CC BY
67
DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2019-07.07
DESTINATIONS' COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH TOURIST SATISFACTION: A SYSTEMATIC MAPPING STUDY
Hardinata Cosvi*, Hermanto Bambang, Sukoco Iwan, Zultaqawa Zeis
Department of Business Administration, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
*E-mail: cosvieh@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-9106-9390
ABSTRACT
The concept of tourism competitiveness is not only related to the economic sector but also directly related to social and cultural aspects. Tourism destinations have been developed at an industrial level, where destination management involves various aspects of the sector at domestic and international levels so that it needs to be studied more deeply for practitioners and academics. Therefore, this article aims to classify, identify scientific publications and conduct a systematic analysis of the current literature, to create extensive and detailed understanding. The research method is carried out with a systematic mapping study (SMS) technique to find research trends and look for the state of the art from the field of tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness. The research method adopted by SMS is a practical research method to identify the right topics to be researched, and which areas are needed for more research by examining scientific publications produced based on the focus and type of research from time to time. The results of this study provide guidance to assist researchers in planning future research through the discovery of research gaps. This Systematic Mapping Study procedure follows relevant empirical guidelines and maps articles in Scopus's electronic database. Furthermore, the researchers examined all articles published in various international journals published by Scopus in the last 10 years. Articles are chosen according to the criteria of the relevant tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness studies, the final findings of which are 54 articles that match the inclusion criteria. The author classifies articles in six categories, namely research trends from year to year, country of publication, type of article, research approach, research focus and research locus.
KEY WORDS
Systematic mapping study, research gaps tourism, destination competitiveness, tourist satisfaction, tourism, Indonesia.
Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world, this sector contributes greatly to economic development, poverty reduction, employment and various other positive impacts (economic, social, political and cultural) (Cooper & Hall, 2007; Vuuren & Slabbert, 2011). The vital role of the tourism sector requires all parties or stakeholders to develop this sector sustainably. In addition to the important role and positive impact produced by the tourism sector, if it is not managed with a sustainable principle, the tourism sector can harm local communities, the natural environment and the economy (Ratman, 2016).
The tourism system as an industry consists of a demand and supply subsystem. The aspect of travel deals is closely related to the activities of providing tourist attractions, tourism services such as guides, hotel facilities, restaurants, conditions and means of transportation to tourist attractions. These needs are the supply produced by producers and are a unitary entity that tourists must obtain together (Graham, Nilsen, & Payne, 1988). Thus it is said that tourism products are complex, component production is handled by various agencies both government and private, individuals and groups (Octavia et al., 2016).
The number of emerging destinations for regional, national and international scales makes tourism destinations have very tight competitors. Tourism competitiveness can be interpreted as the ability of tourist destinations to sell tourist facilities and tourism services
better than other destinations in tourism experiences that are considered important by tourists (Knezevic Cvelbar, Dwyer, Koman, & Mihalic, 2016). Tourist satisfaction is very important for the competitiveness of a tourism destination because it will directly influence the choice of destinations, re-visit intention which ultimately results in loyalty (Yoon & Uysal, 2005; Agyeiwaah, Adongo, Dimache, & Wondirad, 2016; Sheng & Chen, 2012; Chen & Chen, 2010; Kotler & Keller, 2016).
The purpose of this systematic mapping study is to shape the background of further research and gain deeper insight into destination competitiveness. In the search, researchers used electronic databases to find articles that discussed destination competitiveness. SMS study is the right method as a literature study approach because it is supported by articles from searches in Scopus electronic database.
The research questions in this systematic mapping study are far broader than SLRs to discuss the broader scope of research (Barbara Kitchenham & Charters, 2007). The research questions from this study concentrate on categorizing topics related to destination competitiveness. Overall researchers analyzed the search results of article searches with the main questions (Research Questions) in this study include:
1. RQ1: How are the trends of publication of each year?
2. RQ2: How is the trend of the country publication of origin?
3. RQ3: How are the types of publication articles studied?
4. RQ4: How is the research approach carried out?
5. RQ5: How is the focus of the research on the topic studied?
6. RQ6: How is the research locus on the topic studied?
The results of this study provide a comprehensive research approach to destination competitiveness as well as implications and guidelines for academics and other practitioners.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Based on a search of several sources of research conducted, researchers found that the research to be carried out was adapted from a part of the model integrated with destination competitiveness consisting of inherited resources, resources created, supporting factors and other resources as determinants of competitiveness the destination to be done, The only difference is only the description terms used by researchers and other studies that also identify resource objectives as an important factor in determining competitiveness, as done by (Armenski, Dwyer, & Pavlukovic, 2018; Armenski, Gomezelj, Djurdjev, Curcic, & Dragin, 2012; Ritchie & Crouch, 2003; Wilde & Cox, 2008; Larry Dwyer & Kim, 2003; L Dwyer, Livaic, & Mellor, 2003; Buhalis, 2000; Hassan, 2000; Kozak & Rimmington, 1999). In this case, it examines the factors that influence destination competitiveness from a tourist perspective (demand side).
Figure 1 - Classification Process
Referring to the systematic literature review / SLR method (Barbara Kitchenham & Charters, 2007) literature reference sources are based on database journals spread in digital libraries such as; Scopus, Elsevier, MDPI, Wiley Online Library, SAGE Journals, ScienceDirect, Emerald Insight. Researchers choose publication articles that are relevant to the topic under study and categorize findings based on suggestions from (Banaeianjahromi & Smolander, 2014).
This study refers to research conducted and according to instructions by (Kitchenham, 2004; Petersen, Feldt, Mujtaba, & Mattsson, 2008; Banaeianjahromi & Smolander, 2016), every step of systematic mapping will have results up to the final results of mapping processes to determine research gaps.
In the systematic propagation process, to analyze and classify articles that have been selected based on criteria, researchers develop a classification scheme that refers to (Petersen et al., 2008). The process of classifying articles is illustrated in Figure 1.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This study uses a systematic mapping study (SMS) method which is a secondary study. SMS is rooted in a study literature review (SLR) introduced in medical research (Barbara Kitchenham, 2004). The application of SLR is to identify, evaluate, and interpret all available and relevant literature related to research questions or domains of interest (Barbara Kitchenham & Charters, 2007)(Petersen et al., 2008). The most common reasons for conducting an SLR are: first, summarize the available evidence on the topic; Second, to identify gaps in current research and provide suggestions for future investigations; And third, to provide a background for positioning new research activities (Barbara Kitchenham, 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2013).
SMS is applied to describe the types of research activities that have been carried out in this study. SMS describes research at a high level and maps research from investigating research questions in detail (Petersen et al., 2008). In other words, SMS can be considered as a method to get an overview of a particular area of research (B. Kitchenham et al., 2011), because, SMS research explores information in detail (Barbara Kitchenham & Brereton, 2013).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This systematic mapping study provides an overall picture of destination competitiveness. Researchers from academia and practitioners can use this research as a reference for conducting research. The researcher examined all articles published in various international journals published by Scopus in the last 10 years. The first step is to define the main keywords, the second step is to examine studies that are well known in the field of destination competitiveness, and the third step is to look for alternative keywords to be used in the search process, the last step using Boolean operators whose function is to synthesize one search, using AND or OR. Articles are selected according to the field of tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness with search criteria ("tourist satisfaction" AND ("destination competitiveness" OR destination OR competitiveness OR competitive)), the final findings of the relevant article search database using Scopus are 54 articles.
Table 1 - Results of Mapping Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Competitiveness
No Category Sub Categories Number of Publications
1 2 3 4
2008-2010 3
1 Year 2011-2013 11
2014-2016 14
2017-2018 24
Australia 1
Bangladesh 1
China
Croatia 1
Cyprus 1
Denmark 1
Dominican Republic 1
2 Publication Country of Origin Ecuador
Egypt 1
India 1
Italy 1
Japan 1
Kuwait 1
Malaysia 7
Netherlands 2
New Zealand 1
1 2 3 4
2 Publication Country of Origin Portugal 4
Romania 1
Slovenia 1
South Korea 4
Spain 3
Switzerland 1
Taiwan 2
Thailand 3
Turkey 2
United Kingdom 1
United States 4
Vietnam 1
Zimbabwe 1
Attraction Experiences 1
Behavioral Intentions 2
Destination Competitiveness 4
Destination Image 5
Destination Loyalty 9
Destination Attributes 3
Destination Attributes Management 1
Destination Branding 1
Destination Development 1
Destination Experience 1
3 Research Focus Destination Marketing
Developmental Strategy Destinations 1
Marketing Strategies of Destinations 1
Revisit Intention
Service Quality Destination 1
Sustainability Tourism 1
Sustainable Development Destinations 1
Sustainable Tourist Destination 1
Tourism Development 1
Tourism Motivations
Tourist Satisfaction
Spiritual Tourism 1
Attract Chinese Tourists 1
City's Tourism 10
Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE) 1
Country's Tourism Industry 1
Culinary Destination 1
Cultural Tourism
Destination Management Organizations 1
Destination Managers Marketing 1
Ecotourism Product And Destination 1
Education Tourism
Food Souvenirs Bandung 1
Halal Tourism 1
Heritage Tourism Ecuador 1
Hospitality Business Management 1
Hotels And Customers 1
4 Research Locus Islamic Tourism
Island Tourism
Local Government And Businesses 1
Mainland Chinese Outbound Tourists 1
Major Tourism Destination
Management of a Destination
Management Strategies Destination 1
Outbound Travelers 1
Religious Tourists Travelling 1
Romanian Tourists Generation Y 1
Rural Tourism
Service Consumption Tourist 1
Small To Medium Tourism 1
Tour Operators And Travel Agents 1
Tourism Management Region 1
Tourist Country 1
Tourist Destination Managers 1
Traditional Cultural Attractions 1
Validation research 23
5 Paper Type Evaluation Research 19
Solution Proposal
Philosophical paper 12
Mixed-Methods 2
6 Research Approach Qualitative 4
Quantitative 48
RQ1: How are the trends of publication of each year?
Based on the results of the mapping study, it can be illustrated the trends in the study of tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness from 2000 to 2018. The largest publication results were in 2018, 13 research later in 2017 as many as 11 studies, as shown in the following figure 2:
Figure 2 - Research Trends Each Year RQ2: How is the trend of the country publication of origin?
The grouping of articles based on the state is known that the study of tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness is generally dominated by 7 scientific articles from Malaysia, followed by Portugal, South Korea, and the United States each with 4 article publications. This condition shows that research on tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness is a research theme that has received much attention from academics and practitioners in ASEAN with Malaysia representing the largest number of articles, whereas in Indonesia there has been no research on tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness (Figure 3).
Figure 3 - Publication Country of Origin
RQ3: How are the types of publication articles studied?
Furthermore, the researcher's categorized previous research based on paper type. In figure 4 illustrates the number of types of articles in previous studies regarding tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness. Based on the systematic mapping results, the
most frequently used types of articles are 23 article validation, then the 19 evaluation paper types, and 12 articles for philosophical papers, but articles have not been found with the type of solution paper article.
Paper Type
Philosophical Paper 12
Solution Proposal 0
Evaluation Research 19
Validation Research 23
Figure 4 - Types of Articles
RQ4: How is the research approach carried out?
The approach of the research method used in this systematic mapping is quantitative, qualitative and mixed-method approaches. The research approach using quantitative methods is the most widely used method. The total articles that conduct research using a quantitative approach are 48 articles. Then followed by articles using 4 qualitative methods, and mixed methods as many as 2 studies. The total accumulation of findings from 54 articles from the Scopus reputable journal is explained in the following figure 5:
Mixed Method Kuantitatif Method w 2
48
Kualitatif 0 4 ) 10 2 0 3 0 40 50 60
Figure 5 - Research Approach
RQ5: How is the focus of the research on the topic studied?
Grouping articles based on the focus of the research shows that the focus of previous research was on tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness. Figure 6 shows that the most research focus is found in articles with a focus on research on tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty, each of 9 research articles, 6 research focus on tourist motivation, then destination image research focus of 5 articles and research on destination competitiveness as much as 4 research.
Research Focus
Tourism Motivations Tourism Development Sustainable Tourist Destination Sustainable Development Destinations Sustainability Tourism Service Quality Destination Revisit Intention Marketing Strategies of Destinations Developmental Strategy Destinations Tourist Satisfaction Destination Marketing Destination Experience Destination Development Destination Branding Destination Attributes Management Destination Attributes Destinantion Loyalty Destinantion Image Destinantion Competitiveness Behavioral Intentions Attraction Experiences
0123456789 10
Figure 6 - Research Focus RQ6: How is the research locus on the topic studied?
Grouping articles based on the research locus in Figure 7 shows that the research of tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness has 10 articles researching city tourism, Islamic tourism has 4 articles, then cultural tourism and island tourism, each of which has 3 articles.
Research Locus
Tourist Destination Managers Tourism Management Region Small To Medium Tourism Rural Tourism Religious Tourists Travelling Management Strategies Destination Major Tourism Destination Local Government And Businesses Islamic Tourism Hospitality Business Management Halal Tourism Education Tourism Destination Managers Marketing Cultural Tourism Country's Tourism Industry City's Tourism Spiritual Tourism
Figure 7 - Research Locus
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
CONCLUSION
The researcher conducted a literature mapping study of destination competitiveness systematically (a systematic literature review). The main motivation of the mapped study is to find research trends and look for the state of the art of tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness. and as a consideration for academics and practitioners for reference and literature in the field of tourism competitiveness.
Researchers applied the SMS method carried out (B. A. Kitchenham, 2007; Petersen et al., 2008) to determine the focus of what has been studied in this area of research that has been systematically mapped, and then the authors classify it according to article categories such as previous research trends, publication country of origin, type of article, research approach, research method, research focus, and research locus. The research method adopted (SMS) is a practical research method to identify the right topics to study, and which areas are needed for more research. Furthermore, this SMS study will later become the initial reference for research in the field of destination competitiveness. The results of this study provide guidance to assist researchers in planning future research through the discovery of research gaps.
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