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From the results presented in the table shows that with the exception of sulphate mordant's Fe3+, Fe 2+ remaining stains all have approximately the same value Dmax, Dmax of iron sulfates value of about 9.5% higher. Depending on the nature mordants ofbroth pomegranate crusts yellow, brown and black colors with different shades are formed. When using dilute solutions of broth produced on silk bedding beautiful tone, and the effect of tissue crapy clearly emphasized.
Additionally, the most pure and bright colors form the metal salts Sn 2+, Al 3+. Introduction to the dye bath mordant's, except Cu 2+ salts and Fe 3+, increases the brightness of color, in the case of salts Sn 2+, Al 3+ more than 2 times as compared with the coloring obtained without stain. It is found that more efficient low salt mordant's are valences of metal (Fe 2+, Cr 3+) in comparison with the higher (Fe 3+, Cr 6+) influenced by the nature of the anion salts. The
concentrations of metal salts chosen 2.5-5.0% by weight of silk, in which the colors were obtained satisfactory of saturation. Quality and stability of color all colors obtained by wet processing is estimated highest score: 5/5/5, and resistance to dry friction is high, few inferior to wet friction, but estimated as good and satisfactory.
Conclusion: Thus, the possibility of getting rich and durable colors on silk using concoctions garnet crusts. Based on a study of various concentrations of salt used as a mordant in dyeing plants in the broth of the above, the possibility of reducing the salt concentration of 7-14% of the traditional silk -5 to 1.5 mass% of silk weight.
When dyeing silk with natural dyes found to increase the strength characteristics at 7.85 and 12.08% in warp and weft, respectively.
References:
1. Каримов И. А. Доклад кабинета министров "Итоги социально-экономического развития в 2014 году и самые главные приоритетные направления представленные на экономическую программу - 2015 года".
2. URL: http://www.balto-slavica.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=15984
3. Пирмухамедов Д. М. Исследование возможности повышения эффективности крашения натуральных волокон природными красителями. Автореф. дисс.маг. Т.: - 2013 г.
4. Амирова Н. С. «Разработка эффективных процессов получения насыщенных и прочных окрасок на натуральном шелке», диссертация кандидата технических наук - Ташкент - 2010.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-176-178
Akhmedov Zhakhongir Adkhamovich, PhD., Khanifa Davranovna Bastamkulova, Alimova Khalimakhan, Dr. prof., Daminov Askarali Davlatovich, Dr. prof.
Tashkent Institute Textile And Light Industry, Uzbekistan E-mail: ahmedov_j@mail.ru
Development of yarn production technology of natural silk
Abstract: This article provides an overview of the spotted shell cocoon, sorting dry Cockney, single cocoon thread and physical and mechanical properties of raw silk obtained after sorting. Proposed ispolzovat in the preparation of surgical sutures from twisted generated raw silk. The proposed new method of process sokrasheno two transition. The structure and properties of surgical thread produced on the new method is given in table form.
Keywords: raw silk, cocoon, hybrid, unwinding, linear density, structure, surgical thread.
Introduction: The researchers of many countries still cannot understand how the protein in the salivary glands of the spider affects the reception ofhigh-strength cobweb. No one knows how the spider manages to make a thread with strength greater than steel at the same thickness. As well as it manages to the silkworm.
For many years with varying degrees of success, scientists are trying to imitate the remarkable properties of natural silk, but all investigations have been unsuccessful yet.
Table 1. - World production of textile raw materials, mln. ton (%)
Analyses: With the growth of population in the world, shortage of land to grow cultures for the textile industry, in the general balance of raw materials the share of natural fibers decreases from year to year, and the production of synthetic fibers and yarns is growing rapidly, it is seen from Table. 1.
Year Cotton Synthetics Cellulose Wool Silk Total (100%)
1980 13,9 (47,3) 10,4 (35,9) 3,24 (11,1) 1,6 (5,5) 0,055 (0,20) 29,20
1990 20,83 (49,5) 16,4 (39,0) 2,9 (6,9) 1,9 (4,5) 0,075 (0,18) 42,1
2000 21,4 (40,7) 25,3 (48) 3,5 (6,7) 2,3 (4,4) 0,1050 (0,20) 52,6
2010 25,5 (30,0) 51,32 (60,3) 5,7 (6,7) 3,3 (3,8) 0,133 (0,15) 85,0
Prediction
2020 25,0 (26,7) 60,0 (64,0) 5,3 (5,6) 2,8 (3,0) 0,150 (0,14) 93,3
2050 27,0 (19,4) 100,0 (72,0) 7,5 (5,4) 3,5 (2,5) 0,160 (0,12) 139,0
Development of yarn production technology of natural silk
As is evident from Table 1 in general world balance of raw material the natural silk percentage is not more than 0,15-0,2%.
We know very well that natural silk by its strength characteristics, hygienic properties, has the highest rate among the natural fibers.
Therefore, natural silk is the most valuable textile raw materials of animal origin. It is a product of the selection of silk separator glands of animals, mainly silkworms of arthropods type of insects' class. Among them, the industrial importance has domesticated mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L), eating mulberry leaves, oaken silkworm, eating oak leaves and ailanthus silkworm, eating ailanthus leaves. In addition it should be noted, that only the mulberry silkworm is broadly cultural, rearing of its production and procurement of cocoons is carried out by human.
The researchers of many countries still cannot understand how the protein in the salivary glands of the spider affects the reception of high-strength cobweb. No one knows how the spider manages to make a thread with strength greater than steel at the same thickness. As well as it manages to the silkworm.
For many years with varying degrees of success, scientists are trying to imitate the remarkable properties of natural silk, but all investigations have been unsuccessful yet.
Scientist ofOxford University Fritz Vallarta is less optimistic and more cautious in the expectations. In his opinion, an important problem in the way of scientists to obtain artificial silk is an incomplete understanding of the molecular structure of natural silk, exactly this misunderstanding of the structure mechanism with the repeating sequences of amino acids in the environment of specific protein chains does not allow creating the strong silk-like synthetic fibers [1; 4; 5].
Natural silk, which has not only strength characteristics, but the low natural antibacterial and hygienic properties, is an ideal material for surgical sutures.
Taking into account these unique properties, we have developed technologies and methods for production of twisted and braided surgical sutures made of natural silk.
First of all, it should be noted, that the surgical suture material should have the following properties: smooth, fabric, which does not damage the surface, without knots and defects, good susceptibility to wet-heat treatment during sterilization and the ability to maintain the sterility during prolonged storage.
In order to produce a new range of surgical sutures conforming to these requirements, the raw material must be carefully prepared, when the selection of raw-silk it cannot allow the presence of lumps, mossiness, oil stains and other defects. So, it is necessary to use raw-silk, which meets the requirements of world standard, only class «A».
We have selected 30 kg of samples of dry cocoons of hybrid Uzbekistan 5-of crop 2014 of farming «Doniyorbek tutzori» of Markhamat district of Andizhan region.
Sorting performed by us showed that 70% of the cocoons were of high quality, with a clear, rigid and integral shell without any defects.
From the 30% of defective mainly were spotted — the cocoons, stained with liquid decomposed caterpillars or pupae, butterflies thymus fluid and excrement of silkworm, less than 0.5% were co-
coons — twinned (curled with two or more caterpillars), of irregular shape, spiky, ugly, etc [6].
Results of the single unwinding of cocoons showed that the presence ofbrown spots reduces raw silk yield with respect to the defect-free shell to 15-16% ofblack spots to 9-11%, brown to 16-17%, yellow 19-20% and when attempting to unwind the twinned, irregularly shaped, spiky, and the ugly of cocoons, very frequent breakage is not allowed to unwind the cocoon thread till the end of the.
The analysis shows if the output of raw silk, length, fineness, un-evenness of cocoon thread as a whole depends on the genetic characteristics of the species and hybrids, the defectiveness of the shell is determined by the imperfection of farming rearing, primary processing technology, non-compliance with sanitation and hygienic conditions and feeding regimes, absence of cocoon cells and other factors.
From the selected cocoons of hybrid Uzbekistan-5 of a high-quality by a single unwinding the cocoons thread was received. Taking into account of quality indicators of the cocoon threads of the hybrid Uzbekistan-5, we worked out the raw-silk with linear density 2.33 and 3.23 tex.
Surgical seam materials — is the thread of different raw materials intended for the ligation of blood vessels or stapling of damaged tissue. There is written evidence that attempts to stitch fabric by various threads and cores of animals were made in 2000 BC. Over the centuries in the surgical operations there have been tried a large variety of materials — silk, linen, cotton, horsehair, gut and tendons of animals, wire of precious metal [2]. Some of these materials are widely used nowadays.
Long-term evolution of suture material led to such a variety of them, that nowadays surgeons are offered even specialized yarns targeted at specific surgical procedures. Thus, not only many of the difficulties, which surgeons had certain to meet, were overcome, but also the likelihood was significantly reduced after operational festering of wounds and other surgical complications.
Despite such a wide range of advanced materials and different methods ofsuturing the wounds, this procedure is now in effect repeats the procedures performed by doctors of Roman emperors. A doctor using a surgical needle conducts suture through tissue and tying a knot, leaving the thread in the tissue in the form of surgical suture.
In our opinion, based on the fact that natural silk is of animal origin and in its content were found all kinds of amino acids presented in the human organism and it has a natural antiseptic properties, it is the best material for the production of surgical sutures.
We have developed an advanced production process chain of twisted surgical threads made of raw-silk.
Use of modern Japanese machines with software control the process chain is reduced by two processes. Old equipment for doubling and twisting, all the spindles are rotating through a belt drive, so the number of twists per one meter is generally rejected by 10-20%. In the modern similar equipment of Japan production each spindle rotates by the individual program-controlled motor, so the setpoint of twist of yarns is attached 100%.
The new structure of surgical silk twisted yarns is given in Table 2.
Table 2. - The structure of the new surgical twisted silk threads
Nominal thread number The average diameter, DH, mm yarn length in 1 kg, m Structural identification of thread
1 2 3 4
000 130-140 90000 2,33 x 2 S 1200 x 2 Z 1200
00 160-175 42000 2,33 x 3 S 1000 x 2 Z 1000
0 190-210 35000 2,33 x 4 S 800 x 2 Z 800
1 210-220 25000 2,33 x 5 S 700 x 2 Z 700
2 270-300 14000 2,33 x 6 S 650 x 2 Z 650
1 2 3 4
3 300-330 12000 3,23 x 8 S 550 x 3 Z 550
4 450-480 5900 3,23 x 16 S 500 x 3 Z 500
5 550-590 5200 3,23 x 24 S 450 x 3 Z 450
6 620-650 3700 3,23 x 30 S 450 x 3 Z 450
7 690-720 3200 3,23 x 34 S 400 x 3 Z 400
8 700-750 2500 3,23 x 36 S 350 x 3 Z 350
The next step is carried out theoretical and experimental research on the development of a method of surgical silk threads by weaving.
Weave — is a process accompanied by the interaction of at least three threads, which in tensioned position, are served in a common work area with packages moving in space. In the process of weaving the threads, intertwining, come interconnected in an increasingly close contact, causing their relative position in stable position.
Wum products, experiencing in the process of exploitation significant mechanical loads, are advisable to design based on preliminary calculations.
In the design of surgical braided threads important step is the selection of raw material. Raw-silk with low linear density requires preparation from it twisted threads of a certain thickness, suitable for refueling of braided machine.
To determine the theoretical breaking load of braided surgical thread you can use the formula of M. N. Belitsin [3] but with accounting of given weaving factor:
Pw = n - p n- K - Kti (1)
where Pw - breaking load of wicker silk surgical suture, N; n - the amount of raw silk piece; p - breaking load of raw silk, N;
n - breaking load utilization rate of raw silk twisted yarn (0,75); K - coefficient taking into account the impact on the breaking load of twisted yarn (0,89). Raw material for wicker surgical sutures is raw silk with a linear density of 2.33 Tex and 3.23 Tex. Estimated structure and physico-mechanical properties of threads is in Table. 3.
Table 3. - The structure and physico-mechanical properties of threads
и The structure of the braided surgical sutures
et .к c o 2 2 2 2 2 »■H 2 2 2 2 2 »■H
№ Indicators of threads is se d e «а и о о 2 и о о 2 и о о 2 и о о 2 К! О О 2 и о оо »■H и о оо »■H и о оо »■H и о оо »■H К! О оо »■H
ci tл 3 и tл и tл » и tл С\ и »■H »■H К! 3 (Я 2 И (Я М (Я VO И (Я оо И О »■H К! 3
3 № ci 3 № 3 № ci 3 № CÍ 3 <4 № 3 <4 № 3 <4 № 3 <4 №
2,33 3,23 № 2, <4 3,
1 Linear density, tex 2,33 3,23 83,0 138,0 193,7 249,0 304,5 76,8 153,0 229,7 306,9 383,7
2 Diameter, mm 0,05 0,06 0,28 0,36 0,43 0,48 0,53 0,31 0,38 0,44 0,53 0,6
3 Breaking strength, N not less than 8,4 11,6 74,0 84,0 96,8 107,8 111,5 72,7 88,0 104,0 119,5 134,0
4 breaking elongation,% 18,7 18,2 20,7 21,6 22,4 23,2 24,0 20,0 21,0 23,4 25,0 26,3
5 Twist, kr/m - - 200 200 200 200 200 180 180 180 180 180
6 Weaving coefficient - - 4,4 3,0 2,47 2,14 1,94 4,7 2,85 2,24 1,93 1,73
7 Tensile strength, N/mm 2 - - 1,2 0,83 0,68 0,59 0,50 1,3 0,78 0,62 0,53 0,48
Table 4 shows that with the increase in diameter of wicker silk surgical sutures its breaking load and breaking elongation increases, and the weaving coefficient decreases. Technological scheme of production of wicker silk surgical sutures is shown: selection and preparation of raw materials for rewinding, rewinding on the machine MT-85 (Japan), addition and twist of raw silk on the machine, maturing of twisted yarns 72 hours, rewinding on spools of wicker machine, filling and making of surgical braided silk threads on the
machine of 12 class, decoction of threads in soap-soda solution, quality control, packaging and packing of finished products.
Conclusion:
The results of experimental research nearly matched data of analytical calculation (table. 4).
Thus, according to the results of theoretical and experimental researches designed workflows and new products will expand the range of silk twisted and braided surgical sutures.
References:
1. Алимова Х. А. Безотходная технология переработки шелка. - Ташкент: «Фан» АН РУ - 1994. - 310 с.
2. Абу Али Ибн Сина. Канон врачебной науки. Избранные разделы. Изд. «ФАН», АН. РУз, - 1985. - 768 с.
3. Усенко В. А. Шелкокручение. - Москва. Легкая и пищевая промышленность. - 1983. - 248 с. - С. 189.
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