CC BY
11
UDC 633; DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2022-08.19
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIMPASU (BACCAUREA LANCEOLATA) IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Gunawan*, Researcher Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Anwar Khoerul, Researcher Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Gafur Abdul, Researcher Hilaliyah Raudatul, Waro Azmil Aqilatul, Sakinah, Hikmah Nor, Erwansyah Muhammad, Susilawati Dian, Lestari Ratna Dwi, Triana Dinda, Students Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
*E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to provide information on the distribution and determine the strongest factors that influence the distribution of Baccaurea lanceolata. The identification of these parameters in a particular ecosystem helps us implement appropriate management for the present and future development of B. lanceolata restoration and development. This study used purposive sampling method by exploring the areas where B. lanceolata commonly found. The geographic distribution of accessions was visualized with the DIVA-GIS program. The relationship between environmental factors and B. lanceolata plants was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which was generated from Minitab software version 16. Based on field surveys, B. lanceolata plants were found in Gunung Raya, Hamak Timur, Hamak Utara, Patika Lain, Batang Alai Timur, Marajai, Loksado, and Geronggang. The results showed that the most important factors in the distribution of Limpasu in South Kalimantan were altitude and air humidity.
KEY WORDS
Baccaurea lanceolata, PCA, South Kalimantan, altitude, humidity.
Indonesia is a tropical country that has a high diversity of fruits. Almost every region has local fruit, but its development and utilization are not yet optimal. Kalimantan is one of the large islands in Indonesia which has a wet tropical forest area with a high level of diversity. Kalimantan is also one of the centers for the diversity of the Baccaurea genus, with 25 species of Baccaurea found in Kalimantan (Haegen 2000). The Baccaurea genus is a group of plants that produce fruit, but its existence is not as popular as other fruit plants. In addition to taking the fruit as fresh fruit and wood as building materials, members of the Baccaurea genus have been used by the community as medicinal plants to treat several diseases, including constipation, swelling of the eyes, arthritis, abdominal pain, facilitating menstruation and urination (Usha et al., 2014; Ullah et al., 2012; Goyal et al., 2014; Lim 2012; Gunawan et al., 2016).
One of the members of the genus Baccaurea is Limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata). Limpasu has several names, including ampusu, asam pauh, buah lepasu, buah lipau, empawang, kalampesu, lampaung, lapahung, laptu, lipasu, tamasu and tampoi. In traditional medicine this plant was used to treat stomach pain, treat swelling and treat drunk due to alcohol (Lim 2012). Voon and Kueh (1999) reported B. lanceolata fruit consist of 92.4% water, 18 kcal energy, 0.2% protein, 0.2% fat, 3.7% carbohydrate, 0.8% ash content, P 6 mg,
K 126 mg, Ca 35 mg, Mg 11 mg, Fe 0.3 mg, Mn 2 ppm, Cu 1.5 ppm, Zn 6.3 pm and vitamin C 0.6 mg. B. lanceolata fruit also contains phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids (Bakar et al., 2014).
The phytochemical content of B. lanceolata was found in the pericarp and flesh of the fruit, with the highest content found in the flesh. Antioxidant activity test using three methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of the pericarp, fruit flesh and seeds showed high antioxidant activity, with the highest activity found in the fruit flesh (Bakar et al., 2014). Ethanolic extracts of fruit, leaves, and stem bark of B. lanceolata contain chemical groups of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins (Fitriansyah et al., 2018).
Conversion of forests into plantations, housing, and roads was one of the causes of habitat loss and reduced population of B. lanceolata plants. Conservation efforts can be started through ecological studies and data collection on the distribution of B. lanceolata. Ecological studies have an important role in understanding a species, providing information on the relationship between environmental factors and vegetation composition and the presence of a species in a particular habitat. The information on the existence of a plant in a place and its variations was useful for data collection of plant populations, recording the diversity of flora and its habitat, also its development for further uses (Lestari 2014; Djuita et al., 2016). This study was aimed to provide distribution information and determine the strongest factors affecting the distribution of B. lanceolata. Identification of these parameters in a given ecosystem helps us to management conservation and development in the present and future.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
Sampling was conducted in nine locations in South Kalimantan: Gunung Raya, Hamak Timur, Hamak Utara, Patika Lain, Batang Alai Timur, Marajai, Loksado, and Geronggang, based on local community and local government information who knew the existence of the B. lanceolata (Figure 1). Ecological data analysis and herbarium processing were done in Biosystematic Laboratory of Department of Biology of Lambung Mangkurat University.
1 cm
Figure 1 - Limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata) fruit: A. young fruit, B. Mature fruit
Data collection was done by purposive sampling by visiting the location based on information from local people where possible the discovery of B. lanceolata (Rugayah et al, 2004). The data recorded in each location were the number of individuals of B. lanceolata, altitude, light intensity, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH. The equipment used
during the observation were GPS 60 Garmin (altitude), Termohygrometer Haar-Synth-Hygro, Germany (air temperature and relative humidity), Soil tester TEW Type 36, Demetra, Japan (soil pH and relative humidity), and Lux meter (light intensity).
Specimens obtained from the field were transferred to new newsprint, arranged and pressed in a bag, then dried in an oven for 2-3 days at a temperature of 50-60°C. The dried specimens were arranged on acid-free herbarium plaque paper measuring (43x30) cm2, and then mounted on the specimen. Placing the specimens was done by sewing the stems/fruits or using 3M tape, and then the herbarium label was affixed to the bottom right of the plaque paper with a distance of 0.5 cm from the edge (Djarwaningsih 2002).
In this study, the geographic distribution of accessions was visualized with the DIVA-GIS program (Hijmans et al., 2001). The relationship between environmental factors and B. lanceolata plants was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated from Minitab software version 16.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Baccaurea lanceolata is a wild fruit plant that has not been cultivated by the community. Local people generally use this plant to take its wood as building material for light construction. In addition, local people also take the fruit of this plant for sale. Humans play a role in the spread of a plant species through the dispersal of seeds. Humans are also the cause of the decline of a plant species. Based on the field survey, Limpasu plants were found in Gunung Raya, Batu Licin; Hamak Timur, Hamak Utara, Hulu Sungai Tengah; Patika Lain, Tapin; Batang Alai Timur, Marajai, Loksado; and Geronggang, Kota Baru. Limpasu distribution in South Kalimantan was presented in Figure 2.
INDONESIA
0 50 100 150 200
kilometeis
Figure 2 - Distribution of Limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata) in South Borneo. TG = Tabalong; BL = Balangan; HT = Hulu Sungai Tengah; HS = Hulu Sungai Selatan; BN = Banjar; TP = Tapin;
KB = Kota Baru
The natural habitat of the B. lanceolata was decreasing due to the conversion of forests and yards into housing, plantations, and roads. This also causes the number of B. lanceolata populations to decrease, because it was not balanced with cultivation and conservation efforts. Habitat degradation and fragmentation, forest conversion, and increasing human population were seen as crucial factors causing species extinction in the world (Barnosky et al., 2011). In the case of Indonesia, mainly in the Kalimantan region, habitat loss of many tree species was caused by continuous illegal logging, development of human settlements, agriculture, perennial crop, and timber plantations (Budiharta et al., 2011). Habitat restoration is an effort that can be taken to rehabilitate species and conserve its habitat (Yang 2013). Detailed information about the regional distribution of a plant is needed for their rehabilitation.
Table 1 - Microclimate around B. lanceolata locations
Microclimate
Locations Altitude (m a.s.l.) Humidity (RH %) Temperature (o C) Light Intensity (Lux) Soil Moisture (RH %) Soil pH
Gunung Raya 144 80 28 1870-2260 82 6
Hamak Timur 110 78 29 2645-3110 76 6.3
Hamak Utara 127 79 28.5 1330-1450 75 6.1
Patika Lain 168 80 29 2650 74 6.2
Tapin 108 78 29 1587 77 6.5
Geronggang 135 79 28 2600 79 6.1
Batang Alai Timur 108 80 30 2228 79 6.1
Marajai 114 80 29 3207 79 6.2
Loksado 130 80 28.8 2228 77 6.2
Abiotic factors have an important role in the growth, development, and distribution of plants. The distribution of plants on a wide scale was influenced by climatic factors, especially rainfall and temperature (Ayyad and El-Ghareeb, 1972). Environmental factors measured in this study were altitude, humidity, temperature, light intensity, soil moisture, and soil pH. B. lanceolata plants in South Kalimantan grow in ecological conditions, namely altitude ranging from 108-168 m a.s.l., humidity 78-80%, temperature 28.5-30° C, light intensity 1330-3207 lux, soil moisture 74-79%, and soil pH 6-6.5 (Table 1).
Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) carried out on the B. lanceolata, it was known that the altitude and air humidity factors have an influence on the presence of this plant (Fig 3). The main component I of the results of PCA analysis was altitude. This component contributes 45.8% to the presence of B. lanceolata. The main component II was the temperature which contributes 29.8% so that the cumulative of the two main components was 75.6%. Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conducted on B. lanceolata, it was known that altitude and humidity have an influence on the presence of B. lanceolata plant populations. Mattjik and Sumertajaya (2013) explained that the closer the point position to the variable vector line, the higher the value of the variable's contribution to the plant population. The highest value of the two component factors indicates the availability of abiotic factors that will characterize the presence of B. lanceolata plants.
Altitude is an important physiographic factor that affects plant growth and development since functional traits could show great variance depending on the altitude level (Keles, 2020). Qian et al. (2016) explained that climate change can have an effect on distribution, population structure and growth dynamics in plants. Altitude variations even though only slightly and do not cause changes in temperature can affect the distribution of a plant species (Bagheri et al., 2017). Plants will adapt to environmental changes by changing their morphology, physiology and photosynthetic ability to survive in their environment (Liang et al., 2010; Najafabadi and Ehsanzadeh, 2017).
Relative humidity also affects plant growth by inhibiting the absorption of water and nutrients (Chowdhury et al., 2021). Relative humidity was also related to the rate of photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is proportional to the relative humidity level. High humidity will reduce the water concentration in the leaves and increase the stomatal conductance (Han et al., 2019; Islam et al., 2020).
A
B
Figure 3 - A. Distribution of B. lanceolata; B. Correlation of environmental factors to the distribution of
B. lanceolata
Each type of plant has different ecological characteristics. Another study reported that light intensity and temperature were environmental factors that have a major influence on Baccaurea macrocarpa (Gunawan et al., 2021). Ecological data of each plant is very important, because it can be used for plant conservation efforts.
CONCLUSION
Baccaurea lanceolata was found in 9 locations namely Gunung Raya, Hamak Timur, Hamak Utara, Patika Lain, Batang Alai Timur, Marajai, Loksado, Geronggang. This research showed that the most important factors on distribution of B. lanceolata in South Borneo are altitude and air humidity. B. lanceolata plants in South Kalimantan grow in ecological conditions, namely altitude ranging from 108-168 m a.s.l., humidity 78-80%, temperature 28.5-30° C, light intensity 1330-3207 lux, soil moisture 74-79%, and soil pH 6-6.5.
RJOAS, 8(128), August 2022 ACKNOWLEDGEM ENTS
The authors would like to thank LPDP for founding support by Riset Mandiri grant number: 010/E4.1/AK.04/RA/2021.
REFERENCES
1. Ayyad MA. and E1-Ghareeb R., Oikos., 1972, 23: 125-131.
2. Bakar MFA, Ahmad NE, Karim FA, Saib S. 2014. Phytochemicals and Antioxidative Properties of Borneo Indigenous Liposu (Baccaurea lanceolata) and Tampoi (Baccaurea macrocarpa) Fruits. Antioxidants 3: 516-525
3. Bagheri H, Ghorbani A, Zare CMA, Jafari AA, Sefidy K. 2017. Halophyte species distribution modeling with MaxEnt model in the surrounding rangelands of Meighan Playa, Iran. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 15(3):1473-1484.
4. Budiharta S, Widyatmoko D, Irawati, Wiriadinata H, Rugayah, Partomihardjo T, et al. 2011. The processes that threaten Indonesian plants. Oryx 45: 172-179. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605310001092
5. Barnosky AD, Matzke N, Tomiya S, Wogan GOU, Swartz B, Quental TB, et al. 2011. Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?. Nature 471: 51-57. DOI: 10.1038/nature09678
6. Chowdhury, M.; Kiraga, S.; Islam, M.N.; Ali, M.; Reza, M.N.; Lee, W.-H.; Chung, S.-O. Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Glucosinolate Content of Kale Grown in a Plant Factory. Foods 2021, 10, 1524. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/foods10071524
7. Djarwaningsih T. 2002. Pengeplakan material herbarium. Di dalam: Djarwaningsih T, Sunarti S, Kramadibrata K, editor. Panduan Pengolahan and Pengelolaan Material Herbarium serta Pengendalian Hama Terpadu di Herbarium Bogoriense. Bogor (ID): Herbarium Bogoriense-Bidang Botani, Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI.
8. Djuita NR, Hartana A, Chikmawati T, Dorly. 2016. Distribusi Kapulasan (Nephelium Ramboutan-Ake (Labill.) Leenh.) di Pulau Jawa and kekerabatan morfologinya. Floribunda. 5(4):129-164.
9. Fitriansyah SN, Putri YD, Haris M, Ferdiansyah R, Nurhayati R, Sari YP. 2018. Antibacterial Activity of Extracts of Fruits, Leaves, and Barks of Limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Mull.Arg.) From South Kalimantan. PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesi. 15: 2.
10. Goyal AK, Mishra T, Sen A. 2014. Antioxidant profiling of Latkan (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.) wine. Indian J Biotechnol. 12(1):137-139.
11. Gunawan, Chikmawati T, Sobir, Sulistijorini. 2016. Review: Fitokimia genus Baccaurea spp. Bioeksperimen. 2(2):96-106.
12. Gunawan, Ikhwan RM, Anafarida O, Mahmudah N. 2021. Autecology and Distribution Pattern of Baccaurea Macrocarpa In South Kalimantan of Indonesia. RJOAS. 9(117): 117-124.
13. Haegens RMAP. 2000. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of Baccaurea, Distichirhops, and Nothobaccaurea (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea. Supplement nomor 12.
14. Han,W.; Yang, Z.; Huang, L.; Sun, C.; Yu, X.; Zhao, M. . 2019. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the effects of relative air humidity on the morpho-physiological traits of Pakchoi (Brassica Chinensis L.) under high temperature. Sci. Hortic. 246, 971-978.
15. Hijmans RJ, Guarino L, Cruz M, Rojas E (2001). Computer tools for spatial analysis of plant genetic resources data: 1.DIVA-GIS. Plant Genet Resour. 127: 15-19.
16. Islam, M.N.; Iqbal, M.Z.; Ali, M.; Jang, B.E.; Chowdhury, M.; Kabir, M.S.N.; Jang, S.H.; Chung, S.O. Performance evaluation of a suspension-type dehumidifier with a heating module for smart greenhouses. J. Biosyst. Eng. 2020, 45, 155-166.
17. Keles, S. O. The effect of altitude on the growth and development of trojan fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani [Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss] Coode & Cullen) saplings. CERNE, v. 26, n. 3, p.381-392, 2020
18. Lestari R. 2014. Morphological variation and species distribution of Baccaurea dulcis (Jack) Mull. Arg. in West Java, Indonesia. Int J Biol. 6(1):17-28.
19. Lim TK. 2012. Edible Medicine and Non-Medicine Plants: Volume 4. London (GB): Springer.
20. Liang EY, Wang YF, Xu Y. 2010. Growth variation in Abies georgei var. smithii along altitudinal gradients in the Sygera Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Trees. 24(2):363-373.
21. Mattjik AA, Sumertajaya IM. 2013. Perancangan Percobaan dengan Aplikasi SAS and Minitab. Bogor (ID): IPB Press.
22. Rugayah, Retnowati A, Windadri FI, Hidayat A. 2004. Pengumpulan Data Taksonomi. Bogor (ID): Puslit Biologi. LIPI. hlm 5-42.
23. Ullah MO, Urmi KF, Howlader MDA, Hossain MDK, Ahmed MT, Hamid K. 2012. Hypoglycemic, hypolippidemic and antioxidant effects of leaves methanolic extract of Baccaurea Ramiflora. Int J Pharm Sci. 4(3):266-269.
24. Usha T, Middha SK, Bhattacharya M, Lokesh P, Goyal AK. 2014. Rosmarinic acid, a new polyphenol from Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. leaf: a probable compound for its antiinflammatory activity. Antioxidants. 3(4):830-842.
25. Voon, B.H.; Kueh, H.S. 1999. The nutritional value of indigenous fruits and vegetables in Sarawak. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 8, 24-31.
26. Qian C, Yin H, Shi Y, Zhao J, Yin C, Lu W. 2016. Population dynamics of Agriophyllum squarrosum, a pioneer annual plant endemic to mobile sand dunes, in response to global climate change. Sci Rep. 6:1-12.
27. Yang XQ, Kushwaha SPS, Saran S, Xu J, Roy PS. 2013. Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of medicinal plant Justicia adhatoda L: in Lesser Himalayan foothills. Ecol Eng. 51:83-87.
