CC BY
58ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
FACTORS LEADING TO DRUG ADDICTION FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF YOUNG PEOPLE REVIEWING DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENT CENTERS IN JORDAN
Dr. Ayman Jebril El-Hebahbe
Jordan Drug Enforcement Administration
Abstract. The study aimed to identify the personal, family, societal, and legal factors leading to drug addiction from the viewpoint of youth in Jordan, and also aimed at uncovering statistically significant differences between the study sample estimates towards the factors leading to drug addiction by different variables (educational level, nature of work , And age). To achieve its objectives, the study used the method of the social survey to collect data by applying the questionnaire tool to a random sample consisting of (57) young men (16-24 years), and the study used some statistical methods to analyze the data.
The results of the study showed that personal factors are one of the most important factors leading to drug addiction, which is their suffering from diseases, the availability of long free time for them, their mixtures with bad companions and owners of criminal record, their feeling of alienation and ostracism by the family and society, and the factors that came second in terms of The relative importance is related to the family environment, which is represented in housing the families of addicts within neglected slums, and came in the third arrangement, societal factors, the most important of which are addicts feeling anxious about the economic situation in society, and the difficulty in obtaining work, and came Factors related to the environment and legal order in the latter, which was the ease of addicts get prescription to buy drugs at any time, doctors and indulgence in narcotic drugs exchange.
Keywords: narcotic drugs, youth, addiction treatment centers, addictive factors.
Abstract: The phenomenon of drug addiction, psychotropic substances, and medical stimulants that are dispensed with prescriptions is a dangerous phenomenon at all levels because of its devastating effects on the individual, family and society, which led to the loss of many lives and the demolition of the social structure of families and societies, and the growth of crimes of all kinds, whether small or large societies, Rich or poor. More dangerous than that, international statistics and data indicate that the demand for drug use is increasing continuously, and at the global level, which requires concerted efforts to reduce or eliminate this phenomenon in a scientific manner according to a national plan.
Where it was stated in the World Drug Report issued by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2017, that more than 37 million people around the world are taking amphetamines, sedatives and stimulant drugs (E / T / S) prescribed medically, and that a large proportion of this use is illegal It is used for non-medical purposes, and that this number of users of these drugs is almost equal to the number of cocaine and opioid users in the world, and the report indicated that this increase in the use of illicit drugs came due to the ease of obtaining them and providing them in psychiatric clinics and hospitals. The report pointed out that the markets for the trade and smuggling of drugs (cocaine, heroin and hashish) have declined, while the production and abuse of semi-opioid prescription drugs and new synthetic drugs have increased, and despite the decline in the production of heroin and cocaine versus opium, the amount of global production is still described as very large (UNODC, 2017).
And Jordan is not isolated from other countries. The phenomenon of drug use has spread in recent years to an unprecedented degree as a result of many societal and legal factors. Indeed, the problem of drug addiction or legal addiction in Jordan has no specific causes, but may result from several factors, On the social level, it may be the result of the need of the unemployed youth and those who suffer from social, psychological and economic problems to escape the reality, or it may be due to health reasons as a result of taking a drug or drug that is prescribed by the medical authorities to the passage of the patient treated by a psychiatrist or otherwise, and Some drugs are dispensed to help him bypass this symptom, in some cases the individual continues to use this drug and thus is fortified with the prescription, which is the legitimate cover for taking these drugs, in addition to the presence of some addicts to other drugs obtained illegally from service centers Health such as hospitals and pharmacies without a prescription "such as sedatives" and this problem exists in any society with varying proportions.
And the importance of this topic in the field of drug prevention in general and for the prevention of narcotic drugs, this study came as an attempt to reveal the cognitive ambiguity about the factors that lead to drug addiction among the youth category and its relationship to some of their specific characteristics in Jordanian society.
The study problem and its questions:
Official security reports from the Drug Enforcement Administration indicate a clear year-to-year increase in the number of cases related to the illegal use of prescription drugs (Ministry of Interior, 2017). It is on the rise, the magnitude of this problem needs more efforts in all areas: legislative, security, and societal to combat it, especially since Jordanian society is exposed to social and economic problems imposed by the political conditions experienced by neighboring countries, and led to delegations of population migrations to Jordan from Some neighboring countries. Because of the importance of drug prevention and drug addiction, the problem of the current
study has crystallized in shedding light on this problem, and identifying its factors from the point of view of the auditors of treatment and rehabilitation centers in Jordan in the age period (16-24) years.
The problem with the current study lies in answering the following two main questions:
1. What are the factors that lead to drug addiction from the viewpoint of the auditors of treatment and rehabilitation centers in Jordan?
2. Are there statistically significant differences between the average estimates of the study sample towards the factors leading to drug addiction by different variables (educational level, nature of work, age)?
The importance of studying:
The importance of the study appears in the theoretical and practical aspects, as follows:
The theoretical side:
The theoretical importance of the study is summarized as follows:
1- The study attempted to shed light on the problem of "legal addiction" to narcotic drugs and the characteristics of drug users among young people in Jordanian society, as the results of the study will reduce dependence on the results of other similar studies that were conducted in societies other than Jordanian society.
2- The study is considered one of the rare empirical studies that dealt with "legitimate addiction" to drugs among the youth category.
3- Enriching the library in local and Arab universities with this type of field studies because of its great importance, especially as the phenomenon of the spread of medical drugs is constantly increasing.
4- Opening the way for researchers to conduct new studies on the subject of this study and develop it in order to capture all the social, economic and legal aspects related to the phenomenon of the spread of medical drugs.
The practical side:
The practical significance of the study is summarized as follows:
1- He drew the attention of decision-makers in the drug control department to take the results and recommendations of the study in treatment centers for addiction, especially as it is a field study that was applied in the specialized centers for treating addiction.
2- The results of the current study may be useful in reducing and preventing the phenomenon of the spread of medical drugs, by drawing the attention of the legislator to take into consideration the factors leading to its use.
3- The current study may help direct the responsible authorities to follow drug addicts and take care of them after the treatment phase to ensure that they do not use drugs again, especially if the addict returns to the previous environment of addiction.
4- The study may assist with the results it provides to follow up the phenomenon of the spread of drug drugs and its use in order to know the methods used.
Objectives of the study:
The study seeks to achieve the following goals:
1- Identify the personal, family, societal and legal factors that lead to drug addiction from the point of view of the youth who use it.
2- Detection of statistically significant differences between estimates of the study sample towards the factors leading to drug addiction by different variables (educational level, nature of work, age).
3- Trying to find the best methods and ways to prevent drug addiction.
Procedural definitions:
Addiction: In this study, an addict is defined procedurally as that individual who has become addicted to any type of drug.
Addictive factors: Procedures are defined procedurally in this study as the set of difficulties attributed to drug addicts themselves, their family and community environment and their health conditions, which in turn hinder social and psychological security for them and which lead them to addiction to them.
Theoretical framework and previous studies:
The concept of medical drugs: Medical narcotic drugs are defined as any medicinal drug manufactured from narcotic substances that have an anesthetic effect and are allowed to be sold or consumed in accordance with the provisions of the law. In the addiction perspective, narcotic drugs are drugs that have an anesthetic effect and are sold in prescription through medical care centers, hospitals, and private medical clinics (Schilitt, R., Gomberg, 2001). Legitimate drugs can be sold and used in illegal ways, and drugs dispensed through prescriptions are among the most readily available drugs that people take today because of their legality, social acceptability, easy availability and high addictive capacity.
The concept of medical drugs is related to the concept of legal addiction, where the concept of legal addiction depends on the philosophy and a system of addicts who search in various ways for the easiest and simplest ways to obtain this drug to be legal and acceptable to the authorities, and it is not punishable by law but rather under supervision And directing centers specialized in addiction treatment. For example: Tramadol treatment is one of the medicinal drugs that are licensed according to Sharia regulations in force in the ministries of health in most countries, and that addiction to this drug comes from the legally legal section (Al-Abeed, 2015). The drug tramadol is similar in its chemical properties to codeine and morphine, which is used as a treatment for drug addiction, and for treatment of severe and acute pain following surgery, and is also used to relieve severe headaches,
psychological tension, nervousness, mood swings and depression, intense fear, sleep disturbance, nightmares And hallucinations (Hassan, 2012).
Legitimate addiction is defined as a pattern of drug addiction in legal and legal ways, through drugs that contain drugs that are available in private clinics and psychiatric and regular hospitals that are used for multiple medical purposes such as treating psychopaths, and as a pain reliever following surgery (Suef, 2006 ).
During the previous periods, these drugs were used without controls and laws, and this led to their random circulation and circulation, due to the ease of obtaining them, cheap prices, smuggling and mixing with suspicious and narcotic substances, in addition to not restricting them to specific age groups for unspecified reasons (dust) , 2012).
The increase in the use of licit drugs has led to more demand for them, which in turn has led to increased attempts to alter the medical use into non-medical use or use in the drug industry, where licit drugs could be obtained through illegal use in many ways and methods Legal, including (Al-Mashaqba, 2007; Al-Anzi, 2005; Chen & Rissel, 2010)
1. Obtaining prescription narcotic drugs for family members or friends.
2. Excess medical prescriptions from medical personnel.
3. Double the amount of treatment on the prescription containing drugs from the doctor.
4. Counterfeit prescriptions.
5. Illegal sale of narcotic drugs through pharmacies.
6. Burglary and theft of narcotic drugs from hospitals, homes and pharmacies.
7. Sale of legal drugs by medical personnel.
On the other hand, narcotic drugs that have a long-term effect as sedatives are still used in the medical field to treat anxiety, stress and some headaches, especially Valium, Ativan and Rohypnol, but have been misused and included among the narcotic drugs (Alabdalla, 2005)).
Sedatives are divided into two groups:
Minor sedatives: They work in limited parts of the brain related to emotion and feelings. They are less effective than the babiturates and are called benzodiazepines and have the property of calming and preventing fear without affecting the functioning of the cerebral cortex.
Major sedatives: They suppress the activities of the brain and soothe the functioning of the central nervous system as a whole, such as hypnotics known as papiturates, which are in small doses that allow humans to act more subconsciously (Obaid &, Al-Gharably, 2008).
In conclusion, drugs are substances with a psychological effect, that is, they change the way of thinking, the mood, and the way of behaving. Its impact on physical and mental health is unpredictable, and it also carries a risk of addiction (Shehata, 2018).
Among the most important legitimate drugs that are a major cause of licit addiction are the following:
First: Sedatives: Diazapines are one of the most common sedatives in prescriptions since the 1970s until now. These compounds have a calming effect on the central nervous system and are prescribed for treating minor neuropsychiatric conditions, epilepsy cases and anti-imbalances, and when taken with a relatively large dose that causes sleep. There are few side effects for this group, so top the list of sedatives in prescriptions (Saulsbury et al, 2007).
The usual therapeutic dose of some sedative drugs, such as diazepam, "valium", "flonabenzepam" and "dohbinol", can relax and eliminate fatigue and suppression, but overuse of them leads to confusion, poor memory, double vision and disorientation.
Second: Hypnotics: The most common hypnotic substances are Chloral hydrate - metallic sodium - sicinal sodium. One of the common names for seconal in the Arab region is: red - bazooka - rockets - shemagh al-Bassam - Hawari (Al-Qahtani, 2010).
Third: Hallucinogenic substances: These substances cause visual and auditory hallucinations, that is, their main effect is the arousal of the psychological state, perception, vision, and sense of time, that is, the variables that surround the abuser and his accompaniment in the so-called psychological journey. This journey is often bad and leads to serious symptoms and fatal accidents (Babiker, 2013 ).
Fourth: Tonic and stimulants. The group of amphetamines includes: amphetamine, dexa-vitamin and metha-vitamin, which is a relatively homogeneous group that is chemically and pharmacologically identical to ephedrine and adrenaline. Stimulant drugs have been used as a cheap and readily available treatment for vigor, happiness and entertainment at parties, as well as for high-fitness purposes (Abu Al-Rous, 2013).
Incorrect drug use has had disastrous results in terms of disease prevalence, reliability, addiction, serious mental disorders, paranoia, kidney failure, and internal bleeding. These symptoms are the same as the effects of synthetic drug use (Azabid, 2015).
Damages caused by the misuse of medical drugs:
People who use drugs incorrectly suffer from a reverse response to the effect of the medical drug; that is, the treatment leads to irritability (Paradoxical Response), mental tension and boredom quickly and a tendency to violence or abuse of others instead of the sedative effect of the medicinal drug, and this may sometimes lead To commit a misdemeanor or unlawful acts (Suwif, 2010))
The addicts who are addicted to these drugs suffer from extreme fatigue, and this is very clear and immediately after taking treatment, especially if the dose is large, the patient also suffers from dizziness, headache, confusion of mind, memory disturbance, attention and focus, and thus the inability to perform tasks that require some skill and attention ( El-Qirbi, 2008) and (Al-Obaid, 2015) indicated that sedative medicinal drugs lead to difficulty breathing in people with chronic respiratory disorder such as bronchitis, and sometimes a person suffers from weight gain; therefore it was necessary to warn the patient not to continue Uncle It requires attention and focus on machinery such as work, or dealing with electrical appliances and driving a car than the person and others may be exposed to risks.
Withdrawal symptoms of sedative drugs:
When stopping the use of sedative drugs, symptoms appear on the user after one to seven days after stopping the use of sedative drugs, and this depends on the type of drug and its effectiveness, as the symptoms persist for one to four weeks or more. Then the patient suffers from physical symptoms of severe psychological anxiety, including (Roza, 2015; Singer, 2005):
1- Trembling in the limbs and hands.
2- Heart rate disorder.
3- Dry mouth and a feeling of heat and cold.
4- A feeling of unreality regarding the external environment and the personality of the individual.
5- Severe headache and muscle and joint pain.
6- Not being able to sleep is a clear disruption in sleep times.
7- Loss of appetite for food and drink and weight loss.
8- Disturbance of sensation, intolerance to sounds and light.
9- Feeling unable to balance and walk.
10- Feeling of strange and abnormal taste and smell in the mouth and throat.
11- Psychological depression.
Theoretical explanations for drug addiction:
Psychological theories: Psychological theories are concerned with the interpretation of drug addiction, as it indicated that drug use and the consequent addiction is considered from a psychological point of view an educated behavior, and this is supported by the behavioral school in psychology, as an individual who feels anxiety or stress and deals with any substance An addict who feels calm and calm, and this feeling supports the use of time and time again, and with continued use, the individual learns to take the drug whenever he encounters a problem (Al-Dahan, 2018).
The characteristics of the addicted personality also play an important role in addiction, as the addicted person is dominated by anxiety, stress, lack of reassurance, guilt, emotional instability and low self-esteem, and all this works to develop his direction towards addiction to get rid of any problem (Nassar, 2011).
According to this theory, drug addiction is sometimes explained by the fact that people with mental illnesses and some mental illnesses resort to drugs to reduce the severity of the symptoms of what they suffer from psychological or mental illnesses, and the explanation of this phenomenon is known as self-treatment.
The psychological problems that the individual suffers from have a role in taking or continuing in it or developing it for the worse, the less tolerance of psychological pressures, the pessimistic outlook, the feeling of social inefficiency, the tendency towards isolation and the feeling of depression that constitute psychological problems that push the individual towards addiction.
Also, mental disorders play an important role in addiction, as addiction is likely a outward behavior and a symptom of mental illness, so we find that some addicts suffer from schizophrenia, depression, baronialism, Indians or delusions (Abdel Rahman, 2000).
The psychological direction focuses on the interpretation of drug addiction, which is related to the individual's internal psychological structure, which is psychological preparation for abuse, and not to stressful situations that end up dealing with its end, or to the chemical effect of the drug, there is a set of internal features that affect the formation of the individual's personality and determine his interaction with the external environment, and is affected These features are in the physical and physiological composition, the diseases that afflict the individual, and the surrounding environment, as it may be represented in functional disturbances resulting from the obstacles and obstacles that the individual encounters, and between him and his adaptation to his social environment (Curt, 2008). The psychology of that drug addiction is a phenomenon of phenomena and symptoms related to the personality of the individual or sentimental Pachtlalath - emotional, and here can distinguish some psychological theories, the most important are:
Personality theory: Personality theory sees that there are personality traits and certain characteristics that impose on individuals and motivate them towards addiction. This theory has identified some of the characteristics of the addicted personality, and these features include: depression state; love of mixing with others; feelings of frustration, and dependence on others (Robinson 1976) ).
Dynamic Psychology: This theory explains addiction on the basis of a set of factors, namely:
a. Addiction arises when individuals begin to use alcohol and drugs, and to resort to other behaviors to try pleasure or to escape pain.
B. Conflict between the lower and lower ego leads to misuse of drugs to relieve anxiety and mental disorders.
C. The conflict between the lower and lower ego leads to behavior disruption along with failure to control and control oneself and to addiction (Rasmussen, 2000).
Dr. Drugs cause changes and disturbances in the movement and functions of the body's organs and systems, so that if the body gets used to this new condition, it feels distressed if it returns to its normal state or is forced to temporarily refrain from the drug, or quit it.
Learning theory: The learning theory attempted to explain the causes of individuals addiction to drugs and intoxicants. According to this theory, drug addiction is a reflection of certain types of stimuli, or a method to reduce mental disorders, anxiety and fears, and the learning theory sees that reference groups such as the family and comrades groups have a role Great in crystallizing social behavior, where the theory affirms that human behaviors are behaviors learned from others through simulation and mixing (Robinson, 1976). Thus, this theory interprets drug use as an educated behavior, resulting from the mixing of the user with the reference group so that the individual continues to use in order to feel a sense of belonging to the group, and the group supports this behavior, so that the user feels that he is one of its members who have a special bond which is the drug use behavior.
Previous studies:
After searching for studies that dealt with the topic of drugs, the researcher found that they are very few -within the limits of the researcher's knowledge - which prompted the researcher to search for studies related to the subject of the study, and among the most important of these studies:
A study (Al-Mansouri, 2017) aimed at identifying some of the reasons for the spread of the drug problem under the cover of prescriptions for private clinics in the United Arab Emirates, and the study reached a set of results, including: There are gaps in the Federal Law No. (14) for the year 1995 regarding drug control For the United Arab Emirates regarding access to narcotic drugs through health service delivery centers that seek to achieve financial profit, and also reached the need to identify pharmacies and places where these drugs are available to control the circulation process, and also reached the need not to exchange any What prescription facility with no evidence that the patient is suffering from psychological spells and be stamped by the Ministry of Health.
(Al-Shehhi and Al-Shamsi, 2017) entitled "Electronic Piracy and Drug Crime" aimed to know the role of modern technology in the spread of the drug problem in the United Arab Emirates, the study used the descriptive analytical approach by referring to the security treatments necessary to confront and combat drug crime, the study reached The necessity of developing legal legislations around drugs, especially those that use modern technology such as digital drugs, spreading awareness among citizens to introduce them to the dangers of drugs, pills, and other drugs through websites and a network Internet.
(Al-Ma'aitah, 2014) conducted a study aimed at identifying the attitudes of students of Mutah University towards drug abuse factors, and to achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was built and distributed to a sample of (666) students from Mutah University students, and the results showed that the general average of the trends of Mutah University students towards The factors of drug use in Jordanian society came at a moderate degree, and the attitudes of the study sample individuals towards psychological, health, social, economic, and security effects came at a high degree. The drug is due to variables (place of residence, monthly household income, family size, and the school year for students, and the type of college).
As for the study (Al-Karimin, 2010), it aimed to identify the factors that lead to drug use from the point of view of users and supervisors in the drug addiction treatment and detention center in Jordan. The study followed the descriptive survey method in the sample. The study sample consisted of 36 detainees in correction and rehabilitation centers. The study reached a set of results, including: that the factors leading to drug use came at a high degree, and the economic factor ranked first, and the social factor ranked second, then the psychological factor last.
One of the foreign studies is Potter's study (2015), and aimed at identifying the mechanisms of using treatment in American prisons and trying to reveal the effectiveness of these therapeutic methods used with the inmates of those prisons. The study reached several results, including: There are many problems that relate to the use of treatment to rehabilitate prisoners, such as the lack of skills required by prisoners to use treatment as required, the lack of skills of prison staff, and problems related to drug use by prisoners and the unwillingness to quit. There are also various other programs in prisons that develop, improve, and refine the prisoners' personality. The study found that there is not a single program that works for all prisoners.
A study (Awamleh and Al-khayat, 2011) This study aimed to identify the most prominent causes that lead to drug and dangerous drug use in Jordanian society, the study sample consisted of 384 addicts who were chosen from the drug treatment centers in Jordan, and the results showed that the most important The reasons for using drugs and dangerous substances are family and financial problems, and bad companions.
In a study by Chen and Baumass (2009) entitled "Interaction among high school students in Australia, the study aimed to identify the prevalence of the problem of substance use among nerves among high school students in Australia, and data was collected through four surveys The students 'satisfactory records were conducted in cooperation with the medical committees concerned with drug use, and the results of the study showed that most of the abused students are in the upper secondary classes, and that most of them are addicted to alcohol, cigarettes, sedative drugs, stimulants, and solvents. To use and inhalation of volatile substances are low school level.
Kathleen (2005) conducted a study aimed at identifying the causes of addiction treatment failure and returning to it in the United States of America, where the study sample consisted of (24) addicts who were intentionally chosen from those who ended the treatment and withdrew from it, where the results of the study showed that these addicts They are characterized by low motivation, and aggressive towards society, as they are characterized by a lack of adaptation and weak self-confidence, which leads them to addiction and return to it.
Rashada & Rathshanda (2005) conducted a study titled "The Personal Characteristics of Addicts and Non-Addicts". This study aimed to know the differences in personality between drug addicts and non-addicts in the United States of America, and the sample consisted of (50) addicts, and (50) Of the non-addicts were chosen intentionally, and a Catal personality test and the Rotter scale were used, and the results of the study showed that the addicts were characterized by aggression and delinquency, and lack of acceptance of advice and strictness of opinion.
What distinguishes this study from the previous studies:
It is noted through the presentation of previous Arab and foreign studies that they addressed the problem of drugs and drug addiction in terms of factors leading to drug use, their effects and ways to prevent them, such as the study of (the creamy, 2010), the study (Al-Ma'ita, 2011) and the study (Kathleen, 2005), and from During the presentation of previous studies, it is clear that a small number of them have dealt with topics related to the subject of the study such as (Al-Mansouri, 2017) study which examined the prevalence of medicinal drugs, and (Potter, 2015) study that examined the use of treatment in the rehabilitation of prisoners in the United States, and there Also studies that examined the influence of On Narcotic Drugs different aspects, such as the study (Rashada & Rathshanda, 2005) study (Anzi, 2009). It is clear from the above, that previous studies did not address the subject of the study directly or indirectly, which indicates that this study examined a new topic that was not covered by previous studies, where the study focused on the factors leading to narcotic drugs and legitimate addiction, and this is what distinguishes the study Current studies on previous studies.
Method and procedures:
Study methodology:
The study used the descriptive survey method, due to its relevance to the nature of the study and its specificity. This approach was adopted to describe the phenomenon under study and to describe it accurately to obtain quantitative and qualitative information about the factors leading to drug addiction.
Study population and sample:
The study population consists of the youth category in the age group (16-24) years from the auditors and patients who are using narcotic drugs for the Al-Noor Center for Addiction Treatment and Al-Rashid Hospital for Psychiatry and Addiction Treatment in the city of Amman, and their approximate number was about 65 young people during the study period.
The previous two centers were chosen for several considerations, as the two centers are considered one of the most important hospitals in the field of psychiatry and addiction treatment in Jordan, as they were approved by the Jordanian Arab Council of Psychiatry as a center for the education and training of university students and postgraduate students in the fields of psychiatry, psychiatric nursing and occupational therapy, The centers contain more than 200 beds.
Due to the specificity of this study and the smallness of its society, the study sample individuals were chosen by way of the total survey of the study community.
To choose the sample of the study, an initial interview was conducted by the researcher with all members of society during the application period, and they were asked first about the extent of their desire to participate in the study, after giving an initial idea about the nature of the study and its goals, where the tool was applied to 58 young people who seemed to agree Participation and those whose health and psychological conditions allow them to carry out the application of the questionnaire on them, and after completing the application process that lasted for two weeks, all the distributed questionnaires were approved for statistical analysis except for one questionnaire, and thus the study sample was finalized in 57 young people, accounting for 93.5% From the study community.
The following is a presentation of the characteristics of the study sample, where Table (1) shows the relative distribution of the study sample according to their personal and functional variables.
Repetition and percentages of the sample population distribution according to their characteristics.
Variable Category Repetition percentage (%)
Educational level Secondary and lower 29 50 z
diploma 18 31.58
University 10 17.54
Total 57 100.00
Work nature public sector 9 15. Right
Private sector 12 21.05
Student 17 Cut
Unemployed 19 P
Total 57 100.00
Age (years) Less than 18 - 16 21 36.84
Less than 20 - 18 17 Cut
Less than 22 - 20 11 19:30
24 - 22 8 14.04
Total 57 100.00
It is clear from Table (1) that the percentage of the study sample from the secondary educational level and below has constituted 50.88%, and holders of the intermediate diploma degree by 31.58%, and from the university at 17.54%, while for the distribution of the study sample according to the nature of the work, the workers in The public sector accounted for 21.05%, the private sector accounted for 15.79%, among the students it accounted for 29.82%, and for the unemployed at a rate of 33.33%.
Regarding the distribution of the study sample according to the age variable, the study sample in the 16- to -18-year age group accounted for 36.84%, and the 18-to-20-year-old group accounted for 29.82%, and from the 20-to-22-year age group the proportion 19.30%, and the last in the 22-24 age group, which is 14.04%.
Study tool:
The questionnaire was used as a main tool in view of the nature of the study and its objectives, which was done through the social survey for the purpose of collecting field data from the target study sample, and as being more appropriate to such kind of studies and to achieve the study's goals and answer its questions, and in the preparation of the study tool the scientific foundations of its construction and subject to tests were followed Honesty and consistency according to the following procedural steps:
Constructing the study tool: The questionnaire was built and designed based on the study's subject, objectives and questions, and by reviewing the relevant literature and the theoretical framework for the study and previous studies, such as the study (Awamleh and Al-khayat, 2011), and the study (Al-Karimiyen, 2010) in addition to benefiting from opinions Experts and specialists in its field.
The questionnaire consisted of the following main parts:
Part 1: Preliminary data of the study sample individuals.
The second part: It includes (32) items with the aim of measuring the factors that lead to drug addiction, and it has been divided into four main areas: personal factors (13), family factors (11), social factors (4) items, and legal factors ( 4) Paragraphs.
Validity and reliability of the study tool:
A- apparent honesty:
The apparent honesty of the study tool was confirmed by its arbitration by a number of arbitrators from faculty members from faculties of social sciences and arts from sociology departments from some Jordanian universities, and after taking into account the arbitrators' observations of merging or deleting some paragraphs and amending the formulation of some of them formed the final picture The scale consists of (30) items, divided into four main areas.
B - The sincerity of the building (internal consistency):
The structural validity of the study tool was verified by calculating the correlation coefficient Pearson Correlation between the answers of the study sample on the paragraphs in each field and the total score of the field to which it belongs, and Table (2) shows these results.
Correlation coefficients between paragraphs and the overall score for the fields of the study tool.
Personal factors Family factors Societal factors Legal factors
Paragraph number Correlation coefficient Paragraph number Correlation coefficient Paragraph number Paragraph number Paragraph number
1 **0.52 1 **0.54 1 0.44** 1 0.43**
2 **0.44 2 **0.42 2 0.60** 2 0.38**
3 **0.65 3 **0.61 3 0.65** 3 0.51**
4 **0.39 4 **0.42 4 0.43** 4 0.59**
5 **0.49 5 **0.48
6 **0.47 6 **0.44
7 **0.51 7 **0.64
8 **0.58 8 0.38**
9 **0.55 9 0.36**
10 **0.48 10 0.43**
11 0.49** 11 0.59**
12 0.56**
13 0.49**
** Statistically significant at the level of significance (0.01).
It is clear from the results in Table (2) that the correlation coefficients received between the degrees of each of the paragraphs with the total degree range between (0.65 and 0.36), which are statistically significant correlation coefficients at the level of significance (0.01), which indicates the achievement of the structural validity of the study tool.
Stability of the study tool:
To verify the consistency of the study tool, the Cronbach alpha parameter was calculated for the answers of the members of the study sample, to determine the degree of stability of the fields of the study tool, and the results
came as follows:
Table (3)
_Stability coefficient (Cronbach alpha) for the fields of the study tool._
Domains The number of paragraphs Stability coefficient (Kronbach alpha)
The first area: personal factors 13 0.88
The second area: family factors 11 0.83
The third area: societal factors 4 0.75
Fourth area: legal factors 4 0.79
The scale as a whole 30 0.91
It is clear from Table (3) that the study tool enjoyed a high degree of stability, where the total stability factor of the tool was 0.91, and the stability values of the fields of the study tool ranged between (0.75 - 0.88), which means that the study tool has a high degree of stability.
Based on the results of honesty and consistency, it is clear that the study tool has a high degree of honesty and consistency, and that the results can be trusted and relied upon to achieve the goals of the study.
Statistical processing methods:
The answer to the paragraphs of the fields of the study tool for the second part was classified according to Likert's gradation and was determined by five answers according to their numerical weights, according to the degree, and as follows:
1. (very large) It represents (5 degrees).
2. (large) It represents (4 degrees).
3. (medium) It represents (3 degrees).
4. (few) It represents (two degrees).
5. (Very few) It represents (one degree).
Taking into account that the values of the averages reached by the study for the total score of the field will be dealt with to interpret the averages as follows:
High Average Low
(3.68-5) (2.34-3.67) (1- 2.33)
Accordingly, if the average arithmetic value of the paragraph or the total as a whole is more than (3.68) then the level is high, but if the arithmetic value falls within the period (2.34-3.67) then the level is average, and if the arithmetic mean (1- 2.33) The level is low.
The study processed field data, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, whereby descriptive and analytical methods were used and used, which included:
1- Descriptive Statistic Measures to describe the characteristics of the study sample, based on repetitions and percentages, in order to answer the study questions, and to know the relative importance of the fields of the study tool using arithmetic averages and standard deviations.
2- Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
3- 3- Using the "F" test and the Shave test to make comparisons between the averages.
Presenting and discussing the study results:
First: Results related to the first question
This question stated: "What are the factors that lead to drug addiction from the point of view of the treatment and rehabilitation centers in Jordan?
To answer the question, first the arithmetic averages, standard deviations, the general level and the order of the study sample answers were found on the fields of the study tool, and on the fields as a whole, and Table (4) shows the results.
Table (4)
Arithmetic Averages and Standard deviations for the level of factors leading to drug addiction,
from the point of view of the study.
Arrangement Domains Arithmetic mean Standard deviation Relative importance Level
1 Personal factors 3.912 0.65 78.2 High
2 Family factors 3.825 0.52 76.5 High
3 Societal factors 3.797 0.58 75.9 High
4 Legal factors 3.293 0.62 65.9 Average
- The ironing level of the factors 3.722 0.44 74.4 High
It is clear from Table (4) that the total level of factors leading to drug addiction among the study sample came with a high degree, as the general arithmetic value reached (3.722) with a relative weight (74.4%). As for the subdomains, the field of "personal factors" came in The first order is at a high level, where the arithmetic mean for this field reached (3.917), with a standard deviation of 0.65, followed by the field of family factors with a high level where the arithmetic mean for this field reached (3.825), with a standard deviation of 0.51, followed by the field of societal factors with a high level where the arithmetic average for this The range (3.797), with a standard deviation of 0.58, while the range of factors came Legal in the last order with an average level of an average of (3.293) with a standard deviation of 0.62. This result reflects an overall high level of the level of factors leading to drug addiction among the study sample individuals. It is noted from Table (4) that the values of the standard deviations on the domains came in a few degrees and ranged between (0.52-0.62), which indicates the homogeneity of the responses of the study sample individuals towards all the paragraphs of the fields.
Table (5) shows the paragraphs that obtained high arithmetic averages based on the standard specified in the study, which indicates a high level of the level of factors leading to drug addiction among individuals in the study sample.
Paragraphs that achieved a high level according to the areas of factors leading to drug addiction for the _study sample individuals, in descending order according to their arithmetic mean._
Paragraph number Paragraphs Arithmetic mean standard deviation Relative weight Field
9 Suffering from illness, fatigue and exhaustion 4.32 0.98 86.3 Character
1 Housing in neglected slums 4.16 0.80 83.2 Family
7 Low religious affiliation among my family members 4.13 0.94 82.6 Family
19 Denial of family love and affection 4.09 1.05 81.8 Character
20 Feeling anxious about the economic situation in society 4.09 0.93 81.8 social
10 Long free time 4.06 0.94 81.2 Character
2 Contact with bad companions and antecedents 4.05 0.94 81.1 Character
6 Weak social relations between my family members 4.02 0.95 80.4 Family
14 Feeling alienated and ostracized by family and society 3.96 1.18 79.2 Character
3 Living in a bleak family environment 3.95 0.96 79.0 Family
18 Lack of feeling of security and psychological reassurance 3.90 1.13 77.9 Character
16 The belief that narcotic drugs are not prohibited by Islam 3.89 1.18 77.8 Character
17 The conviction that narcotic drugs are good for curing illnesses 3.88 1.01 77.6 Character
5 Lack of control and follow-up by the family on the children's behavior 3.87 0.87 77.4 Family
31 Difficulty finding a job in the community 3.87 0.65 77.4 social
12 Lack of awareness of the harm of drugs 3.84 1.11 76.8 Character
8 Weak social solidarity among members of society 3.82 1.03 76.4 social
22 The belief that drugs are a relief and relieve fatigue and exhaustion 3.75 1.29 75.0 Character
21 Failure to study 3.73 0.99 74.5 Character
4 Family members suffer from divorce or separation of parents 3.73 0.94 74.5 Family
11 Easy access to prescriptions for the purchase of narcotic drugs at any time 3.71 0.94 74.2 Legal
15 Ease of getting money from the family to buy drugs 3.70 1.05 74.0 Family
It is noted through Table (5) that 22 items achieved high arithmetic averages over items in areas of factors leading to drug addiction among the study sample individuals, their relative importance ranged between (86.6% -74.0%) and 11 items were related to the field of personal factors. 7 items were related to the field of family factors, 3 items were related to the field of societal factors, and finally one paragraph was related to the field of legal factors.
With regard to the items that obtained arithmetic means indicating an average level of factors leading to drug addiction among the study sample individuals, Table 6 shows them.
Paragraphs that achieved an average level according to the areas of factors leading to drug addiction for _the study sample individuals, in descending order according to their mathematical mean._
Paragraph number Paragraph Arithmetic mean Standard deviation Relative weight Domain
25 The family members suffer from poverty and unemployment 3.65 0.99 0.99 Family
32 Not accepting advice and strict opinion 3.63 0.77 0.77 Character
24 Poor educational level for my family members 3.63 0.86 0.86 Family
13 Love adventure and curiosity I have 3.60 0.90 0.90 Character
23 Doctors tolerated the dispensing of narcotic drugs 3.58 0.95 0.95 Legal
28 Weak control over the sale of narcotic drugs 3.53 0.94 0.94 Legal
26 Decreased drug prices compared to other drugs 3.03 1.08 1.08 social
30 Weak laws regulating the sale of narcotic drugs 2.70 1.01 1.01 Legal
29 Some family members suffer from diseases and disabilities 2.64 0.97 0.97 Family
27 The presence of family members who are addicted to alcohol and drugs 2.47 0.95 0.95 Family
It is noted from Table (6) that 10 items have achieved mean arithmetic averages over items in areas of factors leading to drug addiction among the study sample individuals, their relative importance ranged between (74.0% -52.8%) and two of them were related to the field of personal factors, and 4 items were related to a field Family factors, 3 of which were related to the field of legal factors, and finally one was related to the field of Second: The results related to the second question societal factors.
This question stated: "Are there statistically significant differences between the average estimates of the study sample towards the factors leading to drug addiction by different variables (educational level, nature of work, and age)?
1- Differences according to educational level variable:
To reveal the differences between the arithmetic averages of the study sample estimates according to the variable of the educational level, a test "monovariance analysis (ANOVA) was performed, and the following is a presentation of the results:
Table 7
The result of the analysis of variance analysis (F.test) to test the significance of differences between the average estimates of the study sample towards the factors leading to drug addiction by different
educational level variable.
Domains Educational level Arithmetic Standard Value of Statistical
mean deviation F significance
Personal Secondary and lower 4.17 0.75 *4.63 0
factors Diploma 3.86 0.87
University 3.75 0.90
Secondary and lower 4.05 0.90
Family factors *5.12 0
Diploma 3.83 0.97
University 3.61 1.00
Societal Secondary and lower 4.05 0.97 *6.90 0
factors Diploma 3.75 0.90
University 3.57 0.94
Legal factors Secondary and lower 3.43 0.85 1.65 0.19
Diploma 3.22 0.90
University 3.25 0.80
* Statistically significant at the level of significance (0.05).
From the results of Table (7), it is clear that there are statistically significant differences between the level of personal, family and societal factors leading to drug addiction among the study sample individuals, according to the different educational level variable, where the calculated value of (F) reached (4.63), (5.12) and (6.90) Consequently, they are statistically significant values at the significance level (0.05). To determine the sources of differences between the averages, a net test of dimensional comparisons was performed in Table (8).
Table (8)
Shaffei test results for the dimensional comparisons to test the sources of differences between the average
estimates of the study sample towards the factors leading to drug addiction according to the variable of the educational level.
Domain Educational level Arithmetic's mean Secondary and lower diploma University
Personal factors Secondary and lower 4.17 - 0.31 0.42*
Diploma 3.86 - - 0.11
University 3.75 - - -
Family factors Secondary and lower 4.05 - -0.22 0.44*
Diploma 3.83 - - 0.22
University 3.61 - - -
Societal factors Secondary and lower 4.05 - 0.30 0.48*
Diploma 3.75 - - -0.18
University 3.57 - - -
* Statistically significant at the level of significance (0.05).
It is clear from Table (8) that the differences between the average estimates of the study sample towards personal, family and societal factors leading to drug addiction varied according to the variable of the educational level in favor of the study sample from the secondary level or less, and the higher average difference between the average estimates towards personal factors was 0.42, and reached 0.44 for differences between averages toward family factors, and 0.48 for differences between averages toward societal factors.
2- Differences according to the nature of work variable:
To reveal the differences between the arithmetic averages for the study sample estimates according to the nature of work variable, a test "monovariance analysis (ANOVA)" was performed, and the following is a presentation of the results:
Table (9)
The result of the (Test Test) variance test to test the significance of the differences between the average
estimates of the study sample towards the factors leading to drug addiction by different nature of work.
work nature Arithmetical Mean Standard deviation Value of F Statistical significance
Personal factors public sector 3.63 0.72 *5.54 0.00
Private sector 3.77 0.84
Student 4.09 0.93
Unemployed 4.15 0.87
Family factors public sector 3.58 0.87 *6.41 0.00
Private sector 3.64 0.84
Student 3.95 0.93
Unemployed 4.11 0.96
Societal factors public sector 3.49 0.93 *3.98 0.00
Private sector 3.57 0.97
Student 3.89 0.87
Unemployed 4.26 0.90
Legal factors public sector 3.33 0.82 1.02 0.26
Private sector 3.29 1.01
Student 3.26 0.87
Unemployed 3.37 0.77
* Statistically significant at the level of significance (0.05).
It is clear from the results of Table (9) that there are statistically significant differences between the level of personal, family and societal factors leading to drug addiction among the study sample individuals according to the different nature of work, where the calculated value of (F) reached (5.54), (6.41) and (3.98) Consequently, they are statistically significant values at the significance level (0.05). To determine the sources of differences between the averages, a net test of dimensional comparisons was performed in Table (10).
The results of the Xavier test of dimensional comparisons to test the sources of differences between the average estimates of the study sample towards the level of personal, family and societal factors leading to __ drug addiction by different nature of work. __
Domain Work nature Arithmetic mean Public sector Private sector Student Unemployed
public sector 3.63 - -0.14 -*0.46 -0.52*
Private sector 3.77 - - -0.32 -0.32
Student 4.09 - - - -0.06
Unemployed 4.15 - - - -
public sector 3.58 - -0.06 -0.37 -0.53*
Private sector 3.64 - -0.31 -0.31
Student 3.95 - -0.16
Unemployed 4.11 - - -
public sector 3.49 -0.08 -0.40 -0.77*
Private sector 3.57 -0.32 -0.32
Student 3.89 -0.37
Unemployed 4.26
* Statistically significant at the level of significance (0.05).
It is clear from Table (10) that the differences between the average estimates of the study sample towards personal, family and societal factors leading to drug addiction varied according to the variable of the nature of work in favor of the study sample from the unemployed and students, and the higher average difference between the average estimates towards personal factors reached 0.52, and reached 0.53 for differences between averages toward family factors, and 0.77 for differences between averages toward societal factors.
1- Differences according to age variable:
To detect the differences between the arithmetic averages for the study sample estimates according to the age variable, a "ANOVA" test was performed. The results are as follows:
Table (11)
The result of the (Test Test) variance test to test the significance of the differences between the average
estimates of the study sample towards the factors leading to drug addiction by different age variable.
Domain Age Arithmetic's Mean Standard deviation Value of F Statistical significance
Personal factors Less than 18 - 16 4.21 0.76 *8.21 0.00
Less than 20 - 18 4.01 0.88
Less than 22 - 20 3.83 0.98
24 - 22 3.61 0.91
Family factors Less than 18 - 16 4.09 0.91 *5.90 0.00
Less than 20 - 18 3.89 0.88
Less than 22 - 20 3.75 0.98
24 - 22 3.58 1.01
Societal factors Less than 18 - 16 4.15 0.98 *6.61 0.00
Less than 20 - 18 3.88 1.02
Less than 22 - 20 3.65 0.91
24 - 22 3.53 0.95
Legal factors Less than 18 - 16 3.26 0.86 1.14 0.25
Less than 20 - 18 3.37 1.06
Less than 22 - 20 3.24 0.91
24 - 22 3.26 0.81
* Statistically significant at the level of significance (0.05).
From the results of Table (11), it is clear that there are statistically significant differences between the level of personal, family and societal factors leading to drug addiction among individuals of the study sample with different age variable, as the calculated value of (F) reached (8.21), (5.90) and (6.61) on Ranking: These are statistically significant values at the significance level (0.05). To determine the sources of differences between the averages, a net test of dimensional comparisons was performed in Table 12.
Xavier test results for dimensional comparisons to test the sources of differences between the average estimates of the study sample towards the level of personal, family and societal factors leading to drug __ addiction by age variable.____
Domain Age Arithmetic's Mean Less than 18 - 16 less than 20-18 less than 20-22 24 - 22
Personal factors Less than 18 - 16 4.21 - -0.20 -0.38 -0.60*
Less than 20 - 18 4.01 - - -0.18 -0.18
Less than 22 - 20 3.83 - - - -0.22
24 - 22 3.61 - - - -
Family factors Less than 18 - 16 4.09 - -0.21 -0.34 -0.51*
Less than 20 - 18 3.89 - -0.14 -0.14
Less than 22 - 20 3.75 - -0.17
24 - 22 3.58 - - -
Societal factors Less than 18 - 16 4.15 -0.27 -0.50* -0.62*
Less than 20 - 18 3.88 -0.23 -0.23
Less than 22 - 20 3.65 -0.12
24 - 22 3.53
* Statistically significant at the level of significance (0.05).
It is clear from Table (12) that the differences between the average estimates of the study sample towards personal, family and societal factors leading to drug addiction with a different age variable in favor of the study sample from the age group (16- <18 years), and the higher average difference between the average estimates has reached Interpersonal factors were 0.60, 0.51 for differences between averages toward family factors, and 0.62 for differences between averages toward societal factors.
Discuss the results:
First: The results indicated that the most important factors leading to drug addiction, which came first in terms of relative importance are factors related to the personal level of the abusers, the most important of which are their suffering from diseases, the availability of long free time for them, their mixtures to bad companions and criminal owners, their feelings of alienation and ostracism from Before the family and society, and their belief that narcotic drugs are not prohibited by Islam, their lack of awareness of the harmful effects of narcotic drugs, their belief that narcotic drugs give rise to relief and get rid of fatigue and exhaustion, and finally their failure to study, and strictness in Opinion, and this result is consistent with personality theory in that there are personal features and certain characteristics that impose on individuals and motivate them towards addiction to express their pent-up instincts and by any means, and here the addict becomes by expressing these instincts a scapegoat or victim, and this confirms that individuals who suffer Of anxiety and stress tend to escape from their reality through addiction when facing any problem, or affected by friends, the psychological problems that the individual suffers from have a role in dealing with or continuing in it or developing it for the worse, due to the lack of psychological stress, pessimistic outlook and a feeling of social inefficiency The tendency towards isolation and feeling depressed poses psychological problems that push the individual towards addiction.
These results are consistent with the dynamic psychological theory: that explains addiction on the basis of a set of factors, the most important of which is conflict, failure to control and control self (Rasmussen, 2000)) and these results are consistent with the study of both creams (2010) in that some resort to drug use to escape From stress or as a response to life stress. These findings are consistent with the Rashada & Rathshanda (2005) study, which showed that one of the most important personal characteristics of addicts is their lack of a sense of security, reassurance, and strict opinion.
As for the factors that came second in terms of relative importance, they are related to the family environment, the most important of which is the housing of families of addicts within neglected slums, the low religious status of these families, the weak social relations between their members, the lack of control and follow-up by these families on the behavior of children, and the suffering Family members from the divorce or separation of the parents. These results are consistent with (Kazan, 2005) study that aimed to identify the relationship between drug addiction and family disintegration in Jordan, where this study showed that poor family conditions and lack of social control of family members are among the most important factors in the trend towards addiction, and these results are consistent with the results Chen and Baumass (2000) study, which showed that most families who abuse and inhale volatile substances are from poor families that suffer from family disintegration, and it can be said that the presence of problems within the family will inevitably lead to disintegration and the behavior of deviation in the absence of stability within The family, especially if K. You are bad economic conditions in the family. 18
As for the factors that came in the third and penultimate order in terms of relative importance, they are related to the societal environment, the most important of which are addicts feeling anxious about the economic situation in society, the difficulty of obtaining work in society, and the weak social solidarity between members of society, and these results are consistent with the results of a study ( Al-Kuraimin, 2010), (Kazan, 2005), (Al-Ma'aitah, 2014), and Kathleen (2005) studies. These studies showed the importance of social factors in drug addiction.
As for the factors that came in the fourth and final order in terms of relative importance, they are related to the legal environment, represented in the ease of addicts obtaining prescriptions to buy drugs at any time, the indulgence of doctors in dispensing drugs, and weak supervision of the laws regulating the sale of drugs, and these results are consistent with A study (Al-Mansouri, 2017) that showed that there are gaps in the laws related to drug control in the United Arab Emirates with regard to obtaining drug drugs through health service delivery centers.
Second: The results of the study showed that there are statistically significant differences between the level of personal, family, and societal factors leading to drug addiction among members of the study sample with a variable of the educational level and for the benefit of the members of the study sample from the secondary level or less, and the existence of differences with a different variable of the nature of work and in favor of the members of the study sample from Unemployed and students, and the presence of differences in different age variable and in favor of the study sample from the small age group (16- less than 18) years. Where it is clear from the results that there is an inverse relationship between age and educational level and addiction to narcotic drugs, meaning that the higher the educational level of the individual is high, the more it protects him from feet on drugs in general and addiction to narcotic drugs in particular, in addition to that learners have More ability to distinguish between good and bad things.
Recommendations:
Based on the results of the study, the following recommendations have been formulated:
1- Working to provide the necessary care for youth addicted to drugs by following them to protect them from the factors that lead to addiction psychologically, socially and economically, and strengthening their position in society by providing them with job opportunities and helping them to overcome their problems.
2- Supporting and enhancing the efforts of the addiction treatment centers to help addicts get rid of addiction in a proper way, ensuring that they do not return to abuse and addiction.
3- Increasing legal penalties for medical agencies that work to dispense drugs in illegal ways.
4- Working to support the efforts of community-based institutions to combat drugs and treat addicts, and to coordinate with other security departments to prevent the spread of drugs.
5- Conducting sociological studies in the field of drug addiction prevention.
6- Supporting community efforts for the after-care of those recovering from drug addiction, to reduce the possibility of recurring to them.
References:
1- Azabid, Hossam Ahmed (2015), Drugs and their effects on people and society, Wael Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan.
2- Babiker, Kamal Omar (2013) Drug Danger Detection, Dar Azza, Khartoum, Sudan.
3- Hassan, Nabil Mahmoud (2012), The Modern Encyclopedia of Drugs, The Arab Renaissance House for Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, Lebanon.
4- Al-Hunaity, Salary (2004), Addiction-Generating Drugs, The National Library of Printing and Publishing, Amman, Jordan.
5- Al-Dulaimi, Ibrahim Sahib (2003), Drugs and National Security, A Study from a Sociological Perspective, Emirates Center for Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
6- Al-Dahan, Amal (2018), drug addiction, theories and models, Osama House for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan.
7- Rosa, Waters (2015), over-the-counter analgesics, OxyContin, Percocet, and Vicodin, translated by Bassam Sheikha, Arab Science House, Beirut, Lebanon.
8- Abu Al-Rous, Ahmad (2013) The Problem of Drugs and Addiction, The Modern University Office, Alexandria, Egypt.
9- Suef, Mustafa (2006), Drugs and Society, an integrative view, Knowledge World Series, Kuwait.
10- Shehata, Ahmed (2018) Drugs between Science and Law, General Authority of Cultural Palaces, Cairo, Egypt.
11- Al-Shehhi, Omar Rashid, Al-Shamsi, Hazza Jamal (2017), Electronic Piracy and Drug Crime, Ministry of Interior, United Arab Emirates.
12- Abdul Rahman, Attiyat (2000), Drugs and Dangerous Drugs and Control Responsibility, Naif University for Security Sciences: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
13- Al-Obaid, Bassam Ali (2015) narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, Dar Al-Zahraa for Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, Egypt.
14- Dust, Muhammad Salama (2012), Addiction, its causes, consequences and treatment, field study, modern university office, Cairo, Egypt.
15- Al-Qahtani, Jaber Salem (2010) "Amphetamines stimulate central nervous system centers", Al-Riyadh Newspaper, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
16- Al-Kareemeen, Ayman Ahmed (2010) Factors leading to drug use from the viewpoint of drug abusers and supervisors in the Drug Addiction Treatment and Detention Center of the Drug Enforcement Administration, unpublished doctoral thesis. Mutah University of Karak, Jordan.
17- Al-Mashaqbah, Muhammad Lahmad (2007), Drug Addiction, Counseling and Psychotherapy, (1st edition), Dar Al-Shorouk: Amman, Jordan
18- Al-Ma'aitah, Hamza Abdul-Muttalib (2011), Attitudes of Mu'tah University Students Towards Drug Abuse Factors in Jordanian Society, Unpublished Master Thesis, Mu'tah University: Jordan.
19- Mansouri, Muhammad Ali (2017). The spread of narcotic drugs under the cover of prescriptions for private clinics, UAE, Ministry of Interior, research presented to the Minister of Interior Prize for Scientific Research.
20- Nassar, Mahrous (2011) General Crime Theory, Zain Jurid Publications, Beirut, Lebanon.
21- Ministry of Interior (2017) Criminal Reports for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016, Public Security Directorate, Amman, Jordan.
22- Alabdalla, M. A., (2005). Chemical Characterization of Counterfeit Captagon Tablets Seized In Jordan, Forensic Science International. 2005 Sep 10; 152(2-3):185-8
23- Al-Obaid, A., And Al-Gharably, N., (2008) The Characterization of Counterfeit Captagon Tablets, Riyadh: J. Forensic Sci. Soc. 34 pp. 165-167.
24- Awamleh, A., and Al-khayat, M., (2011) The Reason of Using Dangerous Drugs In Jordanian Society, Jordan Journal of social science, V.(4), No.(2),pp 203-220, Amman, Jordan.
25- Chen, J., Baumass, A. Rissel, C., (2009). Substance Use In High School Students in New South Wales, Australia, In Relation To language Spoken At Home. Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol. 26, p 53-63.
26- Curt, R. (2008). Criminal Behavior: Apsychosocial Approach. (8th ed.). Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle, New Jersey.
27- El-Qirbi, Ahmed, M (2008). "Biochemical Effects of Catha Edulis, Cathine And Cathinone On Adrenocortical Functions". J Ethnopharmacol 39 (3): 213-6.
28- Kathleen, B. (2005). Resource For Dropout From Drug Abuse Treatment Symptoms Personality And Motivation, Addictive Behaviors. Vol.31. Issue.1.
29- Potter T.(2015). Entitled Therapy Use In The Rehabilitation Of The Prisons In The State of America, Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology. Vol 67 No:2, pp. 243-251.
30- Rashada, R; Rathshanda (2005). Locus Of Control And Personality Traits Of Made Substance Abusers And Non Abusers, Journal Of Physiology, Vol2, No.1, p 41- 44.
31- Robinson, D., (1976). From Drinking To Alcoholism: A Sociological Commentary, London New York: John Wiley And Sons.
32- Saulsbury, W & Nutt, D,. King L.A (2007). "Development Of A Rational Scale To Assess The Harm Of Drugs Of Potential Misuse". Lancet 369 (9566): 1047-53.
33- Schilitt, R., Gomberg, E., (2001). Drugs And Behavior A Sourcebook For The Helping Professions, London New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
34- Singer, K ., (2005). The Prognosis Of Narcotic Addiction, London And Boston: Butterworths
35- Suwif, M., (2010). The Problem of Drug Use, Scientific Perspective, Egyptian Lebanese Publishing House, Cairo, Egypt.
36- UNODC (2017). World Drug Report, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria.
