CC BY
14
УДК 331
DOI: 10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-8-111-123
EMIGRATION OF THE POPULATION OF MONGOLIA: QUESTIONS AND ANALYSIS
ЭМИГРАЦИЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ МОНГОЛИИ: ВОПРОСЫ И АНАЛИЗ
I. Imideeva, Department University of Finance and Economic, Ulaanbaatar
imideevaiv@mail.ru
И. В. Имидеева, Финансово-экономический университет,
г. Улан-Батор
The work examines the processes of emigration of Mongolian citizens and their problems, including the author studied and analyzed the reasons for emigration. It should be noted that not so many decades have passed since the Mongols began to freely travel abroad, and therefore the relevance of the study carried out is to study the emigration process of Mongolian citizens and find out the nature of the reasons for the departure of citizens to other countries.
The analysis of the emigration of the population was facilitated by various reasons, such as environmental, political, economic, social, cultural and others. In the methodological part, methods of sampling, collection and analysis of data, as well as methods of empirical research were used.
The object of study is the emigration of the Mongolian population, the subject of the study is the study of the emigration process of Mongolian citizens in the context of different periods. The purpose of studying this direction is to study and identify the main difficulties and problems of the emigration process in Mongolia and present a comprehensive analysis. The methodological part of the study included the use of sampling methods, the use of methods for collecting and analyzing data, as well as empirical research.
In the years before the pandemic, the number of Mongols, living and working in other countries, was constantly growing, but due to a number of reasons, including the pandemic, some citizens began to return to their homeland. The government of Mongolia has taken a number of measures to return its citizens to their homeland over the past and this year.
A generation of young people aged 25-44 remains permanently. Studies have shown that India, Russia, China, Japan, Australia, Germany and Ireland are preferred for study, with the largest number of people going to South Korea, the Czech Republic and Hungary to work under labour contracts. In terms of the ratio of men and women over the years, a larger percentage falls on women according to the gender survey and indicates that the number of women living abroad exceeds the number of men. Thus, it is time to decide the need to form a single transparent system for the formal collection of information on external migration, including information on working and living conditions, on the consequences of migration, therefore, it will be easier to accurately determine the goals of the emigration outflow and one of the ways to find a solution to this issue. considered due to external emigration
Key words: migration; international emigration; emigration; labor resources; labor migration; migration processes; demographic development; migration attractiveness; demography; external migration
Исследуются процессы эмиграции граждан Монголии и их проблемы. Автором проведен анализ причин эмиграции. Прошло не так много времени с тех пор, как монголы начали свободно выезжать за границу, поэтому задачей проведенного исследования явилось изучение эмиграционного процесса монгольских граждан и выяснение причин выезда граждан в другие страны.
Анализу эмиграции населения способствовали различные причины, такие как экологические, политические, экономические, социальные, культурные и другие. В исследовании использовались методы выборки, сбора и комплексного анализа данных, а также обобщения и моделирования.
Объектом изучения является эмиграция монгольского населения, предметом исследования является эмиграционный процесс монгольских граждан в разрезе различных периодов. Целью изучения данного
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© I. Imideeva, 2021
направления является выявление основных трудностей и проблем эмиграционного процесса в Монголии. Методологическая часть изучения включала в себя применение методов сбора и анализа данных, обобщения и моделирования. Использовался при этом комплексный подход.
До пандемии количество монголов, проживающих и работающих в других странах, постоянно росло, но из-за ряда причин, включая пандемию, часть граждан стали возвращаться на Родину. Правительством Монголии предпринят ряд мер способствующих возвращению своих граждан на Родину.
Поколение в возрасте 25...44 лет остается на постоянное место жительство. Согласно проведенным исследованиям, предпочтение отдается Индии, России, Китаю, Японии, Австралии, Германии и Ирландии, наибольшее количество людей едет в Южную Корею, Чехию и Венгрию для работы по трудовым договорам. Количество женщин, проживающих за границей, превышает количество мужчин. Таким образом, назрела необходимость формирования единой прозрачной системы для формального сбора информации о внешней миграции, включающей информацию о рабочих условиях и условиях проживания, о последствиях миграции. Следует точно определить цели эмиграционного оттока.
Ключевые слова: миграция, международная эмиграция; эмиграция; трудовые ресурсы; трудовая миграция; миграционные процессы; демографическое развитие; миграционная привлекательность; демография; внешняя миграция
/ntroduction. International emigration is an integral part of the country's economic and social policy, and more and more there is a need to regulate this process at different levels of government.
Today, according to available data, the number of international migrants reaches almost 272 million people worldwide, with almost two thirds of them labor migrants [1]. In this process, developed countries are to a large extent recipients. There is a stable trend, mainly the countries of Southeast Asia are suppliers of labor. Every year until 2020, about 2 million Asian workers and specialists went abroad to work, the bulk of immigrants from the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Burma, Vietnam. The US, Russia, Germany, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Great Britain, France, Spain, Australia and India are the leaders in terms of host countries or recipients of labor, but most of Asia is from Singapore, and South Korea is the leading receiving country [22].
During the Covid-19 period from April 29, 2020, Mongolia entered into force a one-time law on preventing and combating the spread of an infectious disease and reducing its negative socio-economic impact, which is extended by the Parliament of Mongolia once every six months until December 31, 2021. According to this law, from the fall of 2020 to April 2021, the quarantine and closed border regimes were in effect. All this time, the Government of Mongolia has taken a number of measures to return its citizens to their homeland, so on July 5, 2021, more than 40,000 Mongolian citizens returned to the country, leaving abroad work, study, treatment, residence, etc. Note that the countries are cooperating with international migration agencies, international organizations for migration and labor
organization to establish the causes, problems and consequences of external labor migration. For Mongolian citizens living abroad, an online registration system www.citizen.gov.mn was developed, aimed at encouraging Mongolian families living abroad to leave their data. However, most of the information was collected from the databases of the General Agency for Border Protection and the State Registration Agency from the census of Mongolian citizens and the household census questionnaire. Subsequently, the processing of data on the number of citizens living abroad for 6 months or more was carefully checked and agreed with the relevant authorities [21, p. 153].
A selective study of the situation of residence and employment of Mongols abroad, the reasons and state of their social, economic and marital status was carried out by the Mongolian Population and Development Association in 2005, the Center for Human Development Research in 2016. The National Statistical Office collected general information on Mongols living and working abroad in the 2010 and 2020 General Population and Housing Census and the 2015 Interim Census [23].
For the first time, a census of Mongolian citizens living abroad was carried out by 2010, and according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, this was their feature. Although the decision of the state Great Khural regarding this law was made in 2008, part of the work began in May of that year [13, p.19-20]. The least costly way to implement Article 10.1.4 of the Law on Population and Housing Census was the use of communication technologies for the census, which took into account people living 6 months or more abroad, and carried out the count online.
The relevance of these studies is the creation of a unified database of reliable data of Mongolian citizens emigrating both within the country and outside it. The subject of this research is to study the process of emigration of Mongolian citizens.
The purpose of studying this direction is to study and identify the main problems of the emigration process in Mongolia with subsequent analysis.
The objectives of this study are to study the process of emigration of citizens by periods; highlight the existing problems of Mongolian citizens in emigration processes; collect data on emigration using quantitative approaches; offer options for effective solutions to emigration processes.
The methodological part included the use of methods for collecting and analyzing data and methods of empirical research.
A review of the sources used included data from various agencies, the National Statistical Office of Mongolia, the capital's bulletins on the periodic census for different years, the scientific works of Mongolian scientists G. Chuluunbaatar, Ts.Bolormaa, Ts.Purev, J. Batzhargal, O. Sa-rantuyaa, D. Zamberellham, L. Byamba, G. Tu-
murchuluun and others.
Main part. At the beginning of 2021, the total number of emigrants was 122,301 people, of which almost half of the Mongols who left are considered students, only a quarter work under a contract, and the rest are considered with other reasons and goals.
Actual statistics on Mongols living and working abroad vary widely. For example, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), more than 134 thousand Mongols lived and worked abroad in 2010 (Table 1), and according to the 2010 population and housing census conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics, about 107 thousand people. This indicator was also confirmed by the results of the 2015 Interim Population and Housing Census, thus the data are very different and it is difficult to conduct a qualitative analysis. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia, through its Embassies and diplomatic missions abroad, collected data on the number of people living and working abroad, through companies, associations and non-governmental organizations operating in the country to protect the interests of Mongolian citizens and conduct business.
Table 1 / Табл. 1
The number of Mongolian citizens living abroad over the past decade / Численность граждан Монголии, проживающих за границей за последнее десятилетие
Index / Показатель 2010, thousand people / 2010 г., тыс. чел. 2013, thousand people / 2013 г., тыс. чел. 2020, thousand people / 2020 г., тыс. чел. I half of the year 2021,thousand people / I полугодие 2021 г., тыс. чел. 2020/ 2010,% /2020/ 2010,% 2020/ I half of the year 2021,%/ 2020/I пол. 2021,%
Total number of citizens / Общая численность граждан 134,0 287,2 258,0 218,0 192,0 84,5
Source: NSO, 2011. 2010 Population and Housing Census: General data, Ulaanbaatar; Social change in Mongolia. Ulan Bator, 2013, etc. The researcher independently compiled
According to Figure 1, data of citizens in 2010 are presented by country. Data collection was organized, on the one hand, in order to interview families of citizens in Mongolia, and on the other hand, to conduct an online census of citizens living abroad, and the census coverage was complete in all countries represented except the United States of America, the Foreign Ministry reported Mongolia.
According to the Main Department of Registration and Law Enforcement, from 2000 to 2010, a total of 40 thousand people, including
39 thousand people, became citizens of Kazakhstan, that is, many Kazakhs returned to their historical homeland. Note that Kazakhstan, like other post-Soviet countries, experienced a strong decline in economic activity during the transition to a market economy, but in the late 1990s, growth resumed with an increase in oil prices and began to gain momentum and the average rate was 9.4 % in period 2000-2008. The country began to gain stability in the economy and the socio-economic factor of the policy of external migration to Kazakhstan within the
framework of the Eurasian migration system encouraged some of the ethnic Kazakhs to change their citizenship. The policy was aimed at attract-
ing Kazakhs to Kazakhstan according to information from the extended migration profile of Kazakhstan 2010, 2015 and 2014-2019 [7, p. 3, 16].
Fig. 1. Pie chart of the number of Mongolian citizens living and working abroad, indicating the countries according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia, 2010 / Рис. 1. Круговая диаграмма численности граждан Монголии, проживающих и работающих за границей, с указанием стран, по данным МИД Монголии, 2010 г.
Source: compiled according to the data of the NSO, 2011. Population and Housing Census 2010: General data, Ulaanbaatar.
Thus, excluding the specified number of foreign citizens, according to the population census and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in total, from 130 to 140 thousand people in 2010, citizens of Mongolia, lived abroad for a long time.
Formulation of the problem. The motivating reasons for starting emigration may differ depending on each individual case, and all of them can be combined into one list. So, the main reasons for the emigration of most people are:
- the deterioration of the economic situation in the country,
- macroeconomic uncertainty and complications in the labour market, especially during the pandemic, leading to this day to unemployment,
- low growth in labour productivity,
- low level of wages,
- the need to raise the level of knowledge and culture,
- the need to be closer to family and friends,
- realization of their professional qualities and others.
Emigration processes are caused by many reasons, among which economic ones dominate.
Research and analytical part. It has been 20 years since Mongolian citizens began to move freely around the world. And if we look at the number of people living abroad from aimags and the capital in 2020, 74.5 % went abroad from Ulaanbaatar, 4.3 % from Bayan-Ulgiy, 4.2 % from Darkhan-Uul and 3, 4% from Orkhon aimag. The trend of moving to Europe and Africa in 2020 decreased by 30 % and 85 %, respectively, this phenomenon is associated with political reasons and the instability in the countries. Emigration to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, on the contrary, is noted a growth rate of 20 %, especially to South Korea. According to the 2010 census of population and housing stock, residents of aimags and the capital were interviewed, in which those living abroad had permanently resided in Mongolia, and as a result, 80 % of expatriates left the city of Ulan Bator, 7 % Dankhan Uul, 3 % Orkhon and 2.6 % of Bayan-Ulgiy aimags, while various reasons were indicated, including financial instability.
Compared to the 2010 census, the number of people living abroad in 2020 was 3.2 times
higher from Govsumbar aimag, 2.8 times more from Khovd aimag and about twice as many from Bayan-Ulgiy and Dornogov aimag (Table 2). Note, however, the number of people
permanently residing abroad, immigrants from the Zavkhan and Gobi-Altai aimags, has decreased in comparison with the previous census.
Table 2 / Табл. 2
Mongolian citizens living abroad by previous places of residence in Mongolia / aimagi, capital, 2010, 2020 / Монгольские граждане, проживающие за рубежом, по предыдущим местам жительства в Монголии/ аймаги, столица, 2010, 2020 гг.
Aimags, capital / Аймаги, столица 2010 / 2010 г. 2020 / 2020 г. 2020/2010, %
Number, people / Численность, чел. % of the total / % от общего числа Number, people / Численность, чел. % of the total / % от общего числа
Total / Всего: 107140 100.0 122301 100.0 114,2
Arkhangai / Архангай 505 0,5 740 0,6 146,5
Bayan-Ulgiy / Баян-Улгий 2824 2,6 5250 4,3 185,9
Bayankhongor / Баянхонгор 395 0,4 679 0,6 171,9
Bulgan / Булган 588 0,6 792 0,6 134,7
Govi-Altai / Говь-Алтай 368 0,3 336 0,3 91,3
Dornogov / Дорноговь 682 0,6 1376 1,1 2,0*
Dornod / Дорнод 679 0,6 826 0,7 121,6
Dundgov / Дундговь 277 0,3 429 0,4 154,9
Zavkhan / Завхан 557 0,5 547 0,4 98,2
Uvurkhangai / Увурхангай 870 0,8 1013 0,8 116,4
Umnugov / Умнуговь 459 0,4 594 0,5 129,4
Sukhbaatar / Сухбаатар 243 0,2 390 0,3 160,5
Selenge / Сэлэнгэ 1780 1,7 2553 2,1 143,4
Tuv / Тув 1330 1,2 1968 1,6 148,0
Uvs / Увс 422 0,4 465 0,4 110,2
Khovd / Ховд 617 0,6 1758 1,4 2,8*
Khuvsgul / Хувсгул 593 0,6 933 0,8 157,3
Hentiy / Хэнтий 476 0,5 718 0,6 150,8
Darkhan-Uul / Дархан-Уул 3978 3,7 5141 4,2 129,2
Orkhon / Орхон 3581 3,3 4113 3,4 114,9
Govsumbar / Говьсумбэр 158 0,2 512 0,4 3,2*
Ulaanbaatar / Улан-Батор 85758 80,0 91168 74,5 106,3
Explanation: * A lot
Source: based on the data of the NSO for 2010 and 2020 "Population and housing census 2020: in the capital and the country as a whole, citizens of Mongolia living abroad", Ulaanbaator.
According to the table, it can be seen that clear changes in resettlement and departure from Mongolia are noted from aimags with harsh climatic conditions, people decide to categorically emigrate from the country.
The majority or 41.7 % have lived abroad for 2.. .5 years, 16.9 % have lived for 6 years or more, and the remaining 13.0 % have lived abroad for 11 years or more, the same trend continues for expatriates. migrating from the capital of Mongolia. Citizens who have lived abroad for 11 years or more in European countries such as Ireland, Poland, Hungary and Germany. Changes
have taken place in relation to Ireland, people by 2020 prefer to stay there virtually forever. Most people in Russia, China, Japan and South Korea stay for up to a year. About 50 % of people living in India, Turkey and Australia live for 2...5 years. About 30 % of the population in Kazakhstan, France and Canada is between the ages of 6 and 10 (Table 3). The table shows that urban Mongols prefer countries such as the USA, Japan, Australia, Germany, France, England, Hungary, Canada, Poland and Ireland for emigration. The duration of their stay there is from 2 to 5 years, most of them leave to study in scolorship. And nevertheless, in
terms of 6 years and more, the United States is in the lead in terms of relocation, this can be explained by the good attitude of the heads of the
According to the research, according to the table, 9 expatriates from the capital for the duration of the stay at the border 26.5 % live up to 1 year, the majority or 43% live an average of 2 to 5 or 6 years, 16 % 6-10 years, and the remaining 14.5 % - 11 years and more. Among those living in European countries live more than 11 years, mainly in the England, Ireland, Poland, Germany and Hungary, in contrast to those leaving from all over the country, the city prefers the England.
governments of Mongolia and the USA and the special allocation of work quotas by the United States for the Mongols a few years ago.
Most people stay for years in such countries as Russia, China, Japan and South Korea. Half of the population lives in India, Turkey and Australia from 2 to 5 years, which is unchanged in general and capital data, and about 30 % remain in Kazakhstan, France and Canada from 6 to 10 years.
Depending on the country of residence, a large number of people study in India, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Japan, Germany and
Table 3 / Табл. 3
The number of Mongolian citizens living abroad in 2020, indicating the length of stay/Количество монгольских граждан, проживающих за рубежом в 2020 году, с указанием сроков пребывания
Country of Residence / Страна проживания Number, people 2020 UB / Численность, чел.2020 г.УБ Dates of residence of immigrants from Ulaanbaator / Сроки проживания выходцев из г. Улан-Батора Number, people 2020 country * / Численность, чел.2020 г. страна* Terms of residence of immigrants from the country as a whole / Сроки проживания выходцев из страны в целом 2020 UB /country,% / 2020 г. УБ/ страна, %
0-1 year / 0-1 год 2-5 year/ 2-5 лет 6-10 year / 6-10 лет over 11 years / свыше 11 0-1 year / 0-1 год 2-5 year / 2-5 лет 6-10 year / 6-10 лет over 11 years / свыше 11
Total / 91 168 26.5 42.2 16.8 14.5 122301 28,4 41,7 16,9 13,0 74,5
South Korea /
Юж. Корея 28 908 31.2 45.4 13.7 9.7 39982 33,7 44,9 12,8 8,6 72,3
USA / США 17 421 17.0 40.6 21.5 20.9 19170 17,0 40,9 21,5 20,6 90,9
Japan / Япония 7 145 36.8 41.3 11.7 10.2 8772 38,9 41,3 10,7 9,1 81,5
Kazakhstan /
Казахстан 764 35.4 42.5 15.8 6.3 7218 26,3 32,3 31,3 10,1 10,6
Czech / Чехия 4 598 23.6 39.3 15.7 21.4 5997 24,1 40,5 16,3 19,1 76,7
Australia /
Австралия 4 486 32.0 46.5 13.6 7.9 5538 33,4 46,0 13,1 7,5 81,0
China / Китай 3 692 37.2 45.0 10.8 7.0 5146 42,1 42,3 9,6 6,0 71,7
Germany /
Германия 3 407 19.9 39.0 18.9 22.2 3972 19,8 39,6 19,3 21,3 85,8
Sweden / Швеция 3 027 23.5 41.8 22.5 12.2 3951 22,7 41,7 23,3 12,3 76,7
France / Франция 2 602 15.5 35.4 28.5 20.6 3102 14,6 35,8 29,5 20,1 83,9
Russia / Россия 1 831 37.2 43.5 10.9 8.4 2814 41,3 41,7 9,9 7,1 65,1
Turkey / Турция 1 717 33.4 46.3 13.6 6.7 2716 33,4 47,0 13,9 5,7 63,2
Austria / Австрия 1 357 21.0 42.7 19.2 17.1 1676 20,3 41,8 21,7 16,2 80,9
Switzerland /
Швейцар 1 193 24.8 35.5 21.1 18.6 1469 22,9 37,1 22,7 17,3 81,2
England / Англия 1 308 9.6 34.2 22.9 33.3 1466 10,9 34,5 23,2 31,4 89,2
Hungary / Венгрия 1 155 30.3 33.0 15.5 21.2 1341 30,9 32,7 14,9 21,5 86,1
Canada / Канада 1 238 17.0 37.8 28.0 17.2 1283 17,1 37,6 27,9 17,4 96,5
India / Индия 336 31.6 47.6 11.9 8.9 744 31,5 52,1 9,7 6,7 45,2
Poland / Польша 565 15.7 42.3 18.1 23.9 654 18,2 41,1 17,1 23,6 86,4
Ireland / Ирландия 586 24.4 36.3 13.7 25.6 643 25,8 36,5 13,1 24,6 91,1
Other / Прочие 3 962 20.3 38.0 21.5 20.2 4647 22,9 37,2 20,9 19,0 85,3
Explanation: * Mongolia
Source: on the basis of these annual population censuses and housing by 2020. across the country and the capital.
Ireland, and in Poland, the United Kingdom and the USA. In South Korea, the Czech and Hungary all work more on contracts. In Turkey, South
Korea, Sweden, the Czech, Switzerland and Poland, most people were allowed to work as self-employed (Table 4).
Table 4 / Таблица 4
Citizens of Mongolia living abroad, their goals, 2020 from Ulaanbaatar / Граждане Монголии, проживающие за рубежом, их цели, 2020 г. из Улан-Батора
Country of Life / л 5 о X X ф 5 s э- ё н И- * о S ë>âe « с в> З1 а> s X ф £ Л с .2 а> s U ce 1 s îï 2 o. Ф- H С X о о и X --S O. m 2 4-> Q. ю s (A ^ 0) X с ce "S S ~ S С S ф ï M £ SP § в. 5 P i-l S (A X * h. m s s s о .g 3- ■S E о 1 в m " s -s ë a> S а> s X о а.
Страна проживания О) .а Е 3 С ш Ф — VO Ü 2 ° 0) ф а. с ф О) s и >» -а 3 S3 i H Is > VO S ce D. ¿s ■S S t t о О ID > ce а. с 2 05 i§S ¿¡n a* ce ото О = S ш Ecu si i 3 I С а> f О
Total / Всего 91 168 100.0 35.8 11.5 10.0 1.1 18.5 13.1 10.0
South Korea / Южная Корея 28 908 100.0 29.9 5.7 19.2 0.7 25.0 9.1 10.4
USA / США 17 421 100.0 37.0 17.7 3.4 0.9 14.8 14.9 11.3
Japan / Япония 7 145 100.0 48.1 9.4 6.9 1.8 12.9 12.9 8.0
Kazakhstan / Казахстан 764 100.0 48.6 17.5 4.3 1.6 16.1 16.1 3.7
Czech / Чехия 4 598 100.0 21.1 12.2 18.7 1.0 16.1 16.1 7.4
Australia / Австралия 4 486 100.0 42.1 12.7 2.8 0.6 14.6 14.6 13.9
China / Китай 3 692 100.0 61.6 7.1 3.9 1.4 10.6 10.6 6.4
Germany / Германия 3 407 100.0 41.7 16.4 3.8 0.9 14.4 14.4 9.2
Sweden / Швеция 3 027 100.0 25.5 16.6 6.9 1.0 20.4 20.4 6.0
France / Франция 2 602 100.0 28.9 15.2 4.0 0.7 22.1 22.1 12.3
Russia / Россия 1 831 100.0 57.8 9.6 3.4 2.6 11.5 11.5 6.3
Turkey / Турция 1 717 100.0 37.1 8.5 8.9 1.1 11.5 11.5 7.2
Austria / Австрия 1 357 100.0 36.7 12.5 4.2 0.7 15.3 15.3 13.5
Switzerland / Швейцария 1 193 100.0 33.3 15.1 5.1 2.3 14.1 14.1 10.4
England / Великобритания 1 308 100.0 32.9 19.6 2.9 0.5 18.5 18.5 11.2
Hungary / Венгрия 1 155 100.0 35.8 10.9 13.2 1.4 11.7 11.7 7.8
Canada / Канада 1 238 100.0 34.7 16.8 4.4 1.9 16.1 16.1 12.0
India / Индия 336 100.0 65.2 6.0 2.7 1.5 14.3 14.3 3.2
Poland / Польша 565 100.0 28.5 22.8 5.1 2.5 12.7 12.7 8.7
Ireland / Ирландия 586 100.0 39.6 16.0 2.6 1.0 16.7 16.7 7.7
Other / Прочие 3 962 100.0 31.0 15.9 5.8 3.5 15.9 15.9 12.0
Source: Based on 2020 Annual Population and Housing Census.
From the data in Table 5, at the time of the census, according to the data provided, 45.4 % of permanent residents studied abroad, 8.0 % lived permanently, 13.4 % worked under an employment contract, 2.2 % were on business trips, 14.9 % worked abroad, 13.6 % lived abroad with family and for family reasons, and 2.5 % lived abroad for other reasons.
Compared to the 2010 census, the percentage of people working abroad has decreased by 7.9 %, the percentage of self-employed has decreased by 1.5 %, the percentage of people living for the purpose of education has decreased by 0.1 %, and the percentage of people working in business travelers decreased by 1.7 %.
When analyzing the citizens of Ulaanbaator living abroad from the identified main purposes of residence in the years 2010 and 2020. is education, which has remained unchanged over the decade and amounts to 35.8 %, self-employment is in the second position and is also almost unchanged at about 20 %, in 2020 there was a 1.5 % decrease. There was a noticeable change in the direction of contract work slept by 7.9 % and work on business trips decreased by 1.7 %, the reason is a pandemic and the difficult situation of citizens, a return to their homeland due to difficult living conditions or is associated with the fear of being left without funds and medical care. And also, according to
the survey, some were subjected to racial and national pressure during the pandemic. Among the survey items that were not taken into account in 2010, these are permanent residence of 11.5
According to country of residence, India, Russia, China, Japan, Australia, Germany and Ireland have the largest number of students (35.1 % of the total student population), with the largest number of people going to South Korea, Czech and Hungary to work under employment contracts ...
% and living with family members and for family reasons 13.1 %, this indicator also indicates the growth of mixed marriages.
Table 5 / Таблица 5
It is worth noting that from the 2010 census materials, separate items were not allocated to living with family members and permanent residence, but a line was highlighted for treatment, which was not included in the others in 2020.
As for the age groups, 79 % of people living abroad for the purpose of studying are between
The ratio of citizens in relation to the purpose of travel and residence in foreign countries, 2020 from Ulaanbaatar and the country as a whole /5 Соотношение граждане в отношении цели поездки и проживания в зарубежные страны, 2020 г. из Улан-Батора и страны в целом
Purpose of residence,% / Цель проживания, %
Purpose of the trip / Цель поездки Total, % / Всего, % Ф s X ai £ о >. тэ s m Accommodation / Постоянное место Work on contract / Работа по контракту Work in business trip / В командировке работают Self-employment / Самостоятельная занятость Accommodation with family members / Проживание с семьей (U s з-o CL С \_ <D S
Total from Ulaanbaatar / Всего из Улан-Батора 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1. Study / Обучение 2. Permanent / residence Постоянное место жительства 3. Work under the contract / Работа по контракту 4. On a business trip work / В командировке работают 5. Self-employment / Самостоятельная занятость 6. Living with family / Проживание с семьей 7. Others / Прочие 45.4 8.0 13.4 2.2 14.9 13.6 2.5 94.7 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.8 2.6 0.4 26.2 51.3 4.6 1.0 6.9 7.2 2.8 6.1 0.9 92.5 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 15.9 3.8 1.3 74.5 2.6 1.9 0.0 21.2 1.0 3.4 0.6 70.8 2.0 1.0 9.4 2.2 2.3 0.4 3.2 81.5 1.0 21.9 3.7 9.1 1.8 11.2 1.4 50.7
In total left the country / Всего из страны выехали 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1. Study / Обучение 2. Permanent / residence Постоянное место жительства 3. Work under the contract / Работа по контракту 4. On a business trip work / В командировке работают 5. Self-employment / Самостоятельная занятость 6. Living with family / Проживание с семьей 7. Others / Прочие 46,7 7.2 14,2 2.3 15,2 11,9 2,5 95,1 0,5 1,0 0,1 0,8 2,1 0,4 25,1 51,4 5.6 1,0 7,2 7,0 2.7 6,1 0,7 92,6 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,0 15,2 2,8 2.3 76,5 1,8 1.4 0,0 19,8 1,4 4,2 0,6 71,0 1,9 1,1 9,2 2,0 2,2 0,4 3,2 82,0 1,0 21,0 3,2 10,9 1,7 10,2 1,4 51,6
Source: Based on data from the 2020 Annual Population and Housing Census for the country and the capital.
the ages of 15 and 34 according to the data of 2020, Table 6. 52.8 % of the self-employed are people between the ages of 35 and 54. At the time of the census, 33.9 % of the surveyed population were self-employed, and 52.4 % were
studying. However, most of the population under the age of 15, or 58.8 %, lives abroad for family reasons, and 36. 1 % of the population aged 55 and over live abroad.
Table 6 / Таблица 6
Citizens of Mongolia living abroad, presented by various indicators and age group in percentage terms, 2020, Ulaanbaatar/Граждане Монголии, проживающие за рубежом, представленные по различным показателям и возрастной группе в процентном соотношении, 2020г., г. Улан-Батор
Country of Residence / Страна проживания Number, %/ Численность, % Study, %/ Обучение, % Accommodation, % / Проживание, % Work on contract, % / Работа по контракту, % Work in business trip, % / Работа в командировке, % Self-employment, % / Самостоятельная занятость, % Accommodation with family members, % / Проживание с членами семьи, % Other, %/ Прочие, %
Total / Всего: 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0-4 2.9 0.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2 2.5
5-9 5.4 2.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.2 3.5
10-14 4.7 3.5 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.3 5.7
15-19 5.3 9.2 2.1 1.1 0.2 0.7 7.8 5.1
20-24 11.5 23.9 2.7 6.5 9.2 4.3 2.2 7.8
25-29 15.5 24.6 7.4 16.0 30.6 13.0 3.4 10.7
30-34 16.6 19.2 11.6 21.2 20.8 20.8 5.4 15.1
35-39 12.1 10.5 10.6 16.4 10.0 18.6 4.8 13.5
40-44 9.8 3.4 14.7 17.8 11.7 16.9 4.6 12.1
45-49 7.8 1.5 15.2 14.3 8.2 13.4 3.4 10.5
50-54 4.6 0.6 13.5 4.4 4.5 7.6 2.3 6.5
55-59 2.4 0.2 7.4 1.6 3.7 3.3 1.6 4.0
60-64 0.9 0.1 3.1 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.9
65-69 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6
70+ 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.5
Source: Based on 2020 Annual Population and Housing Census.
The results of surveys of Mongols living and working abroad confirm the following goals of residence: children living abroad for family reasons remained from birth to 14 years old, for the purpose of study at the age of 15-34 (76.9 %), work on business trips (60, 8 %), 35-54 years at the place of permanent residence (53.9 %), employed under contract and agreements (53.0 %), self-employed (56.6 %) and place of permanent residence (12.7 %) people ages 55 and older are the highest for this age group.
From the data of bulletins for the country and the capital for 2020 (table 8), mainly those
who emigrate from the city of Ulaanbaatar and these are young people of working age from 20 to 39 years old, and their percentage is presented in table 7 and figure 2.
The ratio of men to women was 87.4 (46.6 % of men and 53.4 % of women) per 100 women in 2010, which indicates that more women are abroad and the ratio of men to women is 86. 3 (46.3 % of men and 53.7% of women) per 100 women in 2020 indicates that the number of women living abroad exceeds the number of men, which is 1.1 percentage points less than in 2010 from the total number.
Table 7 / Таблица 7
Percentage of citizens by age group, sex for 2010 and 2020/ Процентное соотношение граждан по возрастной группе, полу за 2010 и 2020 гг.
Age group/ Возрастная группа 2010 / Mongolia / 2010 г. / Монголия 2020 / Ulaanbaator / 2020 г. /Улан-Батор УБ/*, % 2010 / Mongolia / 2020 г. /Монголия 2020/ 2010, %
total, people / всего, чел. gender ratio,%/ тендер. соотн.,% total, people / всего, чел. gender ratio,% / тендер. соотн.,% total, people / всего, чел. gender ratio,% / тендер. соотн.,%
Total / Всего 107140 87,4 91168 81,6 74,5 122301 86,3 114,2
0-4 4 598 100,9 2 613 101.6 74,5 3509 103,1 76,3
5-9 3 171 101,0 4 891 106.0 77,9 6272 105,2 197,8
10-14 3 535 100,2 4 282 103.0 74,4 5755 109,1 162,8
15-19 9 176 93,0 4 839 104.4 66,6 7262 108,7 79,1
20-24 20 400 99,3 10 468 107.8 65,2 16060 112,0 78,7
25-29 20 739 96,1 14 142 98.2 70,9 19954 103,6 96,2
30-34 16 855 80,1 15 142 87.6 76,4 19820 92,2 117,6
35-39 13 343 76,8 11 084 72.1 78,2 14176 75,6 106,2
40-44 7 930 74,3 8 890 59.5 80,2 11083 61,5 139,8
45-49 4 168 64,1 7 093 53.1 80,6 8798 54,7 2,1
50-54 1 883 65,1 4 208 49.8 81,9 5140 52,5 2,7
55-59 709 61,1 2 159 49.1 81,6 2647 51,7 3,7
60-64 304 62,6 847 49.4 78,4 1080 51,0 3,6
65-69 162 50,0 280 50.5 70,7 396 60,3 2,4
70+ 167 48,1 230 36.9 65,9 349 44,2 2,1
Explanation: * Countrywide data
Source: based on the data of the NSO for 2010 and 2020, "Population and housing census 2020: in the capital and the country as a whole, citizens of Mongolia living abroad", Ulan Bator, the researcher independently compiled.
Fig. 2. Histogram of the percentage of citizens by age group, sex for 2010, 2020/ Рис. 2. Гистограмма процентного соотношения граждан по возрастной группе, полу за 2010, 2020 гг.
The sex-to-age ratio is declining, and since the age of 30, the number of citizens has dropped sharply according to the results of the 2010 census. In the 0-14 age group, the majority are men, while women are the majority among workers and the elderly. However, the sex ratio of Mongols living abroad varies from country to country. For example, in South Korea, which has the largest population, the sex ratio is 136.4, in Russia it is 106.2, and in Japan, USA, the Czech and China it is 77.8, 75.3, 68.0, and 56.7 respectively. The sex-for-age ratio also declines from age 35 to 2020. Most people between the ages of 0 and 29 are men, i.e. able-bodied age group.
Thus, the ratio of men and women over the years is on average 80 % per 100 women and indicates that the number of women living abroad exceeds the number of men, and if by year, then this is 1.1 percentage points less in 2020. year compared to 2010. The sex-to-age ratio has been declining since the age of 35. The majority of young people between the ages of 0 and 30 are men, and among the elderly they are predominantly women.
Conclusions. In general, one can observe how the forces of emigration affect the life of society in different countries. For example, it is not uncommon for citizens to be unable to fully adapt to new conditions and, if possible, provided the socio-economic situation in their homeland improves, they tend to return home. Consequently, there is hope that emigrants will be able to return to Mongolia, gaining new knowledge and experience abroad. The government needs to create the conditions to increase the motivation to return.
The study of the emigration process is presented in the work in order to provide factual information about Mongols living, studying and working abroad over the past few years. There is not enough data on external labor migration in Mongolia over the years; there is a total number of different sources on labor migration, where only the total number of citizens living abroad is given.
The priority area is the need to improve the system of external migration statistics. It is necessary to pay attention to the official full-fledged data collection in this area.
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Информация об авторе_ Information about the author
Irina Imideeva, candidate of economic sciences, associate Professor Head of the Eurasian Cooperation Department University of Finance and Economic, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Scientific interests: study of demographic processes and development in Mongolia, in Russian regions, for example, Buryatia, Tuva and others, migration processes and the study of labor migration of Mongolian citizens imideevaiv@mail.ru
Имидеева Ирина Владимировна, канд. экон. наук, доцент, руководитель отдела по Евразийскому сотрудничеству, Финансово-экономический университет, г. Улан-Батор, Монголия. Область научных интересов: демографические процессы, миграционные процессы, исследование трудовой миграции монгольских граждан
Для цитирования_
Imideeva I. Emigration of the population of Mongolia: Questions and analysis // Transbaikal State University Journal, 2021, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 111-123. DOI: 10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-8-111-123.
Имидеева И. В. Эмиграция населения Монголии: вопросы и анализ// Вестник Забайкальского государственного университета. 2021. Т. 27, № 8. С. 111-123. DOI: 10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-8-111-123.
Статья поступила в редакцию: 18.10.2021 г. Статья принята к публикации: 22.10.2021 г.
