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Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv
original article | UDC 639.3 doi: 10.32718/ujvas3-3.05
Volume 3 Number 3
Digestibility Coefficients of Cattle Hoof Meal Diet by African Clarias gariepinus Juvenile
Catfish
1,2
A. E. Falaye1, S. O. Sule
1Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 2Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, College of Agricultural Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ayetoro Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria
Article info Received 14.07.2020 Received in revised form
17.08.2020 Accepted 18.08.2020
Correspondence author S. O. Sule
Tel.: +234-8056705169
E-mail: okanlawon. sule@yahoo.com
2020 Falaye A. E. et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Digestibility trial of Cattle hoof waste subjected to five processing methods was conducted on Clarias gariepinus juveniles. A reference diet 70 % and test diet 30 % was formulated with chromic oxide biomarker. Feed and feacal samples collected at 8h interval after feeding were analysed for proximate parameters and digestibility coefficient calculated. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) among treatments crude protein digestibility was highest in Reference diet (88.26 ± 0.04) < soda ash diet (87.49 ± 0.04) < fermented diet (82.15 ± 0.10) < wood ash diet (81.26 ± 0.03) < raw hoof diet (79.57 ± 0.05) and lowest in Autoclaved diet (77.69 ± 0.02). Nutrient digestibility also showed significant difference (P < 0.05) among treatments with highest values for soda ash diets parameters and least protein nutrient in autoclaved diet (58.99±0.08 ); fat, dry matter and energy nutrient in raw hoof diet (56.41 ± 3.49; 23.39 ± 0.16; 25.71 ± 0.75). This study concludes that Clarias gariepinus juveniles can be fed soda ash treated cattle hoof waste.
Key words: Digestibility, keratin, Cattle-hoof-meal.
Contents
1. Introduction................. .. 25
2. Materials and methods .... .. 25
3. Results and discussion .... .. 26
4. Conclusions................ .. 27
References ....... .. 27
Citation:
Falaye, A. E., & Sule, S. O. (2020). Digestibility Coefficients of Cattle Hoof Meal Diet by African Catfish Clarias gariepinus Juvenile. Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 3(3), 25-28.
1. Introduction
Studying the digestibility of new feed ingredient in animal nutrition is in order to make recommendation for optimal inclusion in animal diet. Falaye A. E. (1992) stated that utilization of crop and animal by-product which are inexpensive will reduce cost of nutritive high value feed, increase fish production and farmers profit. Utilization of animal by-product has expanded the aquaculture industry worldwide (Erturk & Sevgili, 2003; Nwanna, 2003). Scarcity and high cost of fish meal had stimulated scientific interest in finding utilization for waste to replace either partially or wholly fish meal in diet of cultured fish (Nwanna, 2003).
Much information exists on the utilization of feather meal in fish diet (Falaye, 1982; Omitoyin, 1995; Falaye et al., 1999; Olaniran & Falaye, 2007). However, Cattle and pig hoof has been used in the nutrition of poultry (Wagner & Elvehjem, 1942; 1943; Slinger et al., 1944; Qureishi et al.,
1962) while there is dearth of information on the digestibility of this rich protein keratin source in aquaculture nutrition to justify for its inclusion as a dietary protein source. The objective of this study is to assess the digestibility of Cattle hoof meal on Clarias gariepinus juvenile.
2. Materials and methods
Experimental procedure: The experiment was set up in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management laboratory, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State. 720 Clarias gariepinus juveniles were stocked in rectangular plastic tank of 65litre (0.6m X 0.3m X 0.3 m) in replicate according to Mubarak et al., (2011) and experimental fish was acclimatized for 7 days.
Feed formulation: Samples of raw cattle hoof waste were processed according to Falaye and Sule (2020). All five processing methods were used to formulate diets for
digestibility study. A control basal/reference diet of 40% crude protein was formulated and adjusted according to Hussain et al., (2011) to 70 % reference diet and test diet 30% with chromic oxide biomarker (Table 1). Hoof meal mixed with other feedstuff were ground to fine powder, mixed into dough and pelletized to 2 mm size using motorized pelletizer. The fish in each tank was batch-weighed forth-nightly. Feeding was done twice daily at 3 % fish body weight (Akinwole & Akinnuoye, 2012). The duration of the digestibility trial was 56 days according to Taufek et al., (2016). Fish faeces were collected from each tank daily (8 hours after feeding) from the 7th day of the experiment. The faeces were strained using 2mm hose on to filter papers, oven-dried at 50 °C for 6 hours and kept for analysis.
Table 1
Gross composition of Cattle hoof digestibility diet
Ingredient Reference diet 70 % Test diet 30 %
Fish meal 23.07 16.15
Soya bean meal 23.07 16.15
Groundnut cake 23.07 16.15
Maize 29.19 20.43
Vitamin premix 0.6 0.42
Chromic oxide 1.0 1.0
TEST ingredient - 29.70
Total 100kg 100kg
Proximate analysis: The digestibility feeds samples (n = 6), faecal samples (n = 6) (Table 3), were subjected to proximate analysis for their nutritional compositions (AOAC, 2000) while chromic oxide analysis of feed and faeces according to Furukawa and Tsukahara (1966).
Apparent and nutrient digestibility co-efficient
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) was calculated according to Fagbenro and Bello-Olusoji (1997); ADC = 100 x [1- (% faeces nutrient /% dietary nutrient) x (% dietary chromic oxide/% faeces chromic oxide)]. Dry matter according to Falaye and Oloruntuyi (1998) ADC of dry matter = 100 x [1 - (% dietary chromic oxide / % faeces chromic oxide)]; while nutrient digestibility was according to Bureau et al., (1999) ADC of nutrient = 100/30(ADCtest diet - 70/100ADCref diet).
Statistical analysis: The experiment was a Complete Randomized Design and data resulting from this study were subjected to one way ANOVA using statistical package SPSS 20 and individual differences (p = 0.05) among treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range test.
3. Results and discussion
Results
The chemical analysis of components in feed, faeces and chromic oxide is presented in Table 2. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in faecal sample components analysed. Hoof meal apparent digestibility result showed that the Reference diet was significantly different (P < 0.05) from the Test diets while soda ash hoof sample diet showed significant difference (P < 0.05) from other Test diets (Table 3). The nutrient digestibility of processed Cattle hoof diets (Table 4) showed that soda ash hoof samples was significantly different (P < 0.05) in protein, fat, dry matter and energy when compared to other processed diets.
Table 2
Proximate analysis of digestibility diet and faecal samples
Feed component Ref. diet Soda Ash hf Wood Ash hf Fermented hf Autoclaved hf Raw hf
Crude protein, % 40.15 ± 0.08d 52.28 ± 0.14c 53.27 ± 0.14b 53.14 ± 0.14b 52.99 ± 0.09b 54.23 ± 0.13a
Fat, % 6.11 ± 0.14a 4.14 ± 0.07c 4.92 ± 0.04b 3.99 ± 0.01cd 3.52 ± 0.28de 3.29 ± 0.30e
Moisture content, % 9.24 ± 0.12a 3.72 ± 0.11c 8.61 ± 0.06b 8.82 ± 0.08ab 9.12 ± 0.13a 9.24 ± 0.28a
Energy, kcal/kg 3169.67 ± 0.21b 3292.84 ± 2.47a 3169.59 ± 3.37b 3072.82 ± 7.27d 3122.29 ± 6.42c 3098.41 ± 19.27cd
Chromic oxide 1 1 1 1 1 1
Faeces component
Crude protein, % 46.68 ± 0.16c 45.09 ± 0.06d 34.94 ± 0.13e 55.02 ± 0.17b 59.13 ± 0.06a 32.13 ± 0.01f
Fat, % 1.26 ± 0.03cd 1.32 ± 0.01c 1.41 ± 0.02b 1.21 ± 0.01d 1.26 ± 0.03cd 1.54 ± 0.02a
Moisture content, % 8.28 ± 0.14c 9.61 ± 0.32a 9.43 ± 0.01ab 8.76 ± 0.03bc 8.28 ± 0.41c 8.28 ± 0.29c
Energy, kcal/kg 2930.28 ± 10.10a 2816.56 ± 23.13b 2811.81 ± 0.11b 2947.80 ± 0.77a 2976.17 ± 23.67a 2978.62 ± 20.41a
Chromic oxide 0.99 0.69 0.35 0.58 0.50 0.29
Means with the same superscript along the same row are not significantly different (P > 0.05). NOTE: hf = hoof
Table 3
Apparent digestibility of Clarias gariepinus fed Cattle hoof meal diets
Parameters
Ref. diet
Soda Ash hf Wood Ash hf
Fermentation hf
Autoclaved hf
Raw hf
Protein, % Fat, %
Dry Matter, % Energy, %
88.26 ± 0.04a 96.77 ± 0.11a 90.94 ± 0.21a 90.66 ± 0.03a
87.49 ± 0.04b 95.37 ± 0.12ab 62.58 ± 0.17d 87.60 ± 0.01b
81.26 ± 0.03d 91.83 ± 0.12c 68.73 ± 0.23c 74.65 ± 0.03e
82.15 ± 0.10c 94.76 ± 0.16b 82.87 ± 0.09b 83.46 ± 0.04c
77.69 ± 0.02f 92.77 ± 0.44bc 81.52 ± 0.64b 80.94 ± 0.11d
79.57 ± 0.05e 83.59 ± 1.32d 69.12 ± 0.14c 66.85 ± 0.33f
Means with the same superscript along the same row are not significantly different (P > 0.05). NOTE: hf: hoof
Table 4
Nutrient digestibility of Clarias gariepinus fed Cattle hoof meal diets
Parameters Soda Ash hf Wood Ash hf Fermentation hf Autoclaved hf Raw hf
Protein,% 86.15 ± 0.15a 68.96 ± 0.15c 73.46 ± 1.98b 58.99 ± 0.08e 64.55 ± 0.15d
Fat, % 90.80 ± 0.22a 81.13 ± 0.38b 89.19 ± 0.12a 83.67 ± 1.30b 58.87 ± 3.49c
Dry Matter, % 77.64 ± 0.01a 30.94 ± 0.03d 70.17 ± 0.03b 62.50 ± 0.05c 23.39 ± 0.16e
Energy, % 82.12 ± 0.27a 46.50 ± 0.12d 70.76 ± 0.19b 63.74 ± 0.31c 25.71 ± 0.75e
Means with the same superscript along the same row are not significantly different (P > 0.05). NOTE: hf: hoof
Discussion
Proximate analysis of Cattle hoof meal digestibility diet revealed significant variations (P < 0.05) among treatments. This is in line with Bureau et al., (1999), Olaniran and Falaye (2007), Hussain et al., (2011) who all reported similar variations in composition of feed due to the crude protein of the test ingredient used in formulation which affected the final crude protein analysis of diet.
The findings of this study on protein digestibility were similar to the report of Richie and Williams (2010) when plant protein sources were fed to Florida pompano. The protein digestibility for the tests diet was in line with Bureau et al., (1999) on feather meal (81 %) usage in (Onchoryn-chus mykiss) except for the autoclaved hoof diet which showed slight variation. Using feather meal, protein and dry matter digestibility for Diet 4 of Falaye (1982) was similar to the Fermented hoof diet in this study. Falaye et al., (1999) fed composite diet of Cocoa husk and feather meal to O. niloticus and observed digestible protein and dry matter decreased with increased inclusion level of samples in diet. The reason for the variation might have been as a result of processing and diet assimilation by the fish. It was noted that lack of processing impacted on both apparent and nutrient digestibility of raw hoof diets.
Omitoyin (1995) and Bureau et al., (1999) reported highest apparent digestibility in control diet for dry matter, protein, lipid and energy which corroborates this research. Similar protein digestibility had been reported by Erturk and Sevigili (2003) for poultry by-product meal (89.3-78.0 %) for Rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss). The values in this study was higher than values reported for Blunt nose black bream (Megalobrama ambylcephala) fed feather meal (-5.7 %); extruded feather meal (76.0 %) and cooked dried feather meal (65.5 %) (Zhou et al., 2008). Significant reduction in lipid digestibility for rainbow trout fed poultry by product and feather meal was reported by Bureau et al., (1999); Erturk and Sevgili (2003), which was in line with this study. Allan et al., (1998) reported that Silver perch showed low protein and energy digestibility when fed poultry and feather meal (15.3 %, 35.1 % vs. 15.5 %, 38.6 %) which contradicts this study. The variability report of digestibility showed the effect of different methods of processing that was used in preparing test ingredient for diet as stated by Morris (1972) and Bureau et al., (1999). Also, NRA (2008) had stated that the equipment used in hydrolysing under high pressure will help achieve up to 80 % digestibility for rendered animal by-products. Utilisation of finely ground cattle horn/hoof soda ash treated sample can aid its digestibility by livestock AFRIS/Feedipedia (2017).
4. Conclusions
Soda ash treated samples diet of cattle hoof was well digested by C. gariepinus juveniles over other processed sam-
Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 2020, Vol. 3, N 3
ple diets. Hence utilization of soda ash treated hoof meal in
juvenile catfish diet hereby suggested.
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