CC BY
2
DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2021-09.13
AUTECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF BACCAUREA MACROCARPA IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN OF INDONESIA
Gunawan*, Anafarida Olivia, Mahmudah Nurul
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Rizki Muhammad Ikhwan
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
*E-mail: gunawan@ulm.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Baccaurea macrocarpa is an underutilized plant, which has potential as a medicinal plant. However, a little information known about this plant, especially on microhabitat and distribution pattern. This study is the first to reveal the microhabitat dan distribution pattern of B. macrocarpa in South Kalimantan. This study used purposive sampling method by exploring the area where B. macrocarpa commonly found. Distribution was analyzed used Morishita index and the microhabitat analysis was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated from Minitab 16 software.
KEY WORDS
Baccaurea macrocarpa, PCA, microhabitat, distribution pattern.
Indonesia is a country rich in biological resources including fruits (Susilawati et al, 2021). Almost every region has local fruit, but its development and utilization are not yet optimal. Kalimantan is one of the big islands in Indonesia which has a wet tropical forest area with a high level of diversity. Kalimantan is also one of the centers for the diversity of the Baccaurea genus, with 25 species of Baccaurea found in Kalimantan (Haegen 2000). Genus of Baccaurea is a group of plants that produce fruit, but its existence is not as popular as other fruit plants. Besides being taken as fresh fruit and wood as building materials, members of genus Baccaurea have been used by the lokal community in Kalimantan as medicinal plants to treat several diseases, including constipation, swelling of the eyes, arthritis, abdominal pain, facilitating menstruation and urination (Ullah et al. 2012; Lim 2012; Usha et al. 2014; Goyal et al. 2014; Gunawan et al. 2016).
Baccaurea macrocarpa or known as "Kapul" is one of the endemic fruits in Kalimantan, contains potential phytochemical compounds. Previous studies have obtained information that the methanolic extract of B. macrocarpa fruit contains secondary metabolites in the form of saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The extract has the antioxidant activity of IC50 33.11^g/mL (Tirtana 2013). The methanol extract and the skin fractions of B. macrocarpa contain broad-spectrum antibacterial properties because they can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium, and Escherichia coli, a gram-negative bacterium (Yunus et al. 2014). Phytochemical analysis of the research results of B. macrocarpa fruit contains alkaloid compounds, saponins, and flavonoids (Pardede 2020), antibacterial (Norhayati 2019), antioxidant (Bakar 2014). In addition, B. macrocarpa leaves also contain antibacterial (Zamzani 2019). Likewise, the skin of the fruit also contains antibacterial (Yunus et al. 2014). Local people in Kalimantan are more familiar with this fruit for various natural remedies to facilitate menstruation, abdominal pain, facilitate urine, and as a treatment for constipation (Gunawan et al. 2016).
B. macrocarpa is threatened by illegal logging which reduces its population in nature. Until now there is no information on the conservation status of this pnat listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, based on observations at
the research site, many habitats have been converted into plantations, housing, and roads. Conservation efforts can be started through autecological studies and data collection on the distribution of star fruit. Autecological studies have an important role in understanding a species, providing information on the relationship between environmental factors and vegetation composition and the presence of a species in a particular habitat. Research on the distribution and ecological interaction of red star fruit with its environment has never been reported.
Autecological studies have an important role in understanding a species, explaining the structure and dynamics of a community (Botanri 2010). Autecological studies can also provide information on the relationship between environmental factors and vegetation composition and the presence of a species in a particular habitat. Autecological studies on individuals of each species can examine plant identity, plant morphology, plant associations, plant utilization, and environmental factors around plants (Botanri 2010). The distribution pattern is a characteristic of a plant that lives in a particular habitat. The distribution of a plant is closely related to the biological and environmental factors of a species (Sofiah et al. 2013). Information on the distribution and microhabitat of plants is needed to understand its ecology and to establish its future conservation efforts and policy (Kusuma & Astuti 2009). The aims of this study was to analyze the distribution pattern of B. macrocarpa, microhabitat characteristic, and abiotic factors that influence the existence of B. macrocarpa populations in South Kalimantan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
Sampling was conducted in eight locations in South Kalimantan, based on information local community and local goverment (Figure 1). yang mengetahui keberadaan tumbuhan Kapul (Figure 2). Analysis Ecological data and herbarium were done in Biosistematic Laboratory of Department Biology Lambung Mangkurat University.
Data colledted was done by purposive sampling by visiting the location where possible the discovery of kapul (Rugayah et al. 2004), based on information from local people. Then made a plot with size 20 x 20 m. The number of plots made in this research amounted to 39 plots. The data recorded in each plot is the number of individuals of kapul were altitude, light intensity, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH. The equipment used during the observation were GPS 60 Garmin (altitude), Termohygrometer Haar-Synth-Hygro, Germany (air temperature and relative humidity), Soil tester TEW Type 36, Demetra, Japan (soil pH and relative humidity), and Lux meter (light intensity).
Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated from Minitab software version 16. The pattern of distribution of belimbing merah can be known based on Morishita indeks (Morishita 1959):
I5 = Q
Q T(T — 1)
Where: I5 = Indeks Morishita To-i = (i=1,2,3....0); Xi = The number of individual X each plot Q = Total plot; T = The total number of individual of a species per plot; If I5 = 1 distribution pattern random, I5 < 1 distribution pattern uniform, I5 > 1 distribution pattern clumped.
Degree of Uniformity (I5 < 1):
xi 2 0,975-n +Xxi
Mu =
£xi—i
Degree of grouping (I5 >):
_ xi2 0,025— n
Where: X2 0,975 = Value chi-square from the table with db (n-1), interval 97,5%; X2 0,025 = Value chi-square from the table with db (n-1), interval 2,5%; £X1 = The total number of individu of species in plot I; n = The number of plot standart Morishita degree.
Figure 1 - Sampling locatioan in South Kalimantan. TL= Tanah Laut; BN = Banjar; TP = Tapin; HS = Hulu Sungai Selatan; HT = Hulu Sungai Tengah; KB = Kota Baru; BL = Balangan;
TG = Tabalong
Figure 2 - Kapul (Baccaurea macrocarpa) A. fruit. B. Transversal section of fruit.
Standart Morishita degree (Ip): If IS > Mc > 1.0, then:
Ip = 0,5 + 0,5
IS-Mc
If 1.0 > IS > Mu, then:
Ip = -0,5
I5-1
If Mc > IS > 1.0, then:
i n r IS-1
Ip = 0,5 -
1 ' H/fr- _1
If 1.0 > Mu > IS, then:
IS—1
Ip = -0,5 + 0,5 —-
n—Mc
Mu—1
Calculation of the Ip value will show the pattern of distribution of the dominant plant species in a community. The values and patterns of species distribution are as follows:
• Ip = 0, Plant species have random distribution;
• Ip > 0, Plant species have clumped distribution;
• Ip < 0, Plant species have uniform distribution.
Specimens obtained from the field were transferred to new newsprint, arranged and pressed in a bag, then dried in an oven for 2-3 days at a temperature of 50-60°C. The dried specimens were arranged on acid-free herbarium plaque paper measuring (43x30) cm2, then mounted on the specimen. Placing the specimens was done by sewing the stems/fruits or using 3M tape, then the herbarium label was affixed to the bottom right of the plaque paper with a distance of 0.5 cm from the edge (Djarwaningsih 2002).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study is the first to reveal the microhabitat and distribution pattern of the kapul (B. macrocarpa) plant in South Kalimantan. The calculation of the distribution pattern using the Morisita index shows that the Kapul plants in South Kalimantan are mostly scattered in groups. The distribution of all plants in nature consists of three basic patterns, namely random, regular, and clustered (Sofiah et al. 2013). This distribution pattern is thought to be related to environmental factors (micro-climate) in the habitat of B. macrocarpa growth and the type of plant reproduction. Plants that reproduce by seeds usually have a clustered distribution pattern. This is due to the tendency of the fruit to fall near the parent which has the same microclimatic conditions. The random distribution pattern is thought to be influenced by habitat fragmentation caused by forest conversion to roads, oil palm plantations, and rubber plantations. Climatic factors, topography, and changes in land use are factors that influence the distribution pattern of plants (Abolmaali et al. 2018).
Table 1 - Distribution pattern of B. macrocarpa in South Kalimantan
Location Distribution Index Distribution Pattern
Tanah Laut 0.0000 Random
Banjar 0.0000 Random
Tapin 0.0063 Clumped
Kotabaru 0.0000 Random
Hulu Sungai Selatan 0.0062 Clumped
Hulu Sungai Tengah 0.0000 Clumped
Balangan 0.0000 Clumped
Tabalong 0.0000 Clumped
The distribution pattern of plant species is influenced by differences in environmental conditions, resources, and competition. In addition, Guissan & Thuiller (2005); sinclair et al. (2005) stated that the distribution pattern is also influenced by humans and climate change. Information of species distribution patterns is very helpful to the success of conservation management both ex-situ and in-situ.
Abiotic factors have an important role in the growth, development, and distribution of plants. Plants will make morphological and physiological adaptations to survive in environmental conditions. According to Sofiah et al (2013), each plant species requires suitable environmental conditions to live so that the requirements of life for each species are different, where they only occupy a suitable environment for their life. Abiotic environmental factors in the form of air temperature, humidity, soil pH, soil temperature, altitude, and temperature of kapul plants are presented in Table 2. Kapul plants in South Kalimantan are mostly found at an altitude of 112-126 m above sea level, air humidity is 75-80%, temperature 29 - 30 oC, light intensity 1120 - 3207 lux, soil moisture 71 - 79%, and soil pH 6 - 6.5.
Air temperature is inversely proportional to the humidity of the air around the study site. This relationship shows that if the temperature increases, the humidity will decrease. The humidity affects the photosynthesis of plants in the form of a decrease in the rate of
photosynthesis. In addition, air temperature is one of the climatic factors that affect the growth rate and metabolic processes of plants. The variation in air temperature at the study site is caused by differences in the shade of the trees around the star fruit and sunlight. The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature generally.
Table 2 - Microclimate around Baccaurea macrocarpa locations
Microclimate
Locations Altitude (m asl) Humidity (RH%) Temperature (oC) Light Intensity (Lux) Soil Moisture (RH %) Soil pH
Tanah Laut 60 75 29 1870-2260 72 6.3
Banjar 70 76 30 2645-3110 71 6.2
Tapin 79 79 29.5 1330-1450 72 6
Kotabaru 75 75 30 2650 71 6.4
Hulu Sungai Selatan 112 80 30 1587 70 6.5
Hulu Sungai Tengah 146 79 29 2600 79 6.3
Hulu Sungai Utara 135 79 29,5 2228 77 6
Balangan 126 79 29 1120-1880 72 6.3
Tabalong 105 80 30 3207 77 6
A
o 1
First Component
Figure 3 - A. Distribution of B. macrocarpa; B. Correlation of environmental factors to the distribution
of B. macrocarpa.
Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis carried out on the kapul plant (B. macrocarpa) it is known that the light intensity and temperature factors have an influence on the presence of the this plant population (Fig 3). Mattjik and Sumertajaya (2013) explained that the closer the point position to the variable vector line, the higher the value of the variable's contribution to the plant population. The highest value of the two component factors indicates the availability of abiotic factors that will characterize the presence of B. macrocarpa.
The main component of the results of PCA analysis is light intensity. This component contributes 49.8% to the presence of red star fruit. The main component II is the temperature which contributes 22.2% so that the cumulative of the two main components is 72.2%. Gunawan et al. (2021) also revealed that temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation were the key environmental factors influencing the distribution of B. macrocarpa. Zoratti et al. (2014) explained that light is a very important abiotic factor because it affects the growth, development, and production of metabolites.
Light intensity is a very important environmental factor that affects plant regeneration. This is because light affects plants in the process of flowering and seed germination. Zhu et al. (2014) explained that light intensity affects flowering, seed germination, macro climate, and temperature around plants. The physiological response of plants to short lengths of irradiation or light they receive is called photoperiodism. The short length of light is related to the process of plant development, including the initiation of plants to flower. Rezazadeh et al. (2018) stated that the short length of irradiation is a factor that controls the induction and initiation of flowering in several plants species. Nurtjahjaningsih et al. (2012) explained that flowering is influenced by external factors in the form of sufficient sunlight and nutrients. In addition, flowering is also influenced by internal factors such as genetics, phytohormones. The intensity of light is very important, it is related to the process of photosynthesis which is responsible for providing energy for the flowering process.
The distribution of a plant species is indirectly affected by the interaction between plants and temperature, humidity, topographic conditions, and light. The variation in environmental conditions is a factor that affects the distribution pattern of a species in a geographic area. Zhong et al. (2010) explained that temperature is a very important environmental factor in influencing the distribution of a plant. This is because the air temperature affects the speed of metabolism, especially photosynthesis and plant respiration.
CONCLUSION
Baccaurea macrocarpa was randomly distributed in distric Tanah Laut, Banjar, Kotabaru, and clumped distributed Tapin, Hulu Sungai Selatan, Hulu Sungai Tengah, Balangan, and Tabalong. Two abiotic factors affected the distribution of B. macrocarpa were the light intensity and temperature. Microhabitat characteristic around B. macrocarpa were altitude of 112-126 m above sea level, air humidity is 75-80%, temperature 29 - 30 oC, light intensity 1120 - 3207 lux, soil moisture 71 - 79%, and soil pH 6 - 6.5.
AKNOLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Rector of Lambung Mangkurat University for providing PDWM (program dosen wajib meneliti) grant which has founded this research.
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