CC BY
4
UDC 630; DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2022-09.10
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF YOUNG LEVEL AT THE LOWER (125-150 MASL) AND MIDDLE (150-175 MASL) ALTITUDES AT BUKIT MANDIANGIN FOREST AREA WITH SPECIAL PURPOSES LAMBUNG MANGKURAT UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Susilawati*, Rudi Gusti Seransyah, Rezekiah Arfa Agustina, Fitriani Adistina
Study Program of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, University of Lambung Mangkurat,
South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Adi Anshari, Student
Study Program of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, University of Lambung Mangkurat,
South Kalimantan, Indonesia
*E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The very high diversity of species at the regeneration level causes the possibility that there are still many types of regeneration that have not been identified, so it is not clear how the distribution, abundance, and structure of the plant community are. The Forest Area with Special Purposes Lambung Mangkurat University has an area of 1,617 ha. The areas included in the Forest Area with Special Purposes Lambung Mangkurat University include Bukit Besar, Bukit Mandiangin, Bukit Pamaton, Bukit Pandamaran, each of which has a different altitude. The aims of this study were (1) to examine the presence of species at several levels of regeneration at several altitudes (2) to analyze the distribution and abundance of regeneration levels (3) to analyze the diversity of species at the regeneration level. The research method used is vegetation analysis by purposive sampling to obtain Important Value Index (IVI), Species Diversity Index (H'), Species Evenness Index (e) and Community Similarity Index (SI). -middle, namely the type of Tengkook ayam (Nephelium massoia), while the highest Important Value Index at the sapling level is at the bottom-middle height, namely the Bati-Bati Menjangan (Eugenia spicata) and Sasahangan (Hippocrepis emerus). the H' value of the seedling-sapling level is moderate and the value of (e) is almost evenly distributed and the value (SI) is low to moderate.
KEY WORDS
Regeneration rate, altitude, species diversity.
Forests are natural ecosystem units that function as sources of germplasm, water storage, components that determine ecosystem stability, oxygen producers, landslide barriers, sources of life, natural resources that provide foreign exchange and a source of meeting community needs. In the forest there is a variety of vegetation, including the vegetation of the youth level such as seedlings and saplings. The presence of a regeneration level, apart from being a source of biodiversity, also plays a role in protecting the soil and soil organisms, helping to create a microclimate on the forest floor, protecting the soil from erosion and maintaining soil fertility. Santoso in Abrori 2016 stated that the diversity of the very high level of youth causes the possibility that there are still many that have not been identified, so it is not clear how the diversity and community structure actually is. Mandiangin Hill is included in the Forest Area with Special Purposes Lambung Mangkurat University an altitude of approximately 275 meters above sea level and has a fairly extensive natural forest vegetation. The problem that arises is how the distribution and abundance of species at the level of regeneration at the lower (125-150 masl) and middle (150-175 masl) elevations, the diversity index value and the influencing factors. Because of the importance of information regarding the composition of the type of regeneration for Forest Area with Special Purposes managers for planning and determining advanced silvicultural techniques in the context of
the natural forest vegetation regeneration process at Forest Area with Special Purposes Lambung Mangkurat University, a study was carried out at Bukit Mandiangin Forest Area with Special Purposes Lambung Mangkurat University.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This research was conducted for ± 3 months at Bukit Mandiangin Forest Area with Special Purposes Lambung Mangkurat University Mandiangin Village, Karang Intan District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan, which includes research activities, data processing and writing research reports. The tools used in this research are a map of the research location, GPS (Global Positioning System), lightmeter, thermohygrometer, raffia rope, meter, phiban, machete, white board, camera, and laptop. The material used in this study was the regeneration of seedlings and saplings at the research site. This study uses 2 types of data, namely primary and secondary. Primary data obtained from direct data collection in the field which is then recorded in the tallysheet of vegetation analysis. While secondary data was obtained through the relevant agencies that manage Forest Area with Special Purposes Lambung Mangkurat University of Mandiangin South Kalimantan Province. Data analysis and data processing in this study included the calculation of the important value index, the species diversity index (H'), the species evenness index (e) and the community similarity index (SI), so that quite complex data were obtained regarding the regeneration found in research sites.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on observations at the research site for the composition of seedling and sapling levels, it can be seen in Table 1. For the seedling level, it was found that several species were able to be present at both altitudes which could occur because of the good adaptation of these species to the environment. According to Ewusie (1980) altitude is a factor that determines the accuracy of the place for habitat for a type of vegetation, where variations in topography and altitude can affect the nature and distribution of plant communities. There are at least two reasons for this clumping pattern to occur, including related to the reproduction of seeds or fruit which tends to fall close to the parent and on soils adjacent to the microclimate conditions (Barbour et al., 1987). According to Silvertown (1982) a safe and conducive habitat will greatly support the existence of seeds of a species. According to Heriyanto & Garsetiasih (2005) several species have a wide tolerance range so that they can be found in several habitats. The ability of natural regeneration of a plant also affects the production and population growth.
If the Important Value Index of a vegetation type is of high value, then that type greatly affects the stability of the ecosystem (Agustina, 2008). According to Soegianto (1994) the important value index is a quantitative parameter that can be used to express the level of dominance (level of control) of species in a plant community. The Important Value Index of the seedling level at the lower elevation can be seen in Figure 1.
Tengkook ayam (Nephelium massoia), Bati-Bati Menjangan (Eugenia spicata), Tiwangau (Glochidion sp.), Kayu ubar, Mengkudu hutan (Morinda citrifolia), Pancar sun, Alaban (Vitex pinnata), Bati-bati (Celtis sp.) , Bintangur (Calophyllum inophyllum), Mahang (Macaranga sp.), Bangkal gunung (Nauclea subdita), Karamunting (Melastoma candidum), Damar kumbang (Agathis sp.), Sasahangan (Hippocrepis emerus), Jamai (Instia sp.), Jambu sekati (Syzygium sp. ), Jawaling (Tristaniopsis sp.), Kayu sapat (Macaranga triloba), Mampat (Cratoxylon formosum), Patindis (Uruphyllum aborescens), Madang pirawas (Litsea odorifera), Nanangkaan (Artocarpus sp.), sapit udang (Vernonia sp), Serai merah (Dacrycarpus imbricatus), and Teja (Ziziphus jujube). The highest Important Value Index was the type of Tengkook chicken (Nephelium massoia) at 35% and the lowest Important Value Index was the type of Teja (Ziziphus jujube). 3% although it is not only Teja, but also Madang pirawas (Litsea odorifera), Nanangkaan (Artocarpus sp.), Sapit udang (Vernonia sp), Serai merah (Dacrycarpus imbricatus) each with an Important Value Index of 3%. The difference
between the Important Value Index of Tengkook ayam and Teja is 32%. For Important Value Index, the seedling rate at middle altitude (150-175 masl) can be seen in Figure 2.
Table 1 - Presence and composition of vegetation at the level of seedlings and saplings at the lower
and middle heights
Level
Height No. Species name Scientific name Family Seedling Sapling
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
1 Akasia Acacia mangium Fabaceae +
2 Alaban Vitex pinnata Verbenaceae + +
3 Bangkal gunung Nauclea subdita Rubiaceae + -
4 Bati-bati Celtis sp. Cannabaceae + +
5 Bati-bati menjangan Eugenia spicata Myrtaceae + +
6 Bintangur Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae + +
7 Damar kumbang Agathis sp. Araucariaceae + +
8 Jamai Instia sp. Fabaceae + +
9 Jambu sekati Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae + +
10 Jawaling Tristaniopsis sp. Myrtaceae + -
11 Karamunting Melastoma candidum Melastmataceae + -
12 Kayu sapat Macaranga triloba Euphorbiaceae + -
13 Kayu ubar - - + -
14 Madang pirawas Litsea odorifera Lauraceae + -
Lower 15 Madang puspa Schima wallichii Theaceae - +
125-150 masl 16 Mahang Macaranga sp. Euphorbiaceae + +
17 Mahoni Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae - +
18 Mampat Cratoxylon formosum Hypericaceae + +
19 Marsihung Alseodaphne sp. Lauraceae - +
20 Mengkudu Hutan Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae + +
21 Nanangkaan Artocarpus sp. Moraceae + -
22 Pancar matahari - - + -
23 Petindis Uruphyllum aborescens Rubiaceae + -
24 Sapit udang Vernonia sp. Asteraceae + +
25 Sasahangan Hippocrepis emerus Leguminaceae + -
26 Serai merah Dacrycarpus imbricatus Podocarpaceae + -
27 Teja Ziziphus jujube Rhamnaceae + -
28 Tengkook Ayam Nephelium massoia Sapindaceae + +
29 Tiwangau Glochidion sp. Phyllanthaceae + +
30 Wangun gunung Melicope sp Rutaceae - +
Amount 25 18
1 Akasia Acacia mangium Fabaceae + +
2 Alaban Vitex pinnata Verbenaceae - +
3 Bangkal Gunung Nauclea subdita Rubiaceae + -
4 Bati-bati Celtis sp. Cannabaceae + -
5 Bati-bati menjangan Eugenia spicata Myrtaceae + +
6 Bintangur Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae + -
7 Damar kumbang Agathis sp. Araucariaceae - +
8 Jamai Instia sp. Fabaceae + +
9 Karamunting Melastoma candidum Melastmataceae + +
10 Kayu habu Antiaris toxicaria Moraceae - +
11 Kayu sapat laki - - - +
Middle 12 Lalangsatan Lansium sp. Meliaceae - +
150-175 masl 13 Madang puspa Schima wallichii Theaceae - +
14 Mahang Macaranga sp. Euphorbiaceae - +
15 Mampat Cratoxylon formosum Hypericaceae + +
16 Marsihung Alseodaphne sp. Lauraceae - +
17 Medang Puspa Schima wallichii Theaceae + -
18 Nanangkaan Artocarpus sp. Moraceae + -
19 Sapat laki - - - +
20 Sapit udang Vernonia sp. Asteraceae + -
21 Sasahangan Hippocrepis emerus Leguminaceae + +
22 Tengkook ayam Nephelium massoia Sapindaceae + -
23 Tiwangau Glochidion sp. Phyllanthaceae + +
24 Wangun gunung Melicope sp Rutaceae - +
Amount 14 17
Note: a) (+) = present in the plot; b) (-) = not present in the plot.
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
IIVI (%) RF (%) I RD (%)
k k k b L h b L
LLkkkkkkLI h ta h
Bati- Men „ n , , „„ ,
Teng . . . Pane Bang „ Dam _ Jamb Mad
i bati „ gkud Al . „ . ... . . Kara Sasa , , Kayu .. _ . Nanasapit serai
kook Tiwa Kayu ar Alab Bati-Binta Mah kal ar . Jama u Jawa MamPetin ang . .
menj . u . mu^ hang . . sapa . ngka udan mera Teja
Aya ngau ubar mata an bati ngur ang gunu kum i seka ling pat dis pira
anga Huta . ting . an t an g h
m ha ri ng bang ti was
nn
35 17 13 12 11 11 8 88 87 7 654444443 3 3 3 3 16 553555535533333333333333 19.4 12.1 8.1 9.7 5.6 5.6 3.2 3.2 5.6 2.4 1.6 4.0 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
40
35 30
Figure 1 - Importance Value Index of Lower Altitude Seedling Level
b L L L l b b
Tengkoo Bintang . Medang Sasahan „ . . . Karamu Bangkal , . „ „ Sapit
, menjang Bati-bati Jamai Mampat ,
k ayam ur Puspa gan nting Gunung udang
Akasia
Nanangk Tiwanga
IVI (%) RF (%) RD (%)
Figure 2 - Index of Importance of Middle Altitude Seedling Level
Tengkook chicken (Nephelium massoia), Bintangur (Calophyllum inophyllum), Bati-bati menjangan (Eugenia spicata), Madang puspa (Schima wallichii), Sasahangan (Hippocrepis emerus), Bati-bati (Celtis sp.), Karamunting (Melastoma candidum), Bangkal gunung (Nauclea subdita), Jamai (Instia sp.), Mampat (Cratoxylon formosum), Sapit udang (Vernonia sp.), Acacia (Acacia mangium), Nanangkaan (Artocarpus sp.) and Tiwangau (Glochidion sp.). The highest Important Value Index was the type of Tengkook ayam (Nephelium massoia) of 36% and the lowest value of Important Value Index was the type of Tiwangau (Glochidion sp.) of 6%. The difference between Tengkook ayam (Nephelium massoia) and Tiwangau (Glochidion sp.) is 30%.
The Importance Value Index of the sapling level at the bottom height can be seen in Figure 3. Bati-bati menjangan (Eugenia spicata), Mampat (Cratoxylon formosum), Mahang (Macaranga sp.), Jamai (Instia sp), Wangun gunung (Melicope sp), Sapit Udang (Vernonia sp), Jambu sekati (Syzygium sp), Tengkook ayam (Nephelium massoia), Damar kumbang (Agathis sp), Acacia (Acacia mangium), Marsihung (Alseodaphne sp.), Mengkudu Hutan (Morinda citrifolia), Alaban (Vitex pinnata), Bati-bati (Celtis sp), Bintangur (Calophyllum inophyllum), Madang puspa (Schima wallichii), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) and
25
20
5
0
5
0
u
36
32
28
16
15
2
12
9
8
8
7
6
6
6
13
3
9
9
9
9
9
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
22.9
19.3
19.3
7.2
6.0
3.6
3.6
4.8
3.6
3.6
2.4
1.2
.2
.2
Tiwangau (Glochidion sp.). The highest IVI value is the Bati-bati Menjangan (Eugenia spicata) at 38% and the lowest Important Value Index is the Tiwangau species (Glochidion sp.) at 4%. The difference in INP values for bati-bati menjangan (Eugenia spicata) and Tiwangau (Glochidion sp.) was 34%. The Important Value Index of the sapling level at the middle altitude (150-175 masl) can be seen in Figure 4.
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
\L L Lbbk
Bati-bati menja ngan Mamp Maha at ng Jamai Wang un gunun g Sapit Jambu udang sekati Tengk Damar ook kumba Akasia ayam ng Marsi hung Meng kudu hutan Alaba n Bati-bati Bintan gur Mada ng puspa Maho ni Tiwan gau
■ IVI (%) 38 26 20 15 15 13 12 9 9 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
■ RF (%) 9 12 12 9 9 9 6 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
■ RD (%) 29.0 14.0 8.6 6.5 6.5 4.3 6.5 6.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
30 25
Figure 3 - Importance Value Index of Lower Sapling Level
bkkkhlh
Sasaha ngan Bati-bati menja ngan Akasia Mahan Mamp g at Damar kumba ng Lalang satan Jamai Sapat laki Madan g puspa Alaban Karam unting Kayu sapat laki Tiwang au Kayu habu Marsih ung Wangu n gunun g
■ IVI (%) 37 28 21 20 18 10 10 9 9 8 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
■ RF (%) 12 9 12 9 9 6 3 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
■ RD (%) 24.8 19.0 8.6 10.5 8.6 3.8 6.7 2.9 2.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.0
Figure 4 - Index of Sapling Levels at Middle Elevation
Sasahangan (Hippocrepis emerus), Bati deer (Eugenia spicata), Acacia (Acacia mangium), Mahang (Macaranga sp.), Mampat (Cratoxylon formosum), Damar kumbang (Agathis sp.), Lalangsatan (Lansium sp.), Jamai (Instia sp) , Sapat laki, Madang puspa (Schima wallichii), Alaban (Vitex pinnata), Karamunting (Melastoma candidum), Kayu sapat laki, Tiwangau (Glochidion sp.), Kayu ubar, Marsihung (Alseodaphne sp.) and Wangun gunung (Melicope sp. ). The highest Important Value Index is the Sasahangan (Hippocrepis emerus) species at 37% and the lowest Important Value Index is the Wangun gunung species (Melicope sp.) at 4%. The difference in Important Value Index between Sasahangan (Hippocrepis emerus ) and wangun gunung (Melicope sp.) is 33%.
The values of the Species Diversity Index (H') and the Species Evenness Index (e) seedlings and saplings can be seen in Table 2:
40
35
20
5
0
5
0
Table 2 - Diversity and Evenness Index of Seedlings and Saplings at Each Height
Height Information/ Level Amount Score Criteria
The place Index Growth Type
Lower 125-150 masl Species Diversity (H') Seedling Sapling 25 18 2.98 2.62 medium medium
Specific Evenness (e) Seedling Sapling 25 0.93 Almost evenly
Middle 150-175 masl Species Diversity (H') Seedling Sapling 25 18 2.98 2.62 medium medium
Specific Evenness (e) Seedling Sapling 25 18 0.93 0.91 Almost evenly Almost evenly
Source: Processed primary data, 2022.
Based on Table 2, the value of the species diversity index (H') of seedlings and saplings at lower altitude (125-150 masl) if adjusted to the Shannon-Weiner category regarding the index value (H') which if the value is 1 < H ' < 3 then includes the criteria medium which can be interpreted as moderate diversity and community stability is moderate or there is no certain species whose life tends to dominate other types, because in that area the types of vegetation found are quite diverse or varied and can be seen in Table 1.
The existence of a value (H') can measure the maturity of a plant community. A plant community is said to be mature if it is more complex and more stable or the H value > 3 is high. Meanwhile, the value of the species evenness index (e) for seedlings and saplings according to Magurran (1988) is almost evenly distributed. This fairly high (e) value can mean that the plants found in the research location have a fairly good and fairly even distribution of species, so that the community balance tends to be quite stable, although it is indeed good if the value (e) falls into the criteria evenly so that the community balance is correct completely stable.
The community similarity index (SI) values for the seedling and sapling levels for each height can be seen in Table 3:
Table 3 - Similarity Index (SI) values at each height
Growth Rate B T C SI (%)
Location 1 Seedling 19 13 7 43.75
Sapling 15 21 5 27.78
Growth Rate B T C SI (%)
Location 2 Seedling 15 7 5 45.45
Sapling 13 6 1 10.53
Note: 1. B = Altitude 125-150 masl; 2. T = Altitude 150-175 masl; 3. C = Many of the same type/vegetation.
Based on Table 3, the value of the Similarity Index (IS) is divided into 2 (two) locations. The SI calculation at location 1 of the sapling level between B-T (altitude 125-150 masl with a height of 150-175 masl) obtained a value of 43.75% and 27.78%. Meanwhile, at the location of 2 levels of seedling-sapling between B-T (altitude 125-150 masl with an altitude of 150175 masl) the scores were 45.45% and 10.53%. According to Odum (1993), the IS value for saplings at location 1 and seedlings at location 2 was in the low-medium category, but for saplings at location 2, the IS value of only 10.53% was in very low category. The smaller the similarity index value for each combination of observation stations, the lower the similarity level. Variations in environmental conditions, both physical and chemical, and interactions between species along the gradient of the study area, eventually resulted in the vegetation being included in the low category. According to Sarmiento (1986) differences in altitude provide significant differences in climate and ecological variations as well as plant growth.
The similarity of the species being suspected apart from the location of the BT being quite close together, the difference in height or slope may affect the dissolution of organic matter from top to bottom so that between adjacent elevation locations there is a buildup of organic matter which ultimately supports plant growth at lower altitudes. Microsite conditions
that are relatively homogeneous will be occupied by individuals of the same type, because these species naturally have developed adaptation and tolerance mechanisms to their habitat (Barbour et al., 1987).
CONCLUSION
There are species for seedlings and saplings at the lower and middle heights, some of which can be present at both heights. This may be due to good adaptability, so that even though there is a difference in height, these species are still able to grow and maintain their existence.
Analysis of the distribution and abundance of species found for seedlings at lower elevations as many as 25 species and at middle altitude as many as 14 species, while at the sapling level at lower elevations as many as 18 species and at middle altitude as many as 17 species. If viewed from the evenness index, the value is fairly even, which means that the distribution or distribution of species indicates that no species grows to dominate the plant community.
Analysis of species diversity at the seedling and sapling levels as a whole was of moderate value, meaning that the species found were quite diverse or varied which indicated the community was quite stable.
ACKNOWLEDGEM ENTS
Gratitude is expressed to the Institute for Research and Community Service at Lambung Mangkurat University (LPPM ULM) that has funded this research through PNBP Research Grants from the Skim Program of Lecturers Mandatory Research.
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