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4organisms, and in order for them to continue their life activities, they need oxygen in their environment.
Thus, it became clear from research that the moisture factor plays a role in the spread of fungi, and this is important. When the fungi were characterized by the moisture content of the soils in the study, it became clear that most of the fungi were xerohydrophilous and did not cause significant changes due to anthropogenic impacts. The specific gravity varies due to hydrophils and mesohydrophils. Any soil also has moisture, and therefore the moisture factor in the spread of fungi does not cause significant changes. However, the moisture factor should always be considered as a factor that plays an important role in the sustainability of this or that ecosystem. Thus, the decrease in humidity leads to a change in the number and species composition of living things, and in most cases, to a decline, and a relative simplification of the relationship between living things. The indicators of the sustainability of this or that ecosystem are the richness of species diversity of living things, the complexity of the relationships between them. It is worth mentioning that the specific gravity of hydrophils in all cases is lower than in other groups. The reason for this fact is that the fungi belong to aero-philes, which is why it is difficult to circulate air in places with high humidity.
REFERENCES:
1. Ibrahimov A.SH., Abdulova Z.A., Mehdiyeva L.N. Mycology Baku: Baku University, 2008, 324 pages.
2. Mammadov Q.Sh., Khalilov M.Y. "Ecology, environment and man" Baku, "Elm" publishing house -2006, 608 p.
3. Namazov N.R. The world of mushrooms and mushroom-like creatures. Sumgayit: Sumgayit 2019, № 2, 469 pages.
4. Sutin I.A., Zelenskaya L.N., Finn Q.R. Microbiology. Baku: Maarif Publishing House, 1968, 368 pages.
5. Zeynalli K.S., Karimov Z.M., Jabrayilzade S.M., Gahramanova F.X. Mycobiota of residential buildings and objects of various purposes.// Scientific works of the Institute of Microbiology of ANAS. Baku: Elm Publishing House, 2009, p.29, p.693-697.
6. Antropova A.B., Bilanenko E.N., Mokeeva V.L., Chekunova L.N., Jeltikova T.M. Mycobiota do-mashney pili g.Sofii (Bulgaria) .// Uspexi mediüinskoy mikologii. Moscow: National Academy of Mycology, 2007, vol.9, p.34-35.
7. Antropova A.B., Kazanueva Q.V., Mokeeva V.L., Chekunova L.N. and dr. Micromutiosis of bone marrow - a source of allergens.//Immunology, Allergology, Infectology, 2009, № 2, p.41.
8. Shirokova NV, Serdyukova YP / Industrial ecology: textbook / Persian: Don GAU, -2019. - 193 p.
BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA IN THE FIELDS OF SOME REGIONS
OF AZERBAIJAN
Abdullayeva Sh.
Ph.d. teacher
Azerbaijan State Pedagogical Univercity, Azerbaijan
Abstract
The research was conducted in some regions of Azerbaijan. Purpose of work to study of research bacterial strains p. Azotobacter in the conditions of open and closed soil. Tasks: To learn the peculiarities of the soil from which the bacteria p. Azotobacter. To determine the cultural and morphological properties of strains, isolated from soil samples and to establish their dependence on the type of soil (closed / open).
Keywords: azotobacter, soil, nitrates.
The soil is the main means of agricultural production, the economic basis for the existence of people, but do not forget that human health depends on the quality of plant products [1]. Modern fertilizers used for growing agricultural plants contain an excessive amount of chemicals, they are able to transform the biochemical composition of plant foods: the amount of vitamins and microelements in them is sharply reduced, and if there are too many chemicals, all useful substances can be completely replaced by nitrates. With the regular use of such products, instead of the expected benefits, a person gets a headache, dizziness, heart failure, tachycardia, muscle numbness, hearing and vision impairment [2]. Despite this, nitrates are necessary for plants as a source of nitrogen for growth and development. Plants cannot absorb nitrogen from the air. This process is carried out only by bacteria. The transfer of nutrients into
a form accessible to plants, in particular nitrogen, is one of the important functions of the Azotobacter of the river. Biological nitrogen is the safest for humans, since there is no accumulation of nitrates. In addition, these bacteria, developing near the roots of plants, stimulate their growth [1].
The purpose of the work: the study of strains of bacteria p. Azotobacter in open and closed ground conditions. Tasks: Find out the features of the soil from which the bacteria of the river were extracted p. Azoto-bacter. Determine the cultural and morphological properties of strains isolated from soil samples and establish the dependence of their occurrence on the type of soil (closed / open). Establish the stimulating activity of isolated strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
The first stage of the work was the study of the state of soils, namely, the determination of the mechanical composition, the pH of the medium, and the presence of carbonates. Soil sampling was carried out from two different vegetable gardens and greenhouses located at a distance of 2600 meters. Will affect the diversity of strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The sites are remote from a major highway, so the probability of settling particles of vehicle exhaust gases on the soil is low.
Conclusion: soil samples have similar characteristics: mechanical composition - medium loamy, medium pH = 6 (slightly acidic), an insignificant amount of carbonates. The second stage of work is the identification of microorganisms of the river. Azotobacter in these soil samples. For this, lumps 3-4 mm in diameter were taken from the sifted and moistened soil. and placed in Petri dishes on Ashby nutrient medium [3]. Observation and microscopic analysis of the obtained colonies of microorganisms showed that all soil samples contain cells of bacteria of the genus p. Azotobacter (pic.l).
Picture 1
The following regularity was revealed: under conditions of closed ground from soil samples taken at a depth of 20 cm, the percentage of fouling was 100% and 94%/95% on the surface. In open ground conditions: at a depth of 20 cm - 98% / 94%, on the surface -99% / 96%. We assume that under closed ground conditions, the soil surface quickly loses moisture and there is no natural source of it, therefore, bacteria are concentrated in deeper moist layers (in addition, the soil is bulk, it is quite loose and saturated with oxygen). The total amount of fouling on the fourth day was 100% in all soil samples. At the same time, some of the soil lumps were overgrown with light colonies, some with dark ones.
The ratio of light and dark colonies from different places differs both in closed and open ground: in closed ground, dark colonies predominate, which indicates a protective reaction of cells to adverse conditions, in open ground, light colonies with yellow or light brown pigmentation predominate. All cells of the isolated samples are spherical and have formations in the form of capsules. The presence of cysts was not found in all cultures.
At the third stage of the work, we studied the stimulating activity of the isolated strains of bacteria p. Azotobacter. To do this, we chose the seeds of red and white beans grown in our own garden. The seeds intended for the experiments are of the same size and have not been subjected to any chemical treatment. As a substrate, cotton wool moistened with the same amount of tap water with the addition of isolated strains of bacteria p. Azotobacter (50 ml of water took a mucous film of light yellow bacterial colonies the size of a pea (regardless of the type of soil (closed / open)).
From above, the seeds were covered with a cotton wool substrate moistened with tap water. Germination took place under room conditions at a temperature of 22-25°C. For control samples, the substrate was moistened with tap water. To establish the stimulating activity of the isolated strains of bacteria p. Azotobacter, set up three parallel experiments. Three days later, the results of observations were recorded. Germination of red bean seeds on a substrate moistened with water with the addition of bacteria r. Azotobacter is higher than control samples by 9%, white seeds - by 5%. The total length of the roots that emerged from the germinal root of red bean seeds on a substrate moistened with water with the addition of bacteria r. Azotobacter is longer than the length of the roots of control samples by 7.2 cm, white seeds - by 1.3 cm. In addition, we noticed that the seeds germinated in the presence of bacteria had a growth force - the lids of the Petri dishes were noticeably raised, the roots rested against the substrate (no such phenomenon was observed in the control samples). Conclusion: bacteria r. Azotobacter stimulate seed germination and accelerate plant development.
As a result of the study, we came to the following conclusions: The studied soil has properties suitable for the habitation of bacteria of the river. Azotobacter. All cells of the isolated samples are spherical and have formations in the form of capsules. The presence of cysts was found not in all cultures. Our hypothesis about the dependence of the occurrence of bacteria on the type of soil (closed/open) was not confirmed. Our hypothesis about the stimulating activity of the bacterium p. Azotobacter was confirmed.
REFERENCES:
1. Звягинцев Д. Г., Бабьева И. П., Зенова Г. М. Биология почв: Учебник. — 3-изд., испр. и доп.— М.: Изд-во МГУ, 2005. — 445 с.,
2. (Классический университетский учебник) О вреде нитратов. Источник: http://04.rospotrebnad-zor.ru/index.php/san-nadzor/43-san-ottel/4739-22052015.html
3. Охотник за микробами. Методические рекомендации и инструкции по применению набора.
