CC BY
7
UDC 614.281
Kurbonova N.U. assistant
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
ASMI
EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES
Abstract. In this article describes the effects of psychotropic substances, antidepressants, tranquilizers and some sedatives.
Key words: tranquilizers, sedatives, nootropic drugs, antidepressants and psychostimulants.
Psychotropic drugs (greek psych-soul, consciousness - tropos turn, direction; synonymous with psychopharmacological drugs) are drugs that affect mental functions, emotional sphere and behavior. There are the following (the main groups of Psychotropic drugs: Neuroleptic drugs, lithium preparations (see Lithium salts), Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Nootropic drugs, Antidepressants and psychostimulants (Psychostimulating and analeptic drugs). Drugs of other groups of drugs also have a psychotropic effect, such as narcotic analgesics (morphine, promedol, etc.), sympathomimetic agents (ephedrine), ketamine, ethyl alcohol. However, their psychotropic effect is not the main, but concomitant, and therefore such drugs are not classified as psychotropic drugs.
Each of psychotropic drugs groups with. characterized by a certain direction of psychotropic action. Thus, antipsychotic drugs have an antipsychotic effect, i.e. the ability to weaken the productive symptoms of psychosis (delusions, hallucinations, mental automatisms). The mechanism of action of neuroleptics is associated with a depressant effect on copaminergic transmission in the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortical areas of the brain, which explains both the psychotropic and some manifestations of the side effects of drugs in this group, manifested in the form of extrapyramidal disorders (parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia).
Antidepressants (nialamide, imizinum, amitriptyline, etc.) have a positive fusion in affective disorders, which is accompanied by an improvement in the general mental state and mood. The antidepressant effect of certain drugs in this group can be combined with a psychostimulant (for example, nialamide) or psycho sedative (for example, amitriptyline) action. At the heart of the mechanism of action of antidepressants on the central nervous system. lies their ability to enhance the effects of endogenous neurotransmitters from among monoamines (norepinephrine, etc.) in various ways. Antidepressants are used for psychogenic and somatic depressive states. Antipsychotics are used mainly for the relief of psychotic disorders in various mental illnesses, and also as antiemetics (Antiemetics).
Lithium preparations have selective activity in manic states and are used for the relief and prevention of these states, for example, in manic-depressive psychosis.
Tranquilizers (sibazon, phenazenam, chlozepidum, etc.) have an anxiolytic and calming effect on the central nervous system, and therefore are widely used for various emotional disorders of a neurotic and neurosis-like nature (emotional tension, anxiety, fear, etc.). In addition, they have a moderate hypnotic, anticonvulsant and muscle-relaxing effect), which allows you to prescribe tranquilizers as; hypnotics (hypnotics), as well as in the treatment of certain forms of epilepsy and diseases of the central nervous system, occurring with an increased tone of the skeletal muscles, for example, with spastic paralysis.
Sedatives (bromides and preparations of valerian root, motherwort grass, passionflower and a number of other plants) have a moderately pronounced sedative effect and, along with tranquilizers, are widely used, especially in outpatient practice, for various neurotic conditions, insomnia, increased irritability, etc.
Nootropic drugs have an activating effect on impaired mnestic and intellectual functions of the brain. The drugs of this group can be considered as structural analogs of the inhibitory neurotransmitter aminobutyric acid (piracetam, sodium hydroxybutyrate, phenibut, hopantenic acid) or some vitamins (pyriditol). Nootropics improve energy metabolism in the brain tissue, activate the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, facilitate learning and memory processes, and exhibit an antihypoxic effect.
Nalbuphine is a narcotic drug used in the treatment of pain syndromes of varying severity. It is a frequent companion of drug addiction, used by a drug addict to obtain euphoria and a calming effect.
The use in the recommended dosages (in the treatment regimen) does not cause serious consequences. But if the recommendations are not followed or the drug is abused, the following consequences appear: respiratory depression, withdrawal syndrome in opiate addicts, relaxation of smooth muscles, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic hypanthia. In cases of severe overdose, death is possible.
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