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UDC 378; 338:48 DOI: 10.22412/1995-042X-10-8-13
ILKEVICH Sergey Viktorovich
Russian State University of Tourism and Service (Moscow, Russia);
PhD in Economics, Associate Professor;
STROEMBERG Per Goete Jonathan
University College of Southeast Norway (Bo, Norway);
PhD, Professor; [email protected]
SAKHARCHUK Elena Sergeevna
Russian State University of Tourism and Service (Moscow, Russia); PhD in Pedagogy, Associate Professor; [email protected]
An outlook at the Russian education in the field of tourism through the prism of the sustainable tourism paradigm 1
A complete and comprehensive inclusion of sustainable tourism paradigm in Russian tourism studies and thematic plans of respective subjects are right now of particular importance. At the moment, we can say that there is very superficial and simplistic understanding of the concept of sustainable development in tourism in Russia when there are just proclamations about the need to integrate environmental considerations, social restrictions, as well as interests of the local economy into tourism development agendas, but at the same time, Russian researchers and teachers do not have enough understanding of all the possible and detailed refractions and particular branches of this topicality. Admittedly, this is a general problem, but it is felt particularly acutely in Russia. Quite often both in Russia and abroad the sustainability paradigm becomes just an element of rhetoric without any substance. At the same time certain skepticism is positive, and needed towards the notion as it is highly complex and contradictory, with a need to balance different aspects of sustainability rather than fulfill an ideal. September 22, 2016 in RSUTS there was held a scientific-practical seminar "Sustainable and rural tourism in Russia", which was designed to target the above mentioned problems. Leading international and Russian experts in the field of sustainable tourism development showcased the best examples of their own research, and the seminar as a result provided a relative breadth and diversity of issues in the field of sustainable and rural tourism. Participants presented and illustrated case study situations, as well as used other classic research methods to discuss such topics like: 1) the interaction of the
Key words:
sustainable tourism, responsible tourism, eco-tourism, rural tourism, arctic tourism, periphery,
scientific and practical seminar, ethnopark
1 A summary of conceptual results of the international scientific and practical seminar of the Russian-Norwegian project at RSUTS "Education in the field of sustainable tourism development in Russia"
center and periphery as a factor of long-term sustainability in tourism; 2) service orientation as a factor of the long-term competitiveness of the destination; 3) the problem of finding an optimal balance between the general state regulations and ethnic autonomy; 4) consideration of the interests of local residents and their awareness regarding positive external effects of tourism experiences; 5) the liminality factor in tourist expiriences; 6) avoidance of excessive standardization and universalization of tourist products as a factor of the competitiveness of peripheral destinations; 7) the concept of touristscapes and taskscapes; 8) optimal route networks and anchor points for sustainable forms of tourism in the Arctic; 9) the importance of caravanning for depressed Russian rural settlements; 10) features of business processes of small businesses in rural tourism; 11) innovative entrepreneurship as a factor in increasing the sustainability and competitiveness of the tourism industry in crisis conditions.
These and other aspects of sustainable tourism development were the subject of detailed discussions at the scientific-practical seminar, which, hopefully, lead to a better understanding of the sustainability paradigm in the current realities of the Russian tourism industry. This publication represents some key views, concept and also passages of academic debates that took place during the seminar, by representatives of five countries: Russia, Norway, Australia, Sweden and Iceland. The purpose of this publication was to systematize the academic content of the presentations, scientific reports, and speeches as well as to provide some explanations on how they can contribute to strengthening the concept of sustainable tourism as a full-fledged and productive paradigm for tourism research and conceptual educational approaches.
This publication is devoted to the conceptual and polemical content of the international scientific-practical seminar on "Sustainable and rural tourism in Russia", held in RSUTS on September 22, 2016 in the format of round table on the problems of development of sustainable tourism in Russia and the integration of this paradigm both in research focus and in the educational context of training for tourism and hospitality.
At the Final Seminar of the project CPRU/10034 "Education in the field of sustainable tourism development in Russia" within "Russian Program", financed by the Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Education (SIU), the Russian State University of Tourism and Service was hosting a large delegation of University College of Southeast Norway (Per Stroemberg, Ingeborg Nordb0, Kjell Olsen, Anne Gry Sturoed, Aase Haukaas Gjerde, Teimuraz Abessadze), other renowned scientists and researchers in the field of sustainable tourism: David Weaver (Griffith University, Australia), Gud-
run Helgadottir (University College of Southeast Norway and Holar University College, Iceland), Albina Pashkevich (Dalarna University, Sweden); students of University College of South-East Norway. RSUTS represented by First Vice-Rector Yu.V. Kopylov, Dean of the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality E.S. Sakharchuk, Director of the International Department N.L. Smit, as well as the participants of the project on the part of the teaching staff: S.V. Ilkevich, M.A. Sarancha, A.I. Mosalev, Yu.M. Lagusev, other professors as well as students of RSUTS. The seminar was also attended by Russian researchers in the field of sustainable tourism from other institutions: T.V. Kharitonova, A.Yu. Danilov, A.S. Ermakov. The program of the Final Seminar "Sustainable and rural tourism in Russia" consisted of the following sections:
- Roundtable on Sustainable Tourism, with the following reports and presentations: "Thinking outside the box: Can there be a 'virtuous periphery syndrome' in tourism?" (David Weaver),
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"Tourism development of the Russian arctic territories: recent trends, future opportunities" (Albina Pashkevich), "Social sustainability of tourism, the case of Iceland" (Gudrun Helgadottir), "Arctic tourism in Russia: attractions, experiences, challenges and potentials" (Per Stromberg, Sergey Ilkevich), "Tourist experiences in geographic peripheries: touristscapes and/or task scapes?" (Kjell Olsen), "Prospects for the development of tourism in the Russian Arctic: the experience of researching route networks" (M.A. Sarancha), "Rural tourism businesses" (Ingeborg Nordb0), "Entrepreneurship development as a factor of stability and competitiveness of the tourism industry in crisis conditions" (T.V. Kharitonova), as well as brief reports and speeches, delivered by A.I. Mosalov, Yu.M. Lagusev, A.S. Ermakov, A.Y. Danilov.
- Open Lecture of Professor David Weaver "Enlightened Mass Tourism: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Tourism in the 21st Century" on the conceptual and philosophical understanding of modern tourism long-term trends;
- Round table devoted to discussion of the results of the research project of the Norwegian students 'The portrait of inbound foreign tourists in Moscow ", made under supervision of Anne Gry Sturod.
Topics that were proposed to discuss at the seminar included primarily the following sections and aspects of sustainable tourism:
• Responsible tourism and similar value
paradigms in the creation and consumption of tourist products
• Ecotourism
• Rural and agricultural tourism
• Tourism development in the context of climate change
• Tourist experiences in geographical peripheries
• Social and economic applications of the concept of sustainable tourism in the conditions of tourism development in Russia.
At the opening ceremony the participants were welcomed by First Vice-Rector Yuri Kopylov, PhD (Cand.Sc.) in History, Associate Professor, and Dean of the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Elena Sakharchuk, PhD (Cand.Sc.) in Pedagogy, Associate Professor.
In her introductory presentation Elena Sakharchuk, organizer and leader of the project on the part of the RSUTS, reviewed the main stages and results of the project, informed the participants and guests about the most significant achievements. Over the period from 2013 to 2016 Russian State University of Tourism and Service, and University College of Telemark (reorganized starting from 2016 into University College of Southeast Norway) implemented the joint project funded by the Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Education, CPRU/10034 "Education in the field of sustainable tourism development in Russia".
Fig. 1. One of the first meetings of the project participants, 2013
As it was noted by E. Sakharchuk, multifac-eted results were achieved by the date of the final seminar. Significantly modified were Bachelor and Master Programs "Tourism", "Hospitality", "Management", as well as a number of programs of further education, which received blocks and modules devoted to the development of knowledge and competencies in sustainable tourism. 21 undergraduate and graduate students of RSUTS participated in international academic mobility programs provided by the Norwegian partner, extending from one month (pre-diploma practice) to 1 semester. RSUTS was enabled by project finance support to create and equip in the most advanced way a special education and training laboratory for the development of sustainable tourism, thus providing RSUTS with new conference facilities to promote scientific and educational paradigm of sustainable tourism. E. Sakharchuk also mentioned creative teaching methods that have been introduced in RSUTS thanks to the assistance of foreign colleagues, including e-learning and distance learning technologies [1].
Also E. Sakharchuk recalled that in the three years of the project implementation there were held multiple reciprocal visits of academic and administrative staff of RSUTS and University College of Southeast Norway, which were attended by a total of 46 people. Joint teams of researchers took part in a number of Russian and foreign international conferences, including 23 and 24 Nordic Tourism Symposiums in Copenhagen and Reykjavik in 2014 and 2015, which expanded both the geographical and topical range of international academic contacts of RSUTS. In particular, S. Ilkevich together with P. Stromberg took part in a project to write a international scientific book (ed. D.B. Weaver, N. Prebensen, and Y.-S. Lee) on arctic tourism, presenting their chapter on development prospects and limitations of arctic tourism in Russia. E. Sakharchuk also cited statistics on the total number of publications directly related to sustainable tourism research on the part of the Russian participants of the project, which for the duration of the pro-
ject turned out to be more than fifty. Elena Sakharchuk also mentioned the important help of the Norwegian colleagues in Republication (in Russian) of a series of articles from Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism in the RSUTS scientific journals.
At the end of her speech, E. Sakharchuk expressed a deep appreciation of Teimuraz Abessadze, PhD, Professor at University College Southeast Norway, for his excellent organization of externship students RSUTS in which they were able to in a very deep and meaningful way to get acquainted with all aspects of tourism in Norway businesses focused on natural, environmental and rural types of tourism. Assistance and guidance that T. Abessadze provided to RSUTS students were far superior to the workload prescribed in the project documentation. E. Sakharchuk also noted that a number of RSUTS students, who visited Norway, developed projects of high practical relevance to the Russian tourist industry [2]. A total of 12 undergraduate and master's works were devoted directly to the topicality of sustainable tourism for the last two years. Also was mentioned that 24 made study trips in urban destination development to Russia, and that was an unexpected positive development of the project, for which Elena Sakharchuk thanked Anne Gry Sturoed for her initiatives with regards to students field studies and seminars.
Next the audience enjoyed the presentation "Thinking outside the box: Can there be a 'virtuous periphery syndrome' in tourism?" by David Weaver (Fig. 2), PhD, Professor of Tourism Research at Griffith University, Australia, specially invited honored speaker, one of the world's most renowned scientists in the field of tourism, author of several authoritative books, textbooks and articles on sustainable tourism. In his concept D. Weaver criticized the dominant paradigm of peripheries' weakness in the context of tourism development, which goes back to the works of Turner and Ash, in which they implied one-sided dependencies of the periphery, its disproportionate exploitation by the center, as well as its unconditional subordination and vulnera-
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bility under various threats and challenges from both the center and external environment. The periphery can be understood as a destination or
a part thereof, which, due to geographical and / or geopolitical remoteness attracts small numbers of tourist flows.
Fig. 2 - David Weaver
Fig. 3 - Albina Pashkevich
Fig. 4 - Gudrun Helgadottir
Fig. 5 - Aase Haukaas Gjerde
In contrast to the classic arguments, D. Weaver announced his author models, according to which there are now strong prerequisites for the formation of a number of strengths in terms of the tourism competitiveness of peripheries, which in turn leads to a change in the balance of powers and capabilities in the "center-periphery" relationship due to new aspects of power and opportunities from the periphery. This phenomenon D. Weaver offers to call "virtous periphery syndrome", and it stems from a number of paradoxes in modern tourism. In particular, the scientist noted: 1) the growing role of melancholic emotional needs of tourists as opposed to the usual pleasure component (i.e. in meeting "quiet, smooth, contemplative" emotional needs the periphery demonstrates high comparative advantage); 2) opportunities for the peripheries in the use of innovations (examples of which are offshores, convenient international flags for ships, as well as the possibility of manipulation of the center from the periphery); 3) the factor of political autonomy and bargaining power of communities of local people [3], and that, among other things, allows taking advantage of regulatory arbitrage (here D. Weaver cited the example of the island of Gozo in Malta).
Summing up his arguments, D. Weaver insists on modification of the classic "center-
periphery" model by a fuller reflection of the bilateral cooperation and mutual dependency between the two elements of the system. This, according to scientists, could help better explain the following issues relating to the periphery: 1) giving tourists the opportunity for peak, limit impressions, 2) favoring opportunistic innovation, 3) finding the optimum degree of formal and informal autonomy of the periphery towards the center.
According to D. Weaver the "syndrome of virtuous periphery" has already received considerable spread in the island context [4]. One of the following geographical contexts, according to D. Weaver, can be arctic regions. It is noteworthy that "virtuous periphery syndrome" is in a way a special case of the broader concept of "enlightened mass tourism", as proposed by D. Weaver [5]. It became the subject of the subsequent public lecture "Enlightened Mass Tourism: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Tourism in the 21st Century" by David Weaver for students and teachers of RSUTS, which caused huge interest and very active discussions.
The problems of development of tourism in a periphery of the Russian Arctic were at the focus of the presentation "Tourism development of the Russian arctic territories: recent trends, future opportunities" by the honored guest of
the Final Seminar Albina Pashkevich (Fig. 3), PhD, Senior Lecturer of the University of Dalarna, Sweden. A. Pashkevich shared empirical results of her numerous field studies in several Arctic regions of Russia: Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, the Komi Republic, Nenets Autonomous District, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Despite significant regional differences, as noted by A. Pashkevich, all destinations are characterized by some common problems in terms of creation of competitive tourism products, and many of the problems are directly related to the issues of sustainable tourism development. Among the main factors the lack of competitiveness of the Russian Arctic destinations, she noted:
• Difficulties in finding the optimal balance between the general state regulations and ethnic autonomy;
• Short-term nature of almost all tourism development initiatives;
• Lack of coordination among the various stakeholder groups;
• Very limited training of staff at all levels, particularly in the areas of tourism product design and service;
• Lack of marketing training for people responsible for tourism and the development of territories;
• Institutional constraints and barriers, which were studied by A. Pashkevich in great detail in one of her recent publications [6]
Then the third honored guest of the seminar Gudrun Helgadottir (Fig. 4), PhD, Professor of Holar University College, Iceland, member of Editorial Team of Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism made a presentation "Social sustainability of tourism, the case of Iceland". In her view, Iceland can be an interesting example for both central and peripheral regions of Russia, as the rapid growth of tourism in Iceland, which began after the deterioration in the economic situation in 2007, gradually resulted in concerns over the long-term effects of the growth of tourism and hospitality industry, among which long term sustainability
of the development model, involving a sharp increase in the number of tourist arrivals.
According to G. Helgadottir, a recent survey of local residents in Iceland has shown very encouraging results in terms of quite large limiting boundaries of patience of locals in relation to such negative side effects of tourism, as the increased traffic, pressure on other types of infrastructure, including social. In addition, the survey showed a high degree of awareness of the locals of some positive effects of tourism development on local businesses' incomes and employment. There were no respondents who refused tourists to help in any difficult situation. At the same time the locals are not sufficiently informed about all the variety of aspects of the concept of sustainable tourism, and therefore they are not sure that the development of tourism in Iceland is compatible with the principles of long-term sustainability.
Therefore, as it was noted by G. Helgadottir, it is important to form a favorable attitudes of the local population and to raise their awareness of towards favorable aspects of growth of tourism and hospitality industry. At the same time it is important to protect tourists from excessively high prices, lack of authenticity (excessive standardization and internationalization of attractions and infrastructure), because mistakes in this area can induce situations of misunderstanding between locals and tourists. Because it is necessary to consider all the determinants of satisfaction of local residents, not only those that are of a deeply personal nature [7], but also the parameters that are public in nature.
After that a joint presentation on the topic "Arctic tourism in Russia: attractions, experiences, challenges and potentials" with an emphasis on the analysis of prospective studies of Arctic tourism in Russia from the position of sustainable tourism was presented by Per Stroemberg, Project Leader, PhD, Associate Professor at University College Southeast Norway, and Sergey Ilkevich, PhD (Cand.Sc.) in Economics, Associate Professor at RSUTS Department of Business technologies in tourism and hospitality. First,
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P. Stromberg drew attention to the vastness of the parameters and variables that can be included in the matrix of non-dichotomous oppositions «Geographical periphery - experiential core» and «Challenge-opportunity» for the Russian Arctic destinations. This makes analysis of the current and future competitiveness of the Russian Arctic destinations particularly multi-faceted and multi-dimensional. P. Stromberg also noted that a great influence on the development of the final analysis of the matrix and its current view was exerted by A. Pashkevich's works [8].
S. Ilkevich pointed on particular usefulness of D. Weaver's concept of "virtous periphery syndrome" in relation to the Russian arctic destinations. In terms of global comparisons these destinations may be less subjected to excessive standardization and universalization of tourist products, and besides, it is the Russian destinations which can be especially unique due to the presence of unusual combinations of attractors, notably the militarization of the macro-region. Which, in addition to raising attractiveness, can also be a very important facilitator of tourist infrastructure development in that macro-region, as well as an important element of the safety of tourists.
At the end of their presentation, P. Stromberg and S. Ilkevich made a special emphasis on the need to identify high-priority regions [9] for the development of arctic tourism in Russia, since starting socio-economic conditions are very different across all regions, and this, in turn, largely predetermines the trajectory and speed of the development of tourism in each region [10].
The next presentation named "Tourist experiences in geographic peripheries: touristscapes and/or task scapes?" was delivered by Kjell Olsen, PhD, Professor at the University of Troms0, Norway. K. Olsen introduced Russian participants to the concepts of «toursitscapes and taskscapes» in the context of the geographical periphery and tourist experiences. Instead of trying to interpret, we present the original author's explanation, kindly provided by K. Olsen, as they seem to be most valuable for under-
standing:
"Tourist experiences in geographic peripheries: Touristscapes and/or task scapes?
• Tourism as performance in touristscapes, a performance guided by rigid conventions that guide habits and routines, which shapes experiences. Tourist performance simultaneously is "a time in which a heightened reflexivity is sought in the confrontation with sensual and cultural difference" (Edensor, 2007: 200).
• Taskscapes "through a mixture of imitation and improvisation in the settings of practice. What happens, in effect, is that people develop their own ways of doing things, but in environmental contexts structured by the presence and activities of predecessors" (Ingold & Kurttila, 2000: 193)"
Then a presentation on the topic "Prospects for the development of tourism in the Russian Arctic: the experience of the studies of route networks" was made by Mikhail Sarancha, PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Geography, Professor at RSUTS Department of business technologies in the tourism and hospitality. M. Sarancha introduced the participants with the methodological approaches and results of routes studies in all regions of the Russian Arctic. In particular, there were presented the findings on the ratios between different types of tourism in the Arctic regions: cognitive, eco-tourism, sport and adventure types of tourism. And in some regions the proportions were quite strikingly different. Presented were also data on seasonality. In general, the Arctic zone in the Asian part of Russia has a pronounced seasonality in terms of tourist flows, when tourism comes alive in June and freezes in October. However, the studies established the presence of two peaks in the year for Murmansk: January-April, June-September. For all regions were constructed thematic routes with a detailed analysis of anchor points for each of the twelve types of tourism. In addition, international practice of the organization of tourism in the Polar Regions was studied [11].
The presentation by Tatiana Kharitonova, PhD (Cand.Sc.) in Economics, Associate Professor at the Department of Economics of the organization of Financial University at the Government of the Russian Federation, was devoted to the problems of increasing the stability of business models of Russian tourist and travel companies. Of particular interest were mentioned by T. Kharitonova business development trends in the tourism industry in order to understand potentials for improvements of long-term competitiveness and sustainability in a crisis. The most promising to date entrepreneurial initiatives in tourism activity can be the differentiation of tourist products, saturating them with all the necessary service components, promotion on the Russian and international markets, improvements in information availability, as well as the development of an infrastructure component. Ultimately, the proposed activities, according to T. Kharitonova, could significantly improve Russia's place in the international rankings of destinations, including the index of competitiveness of the sector of travelling and tourism at the World Economic Forum, the results of which were for 2015 also commented in detail by T. Kharitonova in her speech on the basis of her earlier studies [12].
The next speaker was Alexander Ermakov, PhD (Cand.Sc.) in Technics, Associate Professor of Moscow State Construction University (National Research University) with a message on the state and prospects of development of caravanning in Russia. A. Ermakov stressed the particular importance of this segment to the achievement of sustainable long-term domestic tourism development in Russia. Among the most important aspects, A. Ermakov mentioned the need for additional research in the fields of classification of campsites in the Russian Federation, the clarification of customer requirements to characteristics of seasonal accommodations, the development of integrated models of auto tourism at the level of the regions of Russian Federation, market development of mobile accommodations such as trailers (including Russian pro-
duction of these vehicles in the light of the current governmental import substitution programs). Speaking about the socio-economic effect of the development of caravanning for locals, A. Ermakov gave several vivid examples with respect to the special importance of this type of tourism to depressed rural communities of the Nonblack Soil Zone of Central Russia [13].
The following commentary was made by Anton Mosalev, PhD (Cand.Sc.) in Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of Business Technologies in tourism and hospitality. He drew the attention of participants to the issue of underestimation of the role of the accommodation sector in the facilities of arctic tourist routes of the Russian Federation. According to A. Mosalev, it is the lack of attention on the part of businesses and regional authorities to the quality of the hotel component of domestic and inbound tourism products, which influence negatively the impressions of tourists, and becomes an important limiting factor in the sustainability of long-term models of tourism business in the conditions of relatively high uncertainty of the Russian business environment, including in the tourism and hospitality industry [14].
As a part of the practice-oriented section of the seminar Aleksey Yezhelev, the founder and Director of ethno-park "Kochevnik (Nomad)" in Sergiev Posad shared with the participants of the seminar his business experience in creating and managing a tourist site of environmental, cultural and ethnographic specialism. A. Yezhelev elaborated on the concept of uniqueness of the site, environmental analysis and the impact of the current industrial business climate on the long-term implementation of the project, as well as the typical infrastructure and financial constraints of such projects in the Russian context. He also presented an analysis of the factors of long-term viability and sustainability of the business model of the entity.
The practice-oriented section of the seminar was continued by Anne Gry Sturoed, Senior Lecturer at University College Southeast Norway. A.G. Sturoed, together with the mixed group of
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Norwegian students and students of RSUTS conducted a field research of consumer preferences and experiences of international tourists in Moscow. The study established very stereotypical perceptions of Moscow by a substantial majority of the sample of respondents. In the course of further analysis it was found that this perception was formed largely due to insufficient efforts on the part of Moscow in terms of promotion. In particular, there is an urgent need for creating a DMO, which would deal with the formation of a wide range of consumer preferences of potential inbound tourists to Moscow region.
At the end of practice-oriented section of the seminar Ingeborg Nordb0, PhD, Professor at the University College of Southeast Norway, presented her report "Rural tourism businesses" with a wide analysis of business processes of small businesses in rural tourism in Norway.
Firstly, I. Nordb0 admitted that this type of tourism business has certain characteristics which are different from the classic family business: it is usually not inherited (though it's very dependent on family support); as a rule, it does not enjoy interest on the part of family members of the founder; this type of business has even higher probability of failure; it usually has a modified life cycle; there is also a large representation of women; it is also characterized by gender roles. For example, in Norway, according to I. Nordbo, the share of women in rural tourism business is 55% versus 29% in other types of businesses. For Chile the numbers are even more striking: 42% and 7%, respectively.
Secondly, as noted by I. Nordbo any business in rural tourism is inextricably linked with the choices of lifestyle. Returning to the gender dimension, important motivational components for women entrepreneurs are considerations of independence, combining work and hobbies, replacing by such businesses their aspirations to migration. On the other hand, this kind of entre-preneurship often puts even more pressure on family life of entrepreneurs of both genders with regards to the intensity of the business processes, problems with finding employees, high de-
grees of multi-tasking. And this despite the fact that it's primarily experienced and highly qualified entrepreneurs who are engaged in rural tourism businesses in the case of Norway [15].
In the final part of the workshop the honorary guest of the seminar Andrey Danilov, PhD (Cand.Sc.) in History, Associate Professor, Head of Department of Regional and Tourism of Yaroslavl State University named after P.G. Demidov shared his views and suggestions regarding the prospects of strengthening the scientific and practical impact of sustainable tourism paradigm in Russia. A. Danilov emphasized the special importance of multi-faceted understanding of the issues of sustainable development of tourism in the Central Federal District of Russia, and, in particular, in the context of the routes across the cities and towns of the "Golden Ring", because the current understanding of the objectives and tasks of tourism in the framework of these destinations, according to Y. Danilov, is too mechanistically determined, when in the pursuit of a high rate of tourist flow growth, regional and local authorities do not pay enough attention to the social and economic aspects of sustainable tourism development, and they also not sufficiently react to the warnings from the academic and expert communities. However, as it was also noted by A. Danilov, there are some positive examples of implementation of the sustainability paradigm in the practice-oriented training in the regions of the Central Federal District. For example, the Agency for Tourism of the Yaroslavl region has helped more than a dozen students of Yaroslavl State University to formulate topics of their master's theses, which focus on social and socioeconomic problems of development of domestic and inbound tourism [16].
Then, Yury Lagusev, PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Pedagogy, Professor, Head of RSUTS Department of Business Technologies in tourism and hospitality shared his impressions on the completion of the project. He highlighted the great usefulness of the educational laboratory for further dissemination of the paradigm of sustainable tourism development in the Russian Federation, including in
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the format of bilateral and multilateral projects. Yu. Lagusev also stressed big and sincere interest on the part of regional and local authorities to participate in and support such projects in Russia.
In the following response of the Norwegian colleagues, the honored guest of of the final seminar Aase Haukaas Gjerde (Fig. 5), PhD, Professor, Dean of the Institute of Economics and Informatics, University College of Southeast Norway, and Teimuraz Abessadze, PhD, Professor, University College of Southeast Norway, expressed their deep satisfaction with the implementation of the project objectives in terms of the integration of sustainable tourism in RSUTS educational programs. They also emphasized some successes in research in the field of sustainable tourism, including those of joint nature
between the partner institutions. All this, in their view, maximizes the chances for a continuation of both bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
The discussion of prospects and priorities for further cooperation between the partner universities was attended by Natalia Smit, Director of the International Department of RSUTS. In her speech she emphasized the special importance of bilateral student academic exchanges, professorial visits, and also noted the importance of both the academic improvements in the curricula and educational programs, as well as the need to improve English-taught programs of RSUTS educational programs, in order to provide a deeper level of bilateralism and inclusive-ness on the part of RSUTS in future international projects.
Fig. 6 - Final meeting of the project participants, September 22, 2016
In their concluding comments First Vice-Rector Yuri Kopylov, and Dean of the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Elena Sakharchuk once again expressed their deep gratitude to the representatives of the University College of Southeast Norway and all the other guests and the participants for very substantive discussion of particular issues and applications of the sustain-
able tourism development paradigm in the Russian Federation. The final Seminar, as it was stressed by the speakers, not only summarized the scientific and educational outcomes of the project and some related developments, but also served as a full-fledged international platform to discuss the current state and prospects of realization of the concept of sustainable tourism in
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the Russian tourism industry and the Russian tourism education. Y. Kopylov and E. Sakharchuk urged all colleagues to step up with efforts to find new formats of cooperation.
In response, in his closing words Per Strömberg, PhD, Project Leader and Coordinator, Associate Professor at the University College of Southeastern Norway, also expressed his and his colleagues hopes for further initiations of a large-
scale bilateral project in the near future. At the same time P. Stromberg emphasized the considerable importance and usefulness of small formats and initiatives that may be particularly relevant and successful, because they often cause further spontaneous "chain reactions" of cooperation, allowing to build the most productive and substantive relations in a variety of formats of international research and education teams.
References
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2. Sturoed, A.G., Ermakov, A.S. Creative methods of teaching students on educational directions «Tourism» and «Service», Service in Russia and Abroad, 2015, Vol. 10, №3 (56).
3. Shakeela, A., Weaver, D. Resident reaction to a tourism incident: Mapping a Maldivian Emoscape, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 39, Issue 3, July 2012, Pp. 1337-1358.
4. Weaver, D. Core-periphery relationships and the sustainability paradox of small island tourism, Tourism Recreation Research, Published online 13 September 2016, Pp. 1-11.
5. Weaver, D. Asymmetrical Dialectics of Sustainable Tourism: Toward Enlightened Mass Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, March 2014, Vol. 53, № 2, Pp. 131-140.
6. Pashkevich, A., Stjenstrom, O. Making Russian Arctic Accessible for Tourists: Analysis of the Institutional Barriers, Polar Geography, 2014, Vol. 37, No. 2, 137-156.
7. Andereck, K.L., Nyaupane, G. Development of a Tourism and Quality-of-Life Instrument, in Book: Quality-of-Life Community Indicators for Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, 2011. Vol. 43 of the series Social Indicators Research Series, Pp. 95-113.
8. Pashkevich, A. Tourism development planning and product development in the context of Russian Arctic territories, Part of: Northern and Regional Studies Series, Lakehead University, 2013. Chapter of book.
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ИЛЬКЕВИЧ Сергей Викторовича, СТРЁМБЕРГ Пер ь, САХАРЧУК Елена Сергеевна с
ВЗГЛЯД НА РОССИЙСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ОБЛАСТИ ТУРИЗМА ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ ПАРАДИГМЫ УСТОЙЧИВОГО ТУРИЗМА
" Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса (Москва, РФ); кандидат экономических наук, доцент;
e-mail: [email protected]
' Университетский колледж Юго-Восточной Норвегии (Бо, Норвегия); профессор; e-mail: [email protected]
с Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса (Москва, РФ); кандидат педагогических наук, доцент;
e-mail: [email protected]
Полноценное и всестороннее включение проблематики устойчивого туризма как в российские туристские исследования, так и тематические планы учебных дисциплин в настоящее время приобретает особое значение. Пока можно констатировать очень поверхностное и упрощенное понимание концепции устойчивого развития в туризме, когда просто провозглашается необходимость учета природных, социальных ограничений, а также интересов местной экономики, но в то же самое время российским исследователям и педагогам не хватает осознания всех возможных преломлений данной проблематики.
Прошедший 22 сентября 2016 г. в РГУТИС научно-практический семинар «Устойчивый и сельский туризм в России» был призван помочь разрешить обозначенные проблемы. Ведущими международными и российскими специалистами в области устойчивого развития туризма были приведены примеры их собственных исследований, которые относительно демонстрируют широту и многоаспектность устойчивости в туризме. Были представлены и проиллюстрированы методами кейс-стади такие темы, как 1) соотношение центра и периферии как фактор долгосрочной устойчивости в туризме; 2) сервисоориентированность как фактор Ключевые слова: долгосрочной конкурентоспособности дестинации; 3) задача
устойчивый туризм, ответ- нахождения оптимального баланса между общим государственным ственный туризм, экоту- регулированием и этнической автономией; 4) учет интересов ризм, сельский туризм, арк- местных жителей и их информирование относительно тический туризм, периферия, положительных внешних эффектов развития туризма; 5) фактор научно-практический семи- лиминальности в туристских впечатлениях; 6) избегание избыточной нар, этнопарк стандартизации и универсализации турпродуктов как фактор
СЕРВИС
В РОССИИ
И ЗА РУБЕЖОМ
конкурентоспособности периферийных дестинаций; 7) концепция touristscapes and taskscapes; 8) оптимальные маршрутные сети и опорные точки для устойчивого развития видов туризма; 9) важности автотуризма для депрессивных сельских поселений России;
10) особенности бизнес-процессов малых бизнесов в сельском туризме,
11) предпринимательства как фактор повышения устойчивости и конкурентоспособности индустрии туризма в кризисных условиях. Эти и некоторые другие аспекты устойчивого развития туризма стали предметом подробного обсуждения на научно-практическом семинаре, результатом которого стало более полное осмысление парадигмы устойчивости в текущих реалиях российской туротрасли. В статье представлены взгляды, концепции и элементы академической полемики, которые имели место в ходе проведения семинара со стороны представителей пяти стран: России, Норвегии, Австралии, Швеции и Исландии. Цель настоящей публикации состояла в систематизации академического содержания докладов и научных сообщений, а также в объяснении того, как они могут способствовать упрочнению концепции устойчивого туризма в качестве всесторонней и продуктивной парадигмы туристских исследований и образовательно-концептуальных подходов.
Ilkevich S.V., Stroemberg P.G.J., Sakharchuk E.S.
An outlook at the Russian education in the field of tourism through the prism of the sustainable tourism paradigm // Сервис в России и за рубежом. 2016. Т. 10. Вып. 08 (69). С. 120-132. DOI: 10.22412/1995-042X-10-8-13.
tourism through the prism of the sustainable tourism
Ilkevich S.V., Stroemberg P.G.J., Sakharchuk E.S.
An outlook at the Russian education in the field of
paradigm. Servis v Rossii i za rubezhom [Services in Russia and Abroad], 2016, vol. 10, No.08(69), pp. 120-132. doi: 10.22412/1995-042X-10-8-13.
