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Науковий вкник НЛТУ Украши. - 2014. - Вип. 24.11
УДК 630 *[17+44]:582.931.4 Prof. A.F. Goychuk, Doctor of Agricultural
Sciences; researcher I.M. Kulbanska - NULES of Ukraine, Kyiv
ETIOLOGY OF COMMON ASH DISEASES IN PODOLIA, UKRAINE
The article summarizes study results of pathological changes of vegetative and generative organs of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L). It is shown that this important forest tree is rather susceptible not only to different systematic and functional groups of mico- and microorganisms, but also to numerous types of harmful entomofauna. Our results demonstrate that the most common and dangerous ash disease is tuberculosis. Its causative agent - Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi - affects trunks, branches and shoots as well as inflorescences of common ash. There are a variety of other pathogens and pests thatconsiderably slow ash growth and development and reduce its qualitative characteristics.
Key words: Pathogenic microflora, contagious and non-contagious pathology, harmful entomofauna, disease symptoms, Ash generative organs, ash tuberculosis, pathogenesis, disease occurrence and hazard levels.
Study objective was scientific analysis of specialized literature on symptomatology and etiology of diseases of vegetative and generative organs of common ash that develop under the influence of pathogenic mico- and microorganisms, such as pathogens of infectious diseases and pests, and their analytic generalization. Anothergoal was to investigate the primary factors of common ash pathology in Ukrainian Podolia.
The study approach included the application ofa variety of research methods, including system analysis, information management, bibliometrics, specific forest pathology and phytopathology methods and surveys. Species diversity of mico- and microorganisms, and pests were classified according to corresponding indicators.
The object of investigation - Fraxinus excelsior L and forest plantations that include this component in Podolia, Ukraine. The subject of investigation - etiology and pathogenesis of contagious and non-contagious diseases of common ash.
Study results. Almost all known groups of microorganisms that are pathogens of diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc.), as well as algae and lichens, can be found on common ash. There is also a large variety of pests that are especially dangerous for weakened Fraxinus excelsior L. plantations.
Disruption of photosynthesis and transpiration processes isoften associated with certain leaf diseases (such as spots, deformations, etc.). This is especially true of young common ash plants and seedlings. Premature shrinking and falling of leaves may result from large scale spread of the disease.
Our common ash survey took place in state forest enterprise "Chortkivske". A variety of micoflora species were identified, including those of Deuteromycota taxo-nomic morphological group (Alternaria tenui Nees, Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Lk., Phomopsis scobinella Sacc. et d. Sacc., Phyllosticta fraxini Ell. et Mart, Septoria fraxini Desm., Cylindrosporium fraxini (Ell. et Kell) Ell. et Ev.), Ascomycota (Mic-rosphaera alphitoides Gr. et Nb, Uncinula fraxini Miyake. Phyllactinia suffulta Sacc., Mycosphaerella fraxini (Niessl). Zindau), as well as Puccinia obtusata Otth (Uredini-omycota). On wet rich soils Alternaria tenuis Nees., Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Lk. and Phomopsis scobinella Sacc. et D. Sacc were commonly found.
Alternaria tenuis Nees colonyon potato agar (PA) is usually colored black or olive-black. Conidiophores are isolated or gathered in small groups, simple or branched, with partitions, straight or sinuous, sometimes crank, smooth; their dimensions vary within 5-125* 3-6 ^m. Conidia is formed in long, branching chains of 10 or
1. Лкове та садово-паркове господарство
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more, egg-shaped, spherical, 7-130x6-22.5 ^m, with longitudinal and transverse SEPTA, smooth, dark olive or olive-brown. Conidia is without cervical, elliptical, egg-shaped, rounded at the ends, 7-72x6-22.5 ^m, its cervix 1-58.5 x1.5-7.5 ^m, with 1-
4transv .....1 hyte, cosmopolitan
Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Lk. colonies are well spread, olive green to olive-brown. Conidiophoresare direct or sinuous, sometimes crank, often knotted up, light or dark olive-brown, smooth, 250x3-6 pm. Conidia is long or elliptical with rounded edges, with a thick shell, with small warts, one-celled, light or dark olive-brown, dimensions vary within 5-23x3-8 [im (Fig. 2).Cosmopolitan.
Asfor Phomopsis scobinella Sacc.et d. Sacc, its anatomical-morphological features are similar to those described in the literature [2].
Ash seeds, orkeys, make a good growing media for a variety of fungi species. Usually, the seeds are infested by Deuteromycota fungi, such as Ascochyta spp., Cer-cospora spp., Cylindrosporium spp., Diplodia spp., Gleoeosporium spp., Heterospori-um spp., Phoma spp., Septoria spp. The disease is characterized by the presence of larger or smaller black pecnidia on necrotic (lighter) areas of ash seeds, in groups or separately. By affecting vital organs, causative agents of necrotic diseases of shoots, branches and trunks can not only cause their significant weakening, but also dieback ofentire trees. Also, through forming necrotic areas these agents create favorable conditions for timber damaging fungi colonies, particularly on trunks [7, 9].
In Podolia, themost common pathogens of necrotic diseases onbranches and trunks of common ash are Cytospora spp., Phoma spp. and Hysterographium fraxini de Not. Cytophoma pulchella (Sacc.) Gutn. and Endoxylina stellulata Rom. are causative agents of ash cancer, which lead to the excessive uneven proliferation of isolated
Fig. 1. Alternaría tenuis Nees (x 400 optical magnification)
Fig. 2. Cladosporiumm herbarum (Pers.) (x 400 optical magnification)
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parts of plants with the formation of growths and tumors. It was reported that ashcan-cer may spread into shoots if root tops are infected [7].
Fungi pathogens on common ash were previously studied by Pidoplichko [8, 9, 10], who notes a number of pathogenic fungi, in particular Basidiomycetes (Tyromyces fissilis (Berk. et Curt.) Donk, Spongipellis spumeus Pat., Fomitopsis cyti-sina Bond. et Sing., Inonotus hispidus Karst., Phellinus conchatus Quel., Phellinus to-rulosus Bourd. et Galz., Polyporus varius Pers. Ex. Fr, Funalia gallica Bond. et Sing., Oxyporuspopulinus Donk., Puccinia obtusata Otth., as well as Uncinula fraxini Miyake, Nectria galligena Bresadola, Nectria cinnabarina Fb and Phytophthora cactorum.
As part of our forest pathology survey in state forest enterprise "Chortkivske", we discovered a disease with symptoms similar to'ash dieback infection". Its main symptoms are characterized by massive drying and blackening of ashleaves, by deformation of shoots, and local discoloration of necrotic areas on branches and trunks (fig. 3 a, b, c). Despite the fact that the current etiology of "ash dieback infection" is explained by mycosis (in particular, Chalara fraxinea / Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus), this viewpoint remains controversial. Similar disease was also found onbeech trees and is known as the "black bacteriosis" [1], and also on poplar trees - known as "scab."
Fig. 3. Morphological signs of ""terminal illness " Ash: a) blackened leaves as if "burned", b) sprout deformationc - color change of affected branches
Species composition of bacteriosis pathogens for forest woody plants is much less diverse than of mycosis pathogens. However, the most common and dangerous disease of common ash - tuberculosis - is caused by bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi (Smith 1908) Young et. Al. 1978). Bacteria can infect trees of one-two years of age. The disease reveals itself on the branches, trunks, and generative organs of common ash. Instead of smooth greenishbark, there are small elliptical soft tumors filled with grey sticky odorlessbacterial mass. Over time, the affected area of the trunk becomes more flat. Cambiumdies and disintegrates. In the center of tuberculous formations, a crack is formed that is eventually partially overgrown. From year to year there are new tumors formed that spread both in length and around the perimeter of the trunk (branches). As a result, individual perennial lesions are formed, resembling scab or "parsha" [7].
We were able to isolate multiple bacteria from affected leaves, inflorescences, keys, branches and trunks of Fraxinus excelsior L. In particular, P. Syringae pv. Savastanoi and Xanthomonas sp. were isolated from infected generative organs [4, 5].
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The artificial infection with isolates proved them to be pathogenic to ash seeds and branches, and non-pathogenic to ash leaves.
Fig. 4. Morphological signs of tuberculosis Ash: a) the initial stage of tuberculosis ("scab"), b) spreading of trunk tumors, c) formation of tubercular tumor, d) metamorphosis of ash
generative organs
Colonies of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Savastanoi are gray-white or cream, round, smooth, transparent, featuring straight or slightly wavy edge, sometimes with blue tinge; locatedseparately, in pairs or short chains, sometimes in groups. Inmeat peptone agar bacteria grow slowly, 2-3 mm in diameter; a colony is gray-white, round, transparent, with a smooth or wavy edge. Inmeat peptone bullionbacteria growth is faster, forming a uniform cloudiness that starts from the top. On potato agar, bacteria form brown pigments. Bacteria is highly pathogenic for both common ash and indicator plants.
Physiological characteristics of isolates are not homogeneous. Bacteria grow well in Eijkman, Kohn, Fermi and Ushynsky environments, slightly slower - Liske environment. No growth was detected in Czapekand Omelyansky mediums. Bacteria are aerobic, do not ferment glucose under vaseline oil; on 3-5th day absorb arabinose, glucose, galactose, dextrose, mannitol, glycerol; on 7-10th day absorbs raffinose, maltose, starch. All strains absorb lactose and sucrose on 17 -20-th day. No growth was detected on salicin and eksulin. On the 4th day of growth bacteria use asparti, glutamic and aminobutyric acid, alanine, asparagine, tryptophan, and also citric, formic, acetic, suc-cinic, malic, or fumaric acid as a carbon source, inan alkaline environment. The bacteria do not metabolize leucine, cystine, cysteine, oxalic or tartaric acid.
Strains do not dissolve gelatin, do not form hydrogen sulfide or ammonia, do not reduce nitrates, orhydrolyze starch. Thus, tuberculosis pathogen is similar to that described in the literature. As for the yellow-pigmented isolates of bacteria, we are presently studying their anatomical, morphological, physiological and biochemical properties.
The harmful entomofaunat hat damages ash seed include Tortrix convayana F., Pseudargyrotoza conwayana F., Ligniodes enucleator Panz.and Dasyneura fraxini Ki-eff From galls of Dasyneura fraxini Kieff we were able to isolate bacteria that, in nutritious environments, formed gray, round, translucent colonies, size 0.5 -1mm in diameter. The colony edge is straight, its surface is smooth and its center is upraised. Isolated bacteria were classified as Pseudomonas sp. When artificiallyintroduced, selected isolates causedpathological processes on ash branches. Obviously, Dasyneura fraxini Kieff could be one of the carriers of ash tuberculosis, but this hypothesis requires further experimental confirmation.
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Науковий вкник НЛТУ Украши. - 2014. - Вип. 24.11
Fig. 5. Pseudomonas sp.
Ash leaves are also damaged by Lytta vesicatoria L., Macrophya punctum-al-bum L., Calospilospantaria L., Xanthospilapteryx syringella L., Melita camaturna L., Sphinx ligustri L., Tomostethus nigritus F., Dasyneura fraxini Kieff, Erannis defoli-aria Cl., Phytagromyza heringi Hend., Prociphilus nidificus Loew., Psyllopsis fraxini L. Branch pests include Prays curtisellus Don., Zeuzera pyrina L, Leperisinus fraxini Ranz, Fonscolombea fraxini (Kalt.) and Chionaspissalicis L.
Among the most common and dangerous pests affecting ash trunks in the study area are Leperisinus fraxini Panz and Hylesinus crenatus Fabr. We also located Zeuzera pyrina L., Xyleborus (=Anisandrus) dispar) Fabr. and Platypus cylindrus F. According to the literature review, other trunk pests include Phloeotribus caucasicus Reitt., Hylesinus cholodkovskyi Berg., H.cingulatus Blandf., H. eos Spess., H. laticollis Blandf., H.nobilis Blandf., H. pravdini Stark., H. striatus Egg., H. toranio (Danth.) (oleiperda (F.)), H.varius F. etc [9].
Conclusions. The most harmful disease of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) is tuberculosis (the causative agent - P. Syringaepv. savastanoi), which affects both its vegetative and generative organs. From a variety of ash organs (except leaves) we isolated as a yellow-pigmented and spore bacteriathat experimentally demonstrated pathogenic properties. We also studied a variety of fungi, including Deuteromycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota.
Our research demonstrated a wide diversity of harmful entomofauna that damage generative organs, leaves, branches and trunks. The greatest harm to Fraxinus excelsior L. is caused by some representatives of the Coleoptera order.
References
1. Гвоздяк Р. И. Бактериальные болезни лесных древесных пород / Р. И. Гвоздяк, Л.М. Яковлева. - К. : Изд-во "Наук. думка", 1979. - 244 с.
2. Методы исследования возбудителей бактериальных болезней растений / Бельтюкова К.И., Матышевская М.С., Куликовская М.Д., Сидоренко С.С.]. - К. : Изд-во "Наук. думка", 1968. - 316 с.
3. Билай В.И. Микроорганизмы - возбудители болезней растений / В.И. Билай, Р.И. Гвоздяк, ИГ. Скрипаль и др.; под ред. В.И. Билай. - К. : Изд-во "Наук. думка", 1988. - 552 с.
4. Гойчук А.Ф. Патологш д1бров : монографш / А.Ф. Гойчук, М.1. Гордаенко, Н.М. Гордаенко та in; за ред. М.1. Гордаенка. - Вид. 2-ге, [перероб. та доп.]. - К. : Вид-во [б. в.], 2004. - 470 с.
5. Пидопличко Н.М. Грибы-паразиты культурных растений. Определитель в 3-ех т. - Т. 1. Грибы совершенные / Н.М. Пидопличко. - К. : Изд-во "Наук. думка", 1977. - С. 295.
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Нащональний лкотехшчний унiверситет Украши
6. Пидопличко Н.М. Грибы-паразиты культурных растений. Определитель в 3-ех т. - Т.
2. Грибы несовершенные / Н.М. Пидопличко. - К. : Изд-во "Наук. думка", 1977. - С. 299.
7. Пидопличко Н.М. Грибы-паразиты культурных растений. Определитель в 3-ех т. - Т.
3. Пикнидиальные грибы / Н.М. Пидопличко. - К. : Изд-во "Наук. думка", 1977. - С. 230.
8. Гордiшко М.1. Ясени в Украхш / М.1. Гордiшко, А.Ф. Гойчук, Н.М. Гордiеико, Г.П. Леон-тяк. - К. : Вид-во "Сшьгоспосвгга", 1996. - 392 с.
Гойчук А.Ф., Кульбанська 1.М. Етюлопя хвороб ясена звичайного на Подкош Украши
Наведено результати дослщжень патологiчних змш вегетативних i генеративних органiв ясена звичайного. Показано, що ця цшна лiсова деревина досить чутлива не тшь-ки до рiзних за систематичним i функцiональним положениям груп мiко- та мшроорга-нiзмiв, а й до багатьох видiв шюдливо! ентомофауни. Акцентовано увагу, що найбшьш поширеним i шкодочинним для ясена звичайного е туберкульоз, збудник якого фтопа-тогенна бактерш Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi - уражуе як стовбури, гики та па-гони, так i його суцвiття. Зазначено низку збудниюв iифекцiйиих хвороб та види шкодо-чинно! ентомофауни, як iстотно послаблюють рiст, розвиток та знижують якiснi характеристики деревини ясена звичайного.
Ключовi слова: патогенна мшрофлора, iнфекцiйна та нешфекцшна патологш, шкiдлива ентомофауна, симптоми хвороб, генеративш органи ясена, туберкульоз ясена, патогенез, поширешсть хвороб, шкодочиннiсть хвороб.
Гойчук А.Ф., Кульбанская И.Н. Этиология болезней ясеня обыкновенного на Подолье Украины
Приведены результаты исследований патологических изменений вегетативных и генеративных органов ясеня обыкновенного. Показано, что это ценная лесная древесина весьма чувствительна не только к разным по систематическим и функциональным положением групп мико- и микроорганизмов, но и к многочисленным видам вредоносной эн-томофауны. Акцентировано внимание, что наиболее распространенным и вредоносным заболеванием для ясеня обыкновенного является туберкулез, возбудитель - фитопатоген-ная бактерия Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi - поражает как стволы, ветви и побеги, так и его соцветия. Отмечен ряд возбудителей инфекционных болезней и виды вредоносной энтомофауны, которые существенно ослабляют рост, развитие и снижают качественные характеристики древесины ясеня обыкновенного.
Ключевые слова: патогенная микрофлора, инфекционная и неинфекционная патология, вредоносная энтомофауна, симптомы болезней, генеративные органы ясеня, туберкулез ясеня, патогенез, распространенность болезней, вредоносность болезней.
УДК 630 *[165+23] Доц. Ю.1. Гайда, д-р с.-г. наук -
Укратський НД1 гiрського лiсiвництва; Терноптьський НЕУ
ПЛЮСОВ1 ДЕРЕВА ДУБА ЗВИЧАЙНОГО ТА СКЕЛЬНОГО ЯК ОБ'бКТИ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ГЕНЕТИЧНИХ РЕСУРС1В IN SITU
Наведено результати швентаризацп та дослщження плюсових дерев дуба звичайного та дуба скельного в Захщному регюш Украши (1вано-Франювськш, Львiвськiй, Тернопшьськш, Черщвецькш обл.). Виявлено i встановлено точш географiчнi координа-ти 174 плюсових дерев дуба звичайного (88,3 % вщ кшькост вщбраних) та 27 плюсових дерев дуба скельного (90 %). Бiльшiсть дерев дуба звичайного (83,9 %) представляють Придшстровський люостеповий люонасшний район та майже усi (99 %) грудовi умови екологiчного ареалу виду. Плюсовi дерева як дуба звичайного, так i дуба скельного вь дображають найбiльш повно генофонд тшьки окремих популяций (Прут-Дшстровсько!, Прут-Сиретсько!, Товщiвськоl, Улашювсько!). Встановлено, що незначна кiлькiсть бь отип1в дуба звичайного i скельного вiдповiдають критерiям плюсових дерев I категорп.
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Збiрник науково-техшчних праць
