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ISSN 2782-4004 (print) ISSN 2782-6341 (online)
ENERGY INDUSTRY
Original article
https://d0i.0rg/l 0.21285/1814-3520-2022-3-508-518
Development of measures to reduce grid energy losses in the Namangan Region of Uzbekistan
Stepan G. Tiguntsev10, Sardor B. Akhmedov2, Said B. Usmonov3
1,3Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, Russia 2Melentiev Energy Systems Institute SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia 1tsg@istu.edu; stiguncev@yandex.ru, orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-0937 2sarik0696@gmail.com 3saidchik2697@gmail.com
Abstract. The paper is aimed at developing technical and organizational measures to reduce the losses of electrical energy during its transmission via main and distribution electrical grids, in power transformers and electric power transmission lines. The focus of the study was on electrical grid modes in the Namangan Region of Uzbekistan (voltages of 220/110/35/10/6 kV), which were analyzed via technological calculation-based research methods using an equivalent circuit representing the linear circuit currently employed in the regional electric energy system. In addition, electrical grids were simulated using the software package "Program for calculating electrical grid modes" followed by the processin g of calculation results by means of the Microsoft Excel package. The paper calculates electrical modes for the equivalent circuit of the regional electric energy system, as well as offering technical measures (installation of reactive power compensation devices; adjustment of transformation ratios in power transformers) aimed at adjusting voltage to improve electric power quality in terms of voltage deviations and lower power losses. Voltage deviations in most grid nodes were found to be inconsistent with GOST 32144-2013. Thus, in 35 kV, 10 kV, and 6 kV nodes, the largest underdeviation amounted to 12.45 kV, 3.26 kV, and 2.09 kV, respectively. For the placement of reactive power compensating devices having a total power of 67.82 MVAr, 35 kV nodes were used; in addition, the values of transformer ratios at transformer substations (35-110 kV) were determined. Calculations indicate that the conducted activities can normalize voltage in the 35 kV, 10 kV, and 6 kV nodes while reducing power losses in the electrical grid by 9.35 MW. It is estimated that the proposed measures will be paid back in approximately three years. By means of compensating reactive power and adjusting transformer ratios, these measures can reduce electrical energy losses during transmission in the considered objects and maintain a given voltage level.
Keywords: electric power quality, electrical energy losses, voltage deviation, grid mode, electrical equipment, transformer ratio
For citation: Tiguntsev S. G., Akhmedov S. B., Usmonov S. B. Development of measures to reduce grid energy losses in the Namangan Region of Uzbekistan. iPolytech Journal. 2022;26(3):508-518. https://doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-3-508-518.
ЭНЕРГЕТИКА
Научная статья УДК 621.316.722.076.12
Разработка мероприятий по снижению потерь
электроэнергии в электрических сетях Наманганской области Республики Узбекистан
Степан Георгиевич Тигунцев1н, Сардор Бахтиярович Ахмедов2, Саид Бахтиярович Усмонов3
1 3
, Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет, г. Иркутск, Россия 2Институт систем энергетики им. Л.А. Мелентьева СО РАН, Иркутск, Россия 1tsg@istu.edu; stiguncev@yandex.ru, orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-0937
iPolytech Journal
2022. Т. 26. № 3. С. 508-518.
2022;26(3):508-518.
© Tiguntsev S. G., Akhmedov S. B., Usmonov S. B., 2022 508 -
sarik0696@gmail.com 3saidchik2697@gmail.com
Резюме. Цель - разработка организационно-технических мероприятий по сокращению потерь электроэнергии при ее транспортировке в магистральных и распределительных электрических сетях, в силовых трансформаторах и линиях электропередачи. Объектом исследований явились режимы работы электрической сети Наман-ганской области Республики Узбекистан напряжением 220/110/35/10/6 кВ. Использовались технологические методы исследования расчетным путем по схеме замещения действующей линейной схемы электроэнергетической системы области. Также использовалось моделирование электрических сетей с помощью программного комплекса «Программа расчета режимов электрических сетей» и обработка результатов расчетов с помощью пакета Microsoft Excel. В результате исследований рассчитаны электрические режимы схемы замещения электроэнергетической системы области, предложены технические мероприятия (установка устройств компенсации реактивной мощности и регулирование коэффициентов трансформации силовых трансформаторов) по регулированию напряжения для повышения качества электроэнергии в части отклонения напряжений и снижению потерь мощности. Установлено, что отклонения напряжений в большинстве узлов сети не соответствуют ГОСТ 32144 -2013. Так, в узлах с напряжением 35 кВ наибольшее отрицательное отклонение напряжений составило 12,45 кВ, на 10 кВ - 3,26 кВ, на 6 кВ - 2,09 кВ. Определены узлы сети на стороне 35 кВ для размещения устройств компенсации реактивной мощности, суммарное значение мощностей составило 67,82 М В Ар; также определены величины коэффициентов трансформации на трансформаторных подстанциях, находящихся в диапазоне 35-110 кВ. Расчетами показано, что проведенные мероприятия позволяют увеличить напряжение в узлах 35, 10, 6 кВ до нормы, а также снизить потери мощности в сети на 9,35 МВт. Установлено, что расчетная окупаемость предложенных мероприятий составит ~ 3 года. Предлагаемые мероприятия позволят сократить потери электроэнергии при ее транспортировке в изученных объектах и поддержать напряжения на заданном уровне за счет компенсации реактивной мощности и регулирования коэффициентов трансформации.
Ключевые слова: качество электроэнергии, потери электроэнергии, отклонение напряжения, режим электрической сети, электрооборудование, коэффициент трансформации
Для цитирования: Тигунцев С. Г., Ахмедов С. Б., Усмонов С. Б. Разработка мероприятий по снижению потерь электроэнергии в электрических сетях Наманганской области Республики Узбекистан // iPolytech Journal. 2022. Т. 26. № 3. С. 508-518. (In Eng.). https://doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-3-508-518.
INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy losses can be divided into technical and commercial losses. Since technical losses are directly related to electric power quality, it is necessary to develop methods for assessing electrical energy losses depending on the deviation of indicators characterizing electric power quality from the normalized values.
Since electric power quality has a significant effect on the operating conditions for both the electrical grid of companies and process equipment, the provision of electric power quality is the second most important task undertaken by power suppliers [1, 2].
The deviations of indicators reflecting electric power quality from the normalized values characterize the operating conditions for the electrical equipment of power suppliers and consumers, as well as possible damages both in the industrial and residential sectors.
The most common types of current-using equipment, widely used in various industries, include electric motors and electric lighting systems. Electrothermal systems, as well as valve converters, are also becoming increasingly widespread. Electric motors are used in the drives of various machinery. Systems that do not require rotational speed control during operation use asynchronous and synchronous motors4 [3].
Voltage deviation. Gradual changes in the supply voltage (usually lasting at least 1 minute) are typically associated with changes in the electrical grid load.
Electric power quality indicators reflecting slow changes in supply voltage include the under- 8U_ and over- tf^deviations of supply voltage from the nominal/matched value (%) at a given point of an electrical system:
4Electricity, equipment. Available from: https://forca.com.ua [Accessed 25th February 2022] / Електроенергетика, обладнання [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://forca.com.ua (25.02.2022).
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SU(_) = [(Uo - Um(_))/U0]-100.
U) = [(Umi+)-Uo)/Uo]-100
where Um(, Um,-+) - values of supply voltage, V, lower than U0 and higher than U0, respectively, averaged over a time interval of 10 min according to subsection 5.12. of GOST 30804.4.305 [4-19]; U0 - voltage equal to the standard nominal value Unom or declared voltage , V.
In low-voltage electrical grids, the standard nominal supply voltage amounts to 220 V (between phase and neutral conductors for single-phase and four-wire three-phase systems) and 380 V (between phase conductors for three-and four-wire three-phase systems).
In medium- and high-voltage electrical grids, declared supply voltage is adopted instead of the nominal supply voltage.
The following norms are set for the above-mentioned indicators characterizing electric power quality: over- and underdeviations at a given point of an electrical system should not exceed 10% of the nominal or declared voltage value during a one-week period [19].
Effect of voltage deviations on the operation of an electrical grid and equipment. Load losses of power and electrical energy in power transformers and transmission lines are proportional to the square of the current and inversely proportional to the square of the voltage, while no-load losses determined according to the expression for total power losses with voltage deviations are proportional to the square of the voltage [5, 6]:
AP = AP,
L.nom
C
100
100 + 8U 100
^100 + 8U
■)2 + AP,
N L.nom
)2,
where , - load and no-load power
losses calculated at the nominal voltage, kW; &U - voltage deviation from the nominal value, %.
The increase (decrease) in power losses as compared to the nominal value is determined as follows [5]:
SP — " (A PNL.nom ~ A Pi norm) ,
where SP - change in power losses, kW.
Provided that APNL,nom > APLnom in the grid, it makes sense to reduce voltage, as at the total losses will be (SP < 0 ) [5].
According to the level of electrical energy losses, it is possible to derive conclusions about the necessity and implementation scope of energy conservation measures.
Rising grid energy losses are attributed to objective trends in the general development of the power industry. The main trends include a continuous increase in electrical grid loads associated with the natural rise in consumer loads and the lower increase rate of the power transfer capability as compared to the electricity consumption increase rate6 [7].
A reduction of grid energy losses constitutes a complex problem that, among other things, requires personnel training and significant capital investments essential for optimizing the development of electrical grids, improving the electrical metering systems, introducing new information technologies in power supply activities, and managing grid modes7 [8].
5
GOST 30804.4.30. Electric energy. Electromagnetic compatibility of technical equipment. Power quality measurement methods. Moscow: Standartinform; 2014. / ГОСТ 30804.4.30. Электрическая энергия. Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Методы измерений показателей качества электрической энергии. М.: Изд-во «Стан-дартинформ», 2014.
6On approval of the Regulations on the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation. Decree No. 284 of June 16, 2004. / Об утверждении Положения о Министерстве промышленности и энергетики Российской Федерации. Постановление № 284 от 16.06.2004.
7Vorotnickij V. E, Zaslonov S. V., Kalinkina M. A. Calculation, normalizing and reduction of electrical power losses when transmitted through electrical networks: textbook. Moscow; 2006. / Воротницкий В. Э., Заслонов С. В., Калинкина М. А. Расчет, нормирование и снижение потерь электроэнергии при ее передаче по электрическим сетям: учеб. -метод. пособ. М., 2006 г.
Due to the complexity of loss calculations and the presence of significant errors, special attention has recently been paid to the development of procedures for normalizing electrical energy losses.
The technical electrical energy losses include relatively constant and load (variable) electrical energy losses. Relatively constant losses constitute a part of technical losses in electrical grids that does not depend on the transmitted power. Load losses are losses in lines, power transformers, and current-limiting reactors depending on the transmitted load. The normalization of electrical energy losses is aimed at reducing losses or maintaining them at a technically and economically reasonable level [8].
The nominal voltage and active power are typically specified for a grid element in the considered load mode. The amount of voltage loss in a given grid element can be altered by changing its resistance and inductive reactance or reactive power transmitted through it.
Changes in the amount of transmitted reactive power affect voltage levels. Reactive power can be produced by power plant generators, as well as other reactive power sources, i.e., com-
pensating devices (CDs) and transmission lines. By regulating the amount of reactive power generated by different sources, it is possible to adjust the grid load in the section between them and the consequent amount of voltage losses in that grid section8 [11].
When developing grid development circuits, the reactive power shortage is ascertained at the stage of determining the balance between active and reactive power in distribution nodes for the calculation period. According to the calculation data, issues related to the required number of reactive power CDs, as well as their placement points, are addressed in the circuit. It is a priority to place CDs close to the consumer since this factor significantly affects grid energy losses and its quality at the consumer9 [12].
Two-winding and three-winding transformers, as well as autotransformers, can be installed at various points in electrical grids to increase or decrease grid voltage. The voltage mode at transformer installation points is typically unknown in advance; moreover, it may vary due to changes in energy consumption modes or grid parameters [13].
In order to effectively adjust voltage so as to maintain the required voltage levels (as per
8Ananicheva S. S., Alel^ev A. A., Myzin A. L. Electrical power quality. Regulation of voltage and frequency in power systems: learning aids. Ekaterinburg; 2012, 93 р. / Ананичева С. С., Алексеев А. А., Мызин А. Л. Качество электроэнергии. Регулирование напряжения и частоты в энергосистемах: учеб.-метод. пособ. Екатеринбург, 2012. 93 с.
9Neklepaev B. N. Electrical part of power stations and substations: learning aids. Irkutsk, 1986. 640 p. / Неклепаев Б. Н. Электрическая часть электростанций и подстанций: учеб.-метод. пособ. Иркутск, 1986. 640 с.
10Strategy of energy efficiency improvement in municipalities. Available from: https://pandia.ru/text/78/270/67411.php. [Accessed 27th February 2022] / Стратегия повышения энергоэффективности в муниципальных образованиях [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://pandia.ru/text/78/270/67411.php. (27.02.2022).
1Akishin L. A., Prokopchuk K. I., Starostina E. B., Snopkova N. Yu. Electric power systems and networks: methodological guidelines for practice and course design. Irkutsk: Irkutsk National Research Technical University; 2015, 80 р. / Аки-шин Л. А., Прокопчук К. И., Старостина Э. Б., Снопкова Н. Ю. Электроэнергетические системы и сети: метод. указания для практ. занятий и курсового проектирования. Иркутск: Изд-во ИРНИТУ, 2015. 80 с.
12Idel'chik V. I. Electrical power systems and networks: a textbook for universities. Moscow: Izdatel'skij dom Al'yans; 2009, 592 р. / Идельчик В. И. Электрические системы и сети: учебник для вузов. М.: ООО «Издательский дом Альянс», 2009. 592 с.
13Fajbisovich D. L. Handbook on electrical network design. Moscow: Innovation Center ENAS; 2009, 392p. / Файбисович Д. Л. Справочник по проектированию электрических сетей. М.: НЦ «ЭНАС», 2009. 392 с.
1 Neklepaev B. N., Kryuchkov I. P. Electrical part of power stations and substations. Reference materials for course and diploma designing: textbook for universities. 4th editio n, revised. Moscow: Energoatomizdat; 1989, 608 р. / Неклепаев Б. Н., Крючков И. П. Электрическая часть электростанций и подстанций. Справочные материалы для курсового и дипломного проектирования: учеб. пособ. для вузов. 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: Изд-во «Энергоатомиздат», 1989. 608 с.
15
Rozhkova L. D., Kozulin V. S. Electrical equipment for stations and substations: a textbook for engineering vocational schools. Moscow: Energoatomizdat; 1987, 648 р. / Рожкова Л. Д., Козулин В. С. Электрооборудование для станций и подстанций: учебник для техникумов. М.: Изд-во «Энергоатомиздат», 1987. 648 с.
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GOST 32144-201316) at consumer buses and ensure energy-saving grid modes, it is necessary to modify transformer ratios. Therefore, step-down transformers and autotransformers are produced to allow for a 10-20% variation of the transformer ratio. If the highest nominal voltage does not exceed 220 kV, taps are typically on the supply side, i.e., on the high-voltage side in step-down transformers. At higher nominal voltages, grids are equipped with autotransformers featuring either mid-taps or those placed at the neutral point of common winding10-16 [12].
At the main substations, voltage should be adjusted via the counterload voltage control. In the case of extended feeders, it is used to reduce electrical energy losses and ensure an appropriate voltage level; self-regulating capacitor banks or voltage boosters should be installed as voltage regulators [13].
The paper examines the 220/110/35/10/6 kV electrical grid in the Namangan Region of Uzbekistan, calculates operating modes, as well as proposing technical measures aimed at adjusting voltage so as to improve electric power quality in terms of voltage deviation and lower power losses. The cost of the proposed measures was estimated. The studies involved calculations according to the linear circuit currently employed in the regional electric energy system. In order to simplify the calculations, a part of the circuit was selected. Fig. 1 shows a simplified electrical circuit of the Namangan Region.
An equivalent circuit was designed to calculate the modes. For each element (transformer, line, reactor, and substation buses), resistance and reactance, as well as the capacitive suscep-
1 n~14
tance of transmission lines, were calculated10 14 [14-23]. For system transformers and autotransformers, resistance, reactance, transformer ratios, conductance, and shunt susceptance were determined.
In the grid, 6-10 kV electricity consumers were taken into account. Load values were obtained from the results of control measurements performed in 2016.
The initial data were entered into the PRRES computing system for calculating electrical grid modes developed at the Irkutsk National Research Technical University. The number of all nodes amounted to 461. For convenience, the nodes were numbered according to their voltage: for example, nodes numbered from 2000 -220 kV, from 1000 - 110 kV, from 3000 - 35 kV, from 4100 - 10 kV, and from 4600 - 6 kV. The equivalent circuit parameters were entered in "Data: Nodes" and "Data: Connections."
Fig. 3 shows a graph representing the voltage level of 35/10/6 kV nodes. It can be seen from the graphs that voltage deviations are inconsistent with GOST 32144-201316, varying across a wide range. Thus, in the 35 kV, 10 kV, and 6 kV nodes, the largest voltage deviation amounted to 12.45 kV (3105 Galaba node), 3.26 kV (4142 Gova node), and 2.09 kV (4626 Yangier node), respectively.
With the mode calculation results in mind, it is proposed to select CD placement points and reduce transformer ratios by 10% at 110-35 kV transformer substations in order to reduce voltage deviations.
It is assumed that the proposed measures can increase voltage in the 110/35/10/6 kV nodes, as well as reducing grid power losses.
The studies revealed that the best CD placement points are the 35 kV nodes. The calculations yielded the following CD power values in the 35 kV nodes (see table).
It can be seen in fig. 3 a and 3 b that the implemented measures allow the transformer ratio Kt to be reduced by 10%, while the installation of CDs enabled a voltage normalization in the 35 kV, 10 kV, and 6 kV nodes, as well as reducing the grid power losses by 9.35 MW, which is determined as the difference between active power losses in the grid elements prior to (see fig. 2 a) and following (see fig. 2 b) the CD installation.
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
For CD installation, 35 kV nodes with selected placement points were used. Thirteen CDs
16GOST 32144-2013. Electrical Energy. Electromagnetic compatibility of engineering equipment. Standards for the quality of electrical energy in general-purpose power supply systems. Moscow: Standartinform; 2014. / ГОСТ 32144-2013. Электрическая энергия. Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Нормы качества электрической энергии в системах электроснабжения общего назначения. М.: Изд-во «Стандартинформ», 2014.
Тигунцев С. Г., Ахмедов С. Б., Усмонов С. Б. Разработка мероприятий по снижению потерь электроэнергии
Fig. 1. Simplified linear circuit of the electrical grid in the Namangan Region Рис. 1. Упрощенная линейная схема электрической сети Наманганской области
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H результат: схема X
количество полсистен
■ -у лг:"нсвязей а
поганено узлов 0
суммарное : \ игйт ) / ■; мгвар) активнее реактив ыиа
заработка на станциях 374 337 £3
нагрузка потребителей 335 •71 251 63
нагрузка в хунтах 0 00 0 00
потери в связях - <1 зе зэ 135 35
установленная нагрузка ззе 71 251 63
потери в линиях 20 45 ЗЭ 05
потери в шунтах лищй 0 00 0 00
генерация ЯЭП = 0 00 52 20
потери в трансформаторах 17 94 149 10
потери в шунтах транс£-рсв 3 00 41 37
баланс я(х):к-норик 0 G0 0 00
В результат: схема X
количество поясистеи
отключено связей 0
погашено узлов 0
суммарное: {мгвт}/(кгвар) активные реактивнее
выработка на станциях 364 75 347 11
нагрузка потребителей 335 71 251 87
нагрузка в шунтах 0 00 0 00
потери з сзлэях - 29 04 35 24
установленная нагрузка 335 71 251 87
потери з линиях 13 S3 23 34
потери а шунтах линий О 00 0 00
генерэ1^1я ЛЭП - 0 00 54 06
потери в трансформаторах 1S 52 120 46
потери а шунтах трансф-роя а 73 45 50
баланс Н(х>:к-нсрмк 0 00 0 00
a b
Fig. 2. General mode calculation results obtained in the PRRES program: a - prior to the implementation of measures; b - following the implementation of measures Рис. 2. Общие результаты расчета режима в программе «ПРЕСС»: а - результаты до осуществления мероприятий; b - результаты после осуществления мероприятий
Power values of the compensating device Значения мощностей компенсирующих устройств
Node Name Node Number Voltages before CD Power CD Voltage after installation
installation, kV Mvar of CD, kV
Haqiqat 3042 25.24 2.02 35
Youngiyerr 3047 24.78 4.56 35
Momohon 3050 26.94 7.1 35
Navruz 3053 25.11 5.32 35
3057 3057 25.67 7.23 35
Mashrab 3081 24.67 5.34 35
Turakurgon-2 3088 23.55 7.83 35
30911 30911 23.01 6.13 35
Gova 3101 24.82 0.9 35
Galaba 3104 22.55 11.01 35
Marmar 3108 28.26 1.14 35
Tergachi 3111 27.88 5.08 35
3115 3115 28.06 4.16 35
Sum Qcd - - 67.82 -
having a total power of 67.82 Mvar were installed (see table).
The installation cost of a 1 Mvar CD comes to $50,000 [16]. The average cost of electricity per 1 kW/h amounts to $0.37 in the republic.
Thus, the CD cost comes to 67.82 ■ 50,000 = $3,391,000.
The amount of electrical energy saved due to the reduced active energy losses is determined as follows:
T
AW = AP- -, k
where 4P- reduction in active power losses in the grid, MW; 7- number of hours per year, h; k - average load factor.
8760 MW
AW = 9.35 • ——■ = 37,400 ——.
2.19 h
Thus, the cost of electricity saved over one year amounts to
AC = 37,400 • 37 = $1,383,800.
Тигунцев С. Г., Ахмедов С. Б., Усмонов С. Б. Разработка мероприятий по снижению потерь электроэнергии
Fig. 3. Graph representing the 35-10-6 kV voltage level: a - prior to the implementation of measures; b - following the implementation of measures Рис. 3. График уровня напряжений 35-10-6 кВ: a - результаты до осуществления мероприятий; b - результаты после осуществления мероприятий
It takes about three years for the measures aimed at reducing active energy losses and normalizing voltage deviations to be paid back, i.e.:
3,391,000 1,383,800 = 2.45 * 3 years.
CONCLUSION
The conducted studies indicate that the
electrical grids of the Namangan Region in Uzbekistan require the implementation of the proposed measures: reactive power compensation and transformer ratio adjustment to reduce electrical energy losses and maintain voltage at a given level.
The proposed measures allow electrical energy losses to be reduced by 24% while saving $1.38 million a year and normalizing
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the voltage level in 6-10 kV consumers. interest in this work, it is possible to organize
In case Uzbekistan grid companies take an cooperation.
References
iPolytech Journal
2022. T. 26. № 3. C. 508-518.
2022;26(3):508-518.
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2022;26(3):508-518.
ISSN 2782-6341 (online)
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ
Stepan G. Tiguntsev,
Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Electric Power Plants, Networks and Systems, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 83 Lermontov St., Irkutsk 664074, Russia
Тигунцев Степан Георгиевич,
кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры «Электрические станции, системы и сети»,
Иркутский национальный исследовательский
технический университет,
664074, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 83, Россия
Sardor B. Akhmedov,
Postgraduate Student,
Melentiev Energy Systems Institute SB RAS, 130 Lermontov St., Irkutsk 664033, Russia
Ахмедов Сардор Бахтиярович,
аспирант,
Институт систем энергетики им.
Л.А. Мелентьева СО РАН,
664033, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 130, Россия
Said B. Usmonov,
Master's Degree Student,
Irkutsk National Research Technical University,
83 Lermontov St., Irkutsk 664074, Russia
Усмонов Саид Бахтиярович,
магистрант,
Иркутский национальный исследовательский
технический университет,
664074, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 83, Россия
Contribution of the authors
The authors contributed equally to this article.
Вклад авторов
Все авторы сделали эквивалентный подготовку публикации.
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Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Конфликт интересов
Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
The final manuscript has been read and approved by all the co-authors.
Information about the article
The article was submitted 31.05.2022; approved after reviewing 21.07.2022; accepted for publication 19.09.2022.
Все авторы прочитали и одобрили окончательный вариант рукописи.
Информация о статье
Статья поступила в редакцию 31.05.2022; одобрена после рецензирования 21.07.2022; принята к публикации 19.09.2022.
