was in the most irrigated and used for landfilling, even higher than the control soils. This is normal, because irrigated lands are more suitable for their survival. The lowest number was in samples from oil-contaminated areas. Fungi belonging to the xerohydrophilic group are found in the areas most used for waste disposal, and least in areas contaminated with industrial products, and in all cases this figure was below control. Substances with different physical and chemical properties are obtained and used in production. Therefore, the waste released into the atmosphere differs in chemical composition [8, p.95]. As mentioned above, most of the fungi recorded in general belonged to xerohydrophiles. As for meso-hydrophiles, we can say that the number of mesohydro-phils recorded in the samples taken from the areas polluted by vehicles and plants, as well as from the areas used for waste disposal, was lower than the control, but found in other sources of pollution.
It is clear from the results that the moisture factor plays a role in the spread of fungi and is important, but it is less important than other living things, such as plants. The reason for this, in our opinion, should be sought in the specifics of the heterotrophic nutrition of fungi. Thus, when fed heterotrophically like animals, fungi can absorb water and water-soluble minerals not
from a specific area of the body, but from the entire body surface. Any soil also has moisture, and therefore the moisture factor in the spread of fungi does not cause significant changes. However, the moisture factor should always be considered as a factor that plays an important role in the sustainability of this or that ecosystem. Thus, the decrease in humidity leads to a change in the number and species composition of living things, and in most cases, to a decline, and a relative simplification of the relationship between living things. The indicators of the sustainability of this or that ecosystem are the richness of species diversity of living things, the complexity of the relationships between them. The reason for this fact is that the fungi belong to aerophiles, which is why it is difficult to circulate air in places with high humidity. Like all living things, the vast majority of fungi are aerobic in relation to oxygen. Oxygen factor is one of the leading factors in the continuation and circulation of their life activities in a normal sequence. From this point of view, in order to determine the effect of pollution on the spread of fungi in those sources, or rather on the oxygen factor and the spread of fungi depending on it, the distribution of fungi was studied by taking samples from relatively deep and two different sources of pollution. Thus, samples were taken from depths of 0-20, 20-40, 40-70 and 80-100 cm. As can be seen, the number of fungi was higher on the upper surface of all three soils than in the deeper layers, and is most pronounced in these relatively clean soils. However, when comparing these figures between the two sources of pollution, it was found that the number of fungi was more prevalent in irrigated lands. Thus, the number of fungi in the deeper layers of irrigated soils has been declining, and areas contaminated by road traffic have been relatively high. Even in samples taken from depths of 40-70 cm, the number of fungi in irrigated soils was 11 CFU / g, in the areas contaminated by traffic it was 34 CFU / g, and in relatively clean soils it was 36 CFU / g. In the deeper layers, fungi are almost non-existent, and in some km 0-3 fungal colonies are found, which is characteristic of relatively clean soils. Given the fact that it is interesting both scientifically and practically to determine which fungi it consists of, it was considered expedient to determine in which samples the fungal-forming units belong to which fungal species. In this regard, it became clear that only 3 species are found in relatively clean soils, which include fungi such as Actinomucor elegans, Mucor mucedo and Trichoderma hamatum. These fungi can also be described as facultative anaerobes. At the same time, it can be said that the amount of oxygen in the depths of the soil decreases, which limits the development of oxygen-sensitive fungi. This is the case in the most irrigated lands. As can be seen from the table, fungi are more abundant on the upper surface of irrigated soils and less on the lower layers. This is due to the abundance of oxygen and nutrients in the upper part, the swelling of the soil under the influence of water and the weakening of oxygen permeability, and the leaching of nutrients on the upper surface. However, fungi that require less oxygen in the deeper layers have also been found. Despite all this, fungi are anaerobic
organisms, and in order for them to continue their life activities, they need oxygen in their environment.
Thus, it became clear from research that the moisture factor plays a role in the spread of fungi, and this is important. When the fungi were characterized by the moisture content of the soils in the study, it became clear that most of the fungi were xerohydrophilous and did not cause significant changes due to anthropogenic impacts. The specific gravity varies due to hydrophils and mesohydrophils. Any soil also has moisture, and therefore the moisture factor in the spread of fungi does not cause significant changes. However, the moisture factor should always be considered as a factor that plays an important role in the sustainability of this or that ecosystem. Thus, the decrease in humidity leads to a change in the number and species composition of living things, and in most cases, to a decline, and a relative simplification of the relationship between living things. The indicators of the sustainability of this or that ecosystem are the richness of species diversity of living things, the complexity of the relationships between them. It is worth mentioning that the specific gravity of hydrophils in all cases is lower than in other groups. The reason for this fact is that the fungi belong to aero-philes, which is why it is difficult to circulate air in places with high humidity.
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BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA IN THE FIELDS OF SOME REGIONS
OF AZERBAIJAN
Abdullayeva Sh.
Ph.d. teacher
Azerbaijan State Pedagogical Univercity, Azerbaijan
Abstract
The research was conducted in some regions of Azerbaijan. Purpose of work to study of research bacterial strains p. Azotobacter in the conditions of open and closed soil. Tasks: To learn the peculiarities of the soil from which the bacteria p. Azotobacter. To determine the cultural and morphological properties of strains, isolated from soil samples and to establish their dependence on the type of soil (closed / open).
Keywords: azotobacter, soil, nitrates.
The soil is the main means of agricultural production, the economic basis for the existence of people, but do not forget that human health depends on the quality of plant products [1]. Modern fertilizers used for growing agricultural plants contain an excessive amount of chemicals, they are able to transform the biochemical composition of plant foods: the amount of vitamins and microelements in them is sharply reduced, and if there are too many chemicals, all useful substances can be completely replaced by nitrates. With the regular use of such products, instead of the expected benefits, a person gets a headache, dizziness, heart failure, tachycardia, muscle numbness, hearing and vision impairment [2]. Despite this, nitrates are necessary for plants as a source of nitrogen for growth and development. Plants cannot absorb nitrogen from the air. This process is carried out only by bacteria. The transfer of nutrients into
a form accessible to plants, in particular nitrogen, is one of the important functions of the Azotobacter of the river. Biological nitrogen is the safest for humans, since there is no accumulation of nitrates. In addition, these bacteria, developing near the roots of plants, stimulate their growth [1].
The purpose of the work: the study of strains of bacteria p. Azotobacter in open and closed ground conditions. Tasks: Find out the features of the soil from which the bacteria of the river were extracted p. Azoto-bacter. Determine the cultural and morphological properties of strains isolated from soil samples and establish the dependence of their occurrence on the type of soil (closed / open). Establish the stimulating activity of isolated strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
