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UDC 615.322: 615.012
DETERMINATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR THE COLLECTION OF COMMON DANDELION HERB AND COMMON BURDOCK LEAF
Altai State Medical University, Barnaul L.M. Fedoseyeva, Yu.I. Chistova
Aim of the research - establishment of technological parameters for the infusion of dandelion herb and large burdock leaf. An infusion of dandelion herb and large burdock leaf serves as study object. Determination of moisture and extractives assembly was carried out according to conventional techniques of State Pharmacopeia XIII edition. The determination of technological parameters was carried out according to the methods developed by I.A. Muraviev and Yu.G. Pshukov (1985). As a result of the studies, the infusion humidity was established - 8.98 ± 0.13%. The study showed that the maximum amount of extractive substances from the infusion are extracted with purified water. The content of extractive substances constituted 35.46 ± 0.54%. There were established the values of the following technological parameters: bulk density - 0.26 ± 0.003 g/cm3, coefficient of filling of the dry infusion - 2.63 ± 0.015 cm3/g, displacement efficiency of infusion -1.15 ± 0.027 cm3/g, coefficient of filling of the swollen infusion - 0.77 ± 0.016 cm3/g, absorption coefficient of the infusion - 3.41 ± 0.085 cm3/g, coefficient of internal juice formation - 3.66 ± 0.166 cm3/g, the coefficient of volume increase during extractives dissolving - 2.27 ± 0.089
cm3/g.
Key words: extract, infusion, dandelion medicinal, large burdock, technological parameters.
At the Department of Pharmacy of the Altai State Medical University, a collection of the following composition was developed: common dandelion herb and common burdock leaf (1: 1) [1]. The use of herbal preparation at home in the form of water extracts has a number of shortcomings, including a limited shelf life [2, 3]. Dry extracts (from the Latin extractum - extraction, extraction) are extracts from medicinal plant raw materials, which are dry masses with a moisture content of not more than 5%. Dry extracts have a number of advantages compared to aqueous extracts from medicinal plant raw materials, for example, ease of use and transport, the possibility of accurate dosing, stability during storage. An important advantage is that the production of dry extracts involves the rational use of medicinal plant material or preparation [46].
We are developing a technology and a technological scheme for producing an extract of common dandelion herb and common burdock dry leaf.
Two groups of factors influence the yield of extractive substances when extracting medicinal plant raw materials or preparations: the technological properties of plant raw materials and the factors affecting the process of mass exchange within the raw material particles and in the free extractant
[7].
Equilibrium methods of extraction in the "solid-liquid" system assume the same percentage of substances at all points of the system, in this case the extractants are distributed at the extraction stage in proportion to the volumes of liquid that form the internal and external juices. It is believed that the absorption coefficient or porosity
of the raw material is a measure of the volume of the liquid that forms the internal juice [7, 8]. Absorption shows the amount of extractant absorbed by the raw material during swelling and after. These indicators indicate a free space containing a certain amount of extractant. Possessing a certain porosity, plant raw materials contain more extractive substances and moisture. The volume of the extractant entering the raw material depends on the porosity. Extractants and water in the raw material dissolve in the absorbed extractant, so the volume of the solution that forms in the raw material is much larger than the volume of the absorbed estrogen [8,9].
For the more efficient extraction, prognosis and normalization of extract quality, the following technological parameters of herbal raw materials or prepaarations are established: moisture, extractive substances content, bulk density, absorption coefficient, filling factor, internal juice production ratio, volume expansion factor when dissolving extractives [10 , eleven].
The purpose of this work is to establish technological parameters for the collection of common dandelion herb and common burdock leaf.
The object of the study was the preparation of common dandelion herb and common burdock leaf.
Materials and methods
The moisture content and content of extractive substances of common dandelion herb and common burdock leaf were preset by the methods of NP of XIII edition [12]. To determine the optimum extractant, purified water and alcohol-water
mixtures of various concentrations (40, 70, 95%) were used.
In the course of the study, the following technological parameters were determined: the bulk density, the duty ratio of the dry preparation, the filling factor of the swollen preparation, the coefficient of displacement of the preparation, the absorption coefficient, the coefficient of formation of the internal juice, the volume increase factor when dissolving the extractives.
The determinations were carried out in five replicates with subsequent statistical processing of data according to OFS.1.1.0013.15 "Statistical processing of chemical experiment results" using Statistica 6.0 and Microsoft Excel software [13].
Density, bulk density and bulk weight allow to determine the volume that will occupy dry and swollen preparation and external juice. With the help of these parameters it is possible to establish the ratio of the preparation and extractant, changes in the volumes of external and internal juice during swelling of the preparation, the concentration of substances in the external and internal juice when their volumes change.
Bulk density is the volume occupied by the unit mass of crushed preparation (1). The coefficient of filling of dry preparation - the volume of fluid that will fill the gaps between the particles of dry, tightly packed preparation (2). The coefficient of filling of the swollen preparation is the volume of fluid that will be placed between the particles of the swollen preparation. It is a measure of the volume of the external juice (3). The displacement coefficient of the preparation is the volume of liquid that will be displaced when the unit of mass of the dry collection is immersed (4).
_ g
Y B
B (1)
f _ B0 + B2 - B1
Y * Bo
B,
(p_
Y* Bo
A _ B - B2
Y* Bo
(2)
(3)
(4)
where y is the bulk preparation mass (g/cm3), G is the collection mass (g), B0 is the bulk preparation weight (cm3), f is coefficient of filling of dry preparation (cm3/g), B2 is the volume of purified water filled in the cylinder with preparation (cm3), B1 is the total volume of preparation and purified water (cm3), ^ is the filling factor of the swollen preparation (cm3/g), B3 is the volume of fluid between the swollen preparation particles (cm3), A is the displacement coefficient of the preparation (cm3/g).
These indicators of the technological parameters of the preparation are determined simultaneously [10].
Method of determination
About 50.0 g (G) of the preparation is placed in a cylinder with ground glass stopper with a capacity of 500 cm3. Tapping the cylinder on a hard surface covered with a rubber sheet seals the preparation until the volume changes, then the volume (B0) occupied by the preparation is fixed, and the cylinder is filled with 400 cm3 of extractant (purified water). The cylinder with the contents is stirred for two minutes to remove air bubbles from the surface. Total volume of collection and extractant - B1 is fixed by the liquid level in the cylinder. After that, the cylinder is closed with a stopper and left for 24 hours. The grate is pressed against the settled preparation, bringing the volume to the initial level - B0. The liquid above the lattice surface is drained off. The grate is then removed, all remaining liquid between the particles of the swollen collection is completely drained, the volume is fixed (B3) [10].
Using the obtained data, the parameter values are calculated using the formulas given above.
The absorption coefficient of the collection is the volume of the extractant, which is absorbed by the unit of mass during swelling (5). The coefficient of volume increase in the dissolution of extractive substances is a measure of the increase in the volume of the extractant, when a unit of mass of extractive substances is dissolved in it (6). The coefficient of formation of internal juice is the volume of internal juice formed in a unit of preparation mass upon dissolution of capillary moisture and extractives in the absorbed extractant (7).
K _
V - a G
Z _
K _
V1* p1 - c + d b * pi
a * (100 * (f - d) + G * (x + B) 100* d * G
(5)
(6) (7)
where Kn is the absorption coefficient of the preparation (cm3/g), V is the volume of purified water (cm3), a is the volume of the recovered extract (cm3), G is the collection mass (g), Z is the volume increase factor when dissolving the extractives (cm3/g), V1 is the extraction volume taken for analysis (cm3), p1 is the density of purified water (g/cm3), c is the extraction mass taken for analysis (d), d is the weight of the fusion recovery (g), b is the weight gain (g), K is the coefficient of formation of internal juice (cm3/g), f is the mass of purified water taken for extraction (g), x is the content
of extractive substances in the preparation(%), B is preparation humidity (%).
The indicators are determined simultaneously. The analysis of the collection to determine these parameters is carried out in a device consisting of a diffuser with a tap, closed by a rubber stopper, through which the glass rod, the air duct with a tap and the gratings are passed [11].
Method of determination
100.0 g of preparation with a humidity of 8.98% (B) and a content of extractive substances of 35.46% (X) are placed in a diffuser suspended with a stopper and taps with a cotton swab laid on the bottom. Collect the seal, lay on its surface grate. The diffuser is capped and weighed (G). With a closed faucet, the plug is removed, the preparation is poured with an extractant (purified water) until a mirror is 5 cm in height. The diffuser is closed tightly with a stopper, pressed against the preparation surface by a stick, after which the valve is closed and weighed (f). The preparation is insisted for 48 hours, while the liquid phase is stirred 6 times a day. After infusion, the valves are opened, the extraction from the diffuser is poured into a pre-weighed cylinder. The extraction is left to drain for 0.5 hours. Then,
The next stage of the study was the determination of the technological parameters of the preparation. The following parameters were determined: bulk density of preparation, coefficient of filling of dry preparation, coefficient of displacement
the first air purge is conducted through the preparation layer to remove residual liquid. The second purge is carried out after 20 minutes. The duration of each purge is 1 min at an air pressure of about 0.1 atm. The volume of the collected preparation is fixed (a), the cylinder with extraction is weighed (d). The resulting extraction is filtered through a paper filter. 25 ml of the filtrate (V1) is placed in a tub, previously adjusted to a constant mass, covered with a lid and weighed (c). The extraction in the bottle is evaporated in a boiling water bath to dryness and dried at 100 ° C for 3 hours. Weighting bottle is cooled in a desiccator and weighed (b) [11].
Using the obtained data, the parameter values are calculated according to the formulas given above.
Results and discussion
As a result of the studies, the preparation humidity was established - 8.98 ± 0.13%.
Next, the optimal extractant was selected and extractive substances were determined. The study showed that the maximum amount of extractive substances from the preparation is extracted with purified water. The content of extractive substances was 35.46 ± 0.54%. The results are shown in Table 1.
of preparation, coefficient of filling the swollen preparation, coefficient of absorption of preparation, coefficient of formation of internal juice, coefficient of increase in volume when dissolving extractives. The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Results of determination of technological parameters of the preparation of common dandelion herb and common burdock leaf (1:1)
Indicator
Metrological characteristics (n = 5, Р = 95%, t = 2,78)
x ± Дх S x e, %
Bulk density (y), g/cm3 0,26±0,003 0,0009 0,98
Coefficient of filling of dry preparation (f), CM3/r 2,63±0,015 0,0054 0,57
Coefficient of displacement of preparation (A), cm3/g 1,15±0,027 0,0097 2,35
Coefficient of filling the swollen preparation cm3/g 0,77±0,016 0,0058 2,08
Coefficient of absorption of the preparation (Kn), cm3/g 3,41±0,085 0,0300 2,44
coefficient of formation of internal juice (K), cm3/g 3,66±0,166 0,0599 4,54
Coefficient of increase in volume when dissolving extractives (Z), cm3/g 2,27±0,089 0,0322 3,93
Table 1
Results of determination of extractive substances in a preparation using various extractants
Extractants
Purified water Ethyl alcohol 40% Ethyl alcohol 70% Ethyl alcohol 95%
Extractive substances, % (n = 5, Р = 95%, t = 2,78)
x ± Дх 35,46±0,54 24,53±0,22 26,35±0,45 27,43±0,47
S
x
0,19 0,08 0,16 0,17
e, % 1,51 0,91 1,72 1,71
The values of the following parameters were established: bulk density 0.26 ± 0.003 g/cm3, coefficient of filling of dry preparation 2.63 ± 0.015 cm3/g, coefficient of displacement of preparation 1.15 ± 0.027 cm3/g, coefficient of filling the swollen preparation 0 , 77 ± 0.016 g/cm3, coefficient of absorption of preparation 3.41 ± 0.085 cm3/g, coefficient of formation of internal juice 3.66 ± 0.166 cm3/g, coefficient of increase in volume when dissolving extractives 2.27 ± 0.089 cm3/g.
Conclusion
As a result of the research, it was determined that the humidity of the collection was 8.98%, the optimum extractant was purified water, and the extractive substances constituted 35.46%.
The technological parameters of the preparation of common dandelion herb and common burdock leaf are established. The bulk density was 0.26 kg/m3^10'3; coefficient of filling of dry preparation - 2.63 m3/kg^10-3; coefficient of displacement of preparation - 1,15 m3/kg^10'3; coefficient of filling the swollen preparation - 0,77 m3/kg^10'3; absorption coefficient - 3.41 m3/kg^10'3; coefficient of formation of internal juice - 3.66 m3/kg^10'3; coefficient of volume increase when dissolving extractives - 2.27 m3/kg^10'3. The results obtained will be used in the course of studies on the development of technology and the production scheme for the extract of common dandelion herb and common burdock leaf.
References
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Contacts
Corresponding author: Fedoseyeva Lyudmila Mikhailovna, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Pharmacy of the Altai State Medical University, Barnaul. 656038, Barnaul, Nekrasova Pereulok, 65. Tel.: (3852) 566893. Email: ludmila@agmu.ru
Chistova Yulia Igorevna, postgraduate student
of the Department of Pharmacy of the Altai State
Medical University, Barnaul.
656038, Barnaul, Nekrasova Pereulok, 65.
Tel.: (3852) 566893.
Email: juls.chistova@mail.ru
